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'Yan Hungary a Romania

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'Yan Hungary a Romania (2021)
'Yan Hungary a Romania
ethnic group by residency (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Hungarians (en) Fassara
Gajeren suna maghiari
Ƙasa Romainiya
Diaspora (en) Fassara Hungarian diaspora (en) Fassara

The Hungarian minority of Romania (Hungarian: romániai magyarok, huhuhu; Romanian: maghiarii din România) is the largest ethnic minority in Romania. As per the 2021 Romanian census, 1,002,151 people (6% of respondents) declared themselves Hungarian, while 1,038,806 people (6.3% of respondents) stated that Hungarian was their

Most ethnic Hungarians of Romania live in areas that were parts of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Encompassed in a region known as Transylvania, the most prominent of these areas is known generally as Székely Land (Romanian: Ținutul Secuiesc; Hungarian: Székelyföld), where Hungarians comprise the majority of the population.[1] Transylvania, in the larger sense, also includes the historic regions of Banat, Crișana and Maramureș. There are forty-one counties of Romania; Hungarians form a large majority of the population in the counties of Harghita (85.67%) and Covasna (73.74%), and a large percentage in Mureș (38.09%), Satu Mare (34.65%), Bihor (25.27%), Sălaj (23.35%), and Cluj (15.93%) counties.

Har ila yau, akwai al'ummar 'yan Hungary da ke zaune mafi yawa a Moldova, wanda aka sani da Csángós . Wadannan suna zaune a yankin da ake kira Csángó Land a Moldavia amma kuma a wasu sassan Transylvania da kuma wani kauye na Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz . Bugu da kari, ana iya samun ƙananan mutanen Bukovina" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Székelys of Bukovina">Székelys a kudancin Bukovina, suna zaune a ƙauyuka da yankuna da yawa a cikin Gundumar Suceava. Baya ga yankunan tarihi da aka ambata a sama na Romania, Bucharest ma gida ne a baya kuma har yanzu yana da al'ummar Hungary-Romania.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Transylvania, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary ta zamani a farkon karni na 12.

Ƙabilun Hungary sun samo asali ne a kusa da Dutsen Ural kuma sun isa yankin da Romania ta yanzu ta kafa a cikin karni na 9 daga Etelköz ko Atelkuzu (kusan sararin da Kudancin Ukraine na yanzu, Moldova" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Moldova">Jamhuriyar Moldova da lardin Romania na Moldavia suka mamaye). [2] Saboda yanayi daban-daban (duba Honfoglalás), kabilun Magyar sun haye Carpathians a kusa da 895 AD kuma sun mamaye Karpathian Basin (ciki har da Transylvania na yanzu) ba tare da wata babbar juriya daga mutanen yankin ba. Ba a san ainihin ranar cin nasarar Transylvania ba; kayan tarihi na Magyar da aka samo a yankin sun kasance a farkon rabin karni na 10.

A shekara ta 1526, a Yaƙin Mohács, sojojin Daular Ottoman sun hallaka sojojin Hungary kuma a shekara ta 1571 Transylvania ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman. Masarautar Transylvania ta mallaki sarakuna da majalisa (Diet). Majalisar dokokin Transylvania ta kunshi Kasashe uku (Unio Trium Nationum): manyan mutanen Hungary (yawanci manyan mutanen Hungary da malamai); shugabannin 'yan asalin Transylvania Saxons-Jamusanci; da kuma' yanci Székely Hungarians.

Tare da cin nasarar Ottomans a Yaƙin Vienna a shekara ta 1683, Masarautar Habsburg a hankali ta fara tilasta mulkin su a kan tsohon Transylvania mai cin gashin kanta. Daga 1711 zuwa gaba, bayan kammala yakin Rákóczi na Independence, an karfafa ikon Habsburg a kan Transylvania, kuma an maye gurbin sarakunan Transylvania da gwamnonin mulkin Habsburg.[3] A cikin 1765 an ayyana Babban Masarautar Transylvania, yana karfafa matsayi na musamman na Transylvania a cikin Daular Habsburg, wanda Diploma Leopoldinum ya kafa a cikin 1691. [4] Tarihin Hungary yana ganin wannan a matsayin tsari ne kawai.[5] A cikin Daular Habsburg, Transylvania ta kasance wani ɓangare na mulkin Hungary.[3]

Bayan Yarjejeniyar Austro-Hungary ta 1867, Transylvania ta sake zama wani bangare na Masarautar Hungary, tare da harshen Hungary ya zama harshen hukuma kuma an gabatar da Magialization a yankin ba da daɗewa ba.

Taswirar Romania tare da "Transylvania daidai" a cikin rawaya mai haske

Bayan shan kashi a yakin duniya na farko, Austria-Hungary ta rushe. Wakilan da aka zaba na kabilun Romania na Transylvania, Banat, Crișana, da Maramureș sun ayyana Tarayyar tare da Romania a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1918. Tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I da Yaƙin Hungary-Romania (1918-1919), Yarjejeniyar Trianon (wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1920) ta bayyana sabon iyaka tsakanin jihohin Hungary da Romania. A sakamakon haka, fiye da 'yan tsirarun Hungary miliyan 1.5 na Transylvania sun sami kansu sun zama ƙungiyar' yan tsiraru a cikin Romania. Har ila yau, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, ƙungiyar iyalai na Csángó sun kafa ƙauye a Arewacin Dobruja da aka sani da Oituz, inda 'yan Hungary ke zaune a yau.

Taswirar kabilanci na Arewacin Transylvania

A watan Agustan 1940, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an mayar da rabin Arewacin Transylvania zuwa Hungary ta hanyar lambar yabo ta Vienna ta biyu. Masanin tarihi Keith Hitchins ya taƙaita halin da aka samu ta hanyar kyautar: Wasu 'yan Romania 1,150,000 zuwa 1,300,000, ko kashi 48 cikin dari zuwa sama da kashi 50 cikin dari na yawan mutanen yankin da aka ba su, dangane da waɗanda aka yi amfani da kididdigar su, sun kasance a arewacin sabon iyakar, yayin da kimanin' yan Hungary 500,000 (sauran ƙididdigar Hungary sun kai 800,000, 'yan Romania kamar 363,000) sun ci gaba da zama a kudu. A watan Satumba-Oktoba 1944, sojojin Romania da Tarayyar Soviet sun sake dawo da Arewacin Transylvania; yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin soja ta Soviet har zuwa 9 ga Maris 1945, bayan haka ya sake zama wani ɓangare na Romania. Yarjejeniyar Paris (1947) ta soke lambar yabo ta Vienna kuma ta amince da yankin arewacin Transylvania a matsayin wani ɓangare na Romania.

Bayan yakin, a cikin 1952, hukumomin kwaminisanci sun kirkiro Yankin Magyar mai cin gashin kansa a Romania. An rushe yankin a shekarar 1968, lokacin da sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta ƙasar (har yanzu tana aiki a yau) ta maye gurbin yankuna da yankuna. Hukumomin kwaminisanci, kuma musamman bayan mulkin Nicolae Ceaușescu ya zo mulki, sun sake fara manufofin Romanianization.

A yau, "Transylvania da ya dace" (mai launin rawaya a kan taswirar da ke biyowa) an haɗa shi a cikin yankunan Romania (județe) na Alba, Bistrița-Năsăud, Brașov, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Mureș, Sălaj (a wani bangare) da Sibiu. Baya ga "Transylvania daidai", Transylvania ta zamani ta haɗa da Crișana da wani ɓangare na Banat; waɗannan yankuna (duhu mai launin rawaya a taswirar) suna cikin yankunan Arad, Bihor, Caraș-Severin, Maramureș, Sălaj (a wani ɓangare), Satu Mare, da Timiș.

Lokacin bayan Kwaminisanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar kabilanci na Harghita, Covasna, da Mureș Counties bisa ga bayanan 2011, yana nuna yankuna tare da mafi rinjaye ko yawa na Hungary.

Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Romania na 1989, jam'iyyun siyasa na kabilanci sun kafa su ne daga 'yan Hungary, wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Democrat Union of Hungarians a Romania, da kuma 'yan Transylvanians na Romania, wadanda suka kirkiro Jam'iyyar Romania National Unity Party. Rikicin kabilanci, duk da haka, bai taba faruwa a kan wani sikelin ba, duk da cewa wasu rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, kamar Abubuwan da suka faru a Târgu Mureș na Maris 1990, sun faru jim kadan bayan faduwar mulkin Ceaușescu.

A cikin 1995, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta asali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hungary da Romania. A cikin yarjejeniyar, Hungary ta yi watsi da duk ikirarin yankin ga Transylvania, kuma Romania ta sake jaddada girmamawa ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru. Dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta yayin da Hungary ta farko, sannan Romania, ta zama Mambobin EU a cikin 2000s.

Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR / RMDSZ) ita ce babbar wakilin 'yan Hungary a Romania, kuma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Al'ummai da Jama'a da ba a wakilce su ba. Manufar UDMR ita ce cimma karamar hukuma, ikon cin gashin kanta na al'adu da yanki da kuma haƙƙin cin gashin kai ga 'yan Hungary. UDMR memba ne na Tarayyar Demokradiyyar Turai (EDU) da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Turai (EPP). Tun daga shekara ta 1996, UDMR ta kasance memba ko mai goyon bayan kowane hadin gwiwar gwamnati.

Yarjejeniyar siyasa ta kawo sannu a hankali aiwatar da harshen Hungary a rayuwar yau da kullun: Dokar Gudanar da Jama'a ta 215/2002 ta tanadi "amfani da harsunan 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa a cikin gwamnati a cikin ƙauyuka inda' yan tsiraru suka wuce 20% na yawan jama'a"; 'yan tsirarun kabilanci za su sami kwafin takardun a cikin yarensu; duk da haka, hukumomin hukuma suna adana takardun hukuma a cikin Romanian kawai; gwamnatin gida za ta samar da rubuce-rubuce don sunayen yankuna da cibiyoyin jama'a a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, kuma nuna sanarwarsu ta jama'a ɗaya.

Kodayake Romania ta sanya hannu kan dokokin Turai don kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, aiwatarwa ba ta gamsar da dukkan mambobin al'ummar Hungary ba. Akwai motsi daga 'yan Hungary duka don karuwar cin gashin kansu da ci gaban al'adu daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen da kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban na Hungary suka gabatar sun haɗa da kirkirar "yanki mai cin gashin kansa" a cikin yankunan da suka kafa Yankin Szekler (Székelyföld), kusan daidai da yankin tsohuwar lardin Hungary mai cin gashi da kuma ƙasar Szekler ta tarihi wacce gwamnatin Hungary ta soke a rabi na biyu na karni na 19, da sake kafa jami'ar yaren Hungary mai zaman kanta.

Koyaya, halin da 'yan tsiraru na Hungary ke ciki a Romania wasu sun gan shi a matsayin abin koyi na bambancin al'adu da kabilanci a yankin Balkan: [6] A cikin jawabin da ya yi wa jama'ar Amurka, Shugaba Clinton ya tambayi a tsakiyar yakin iska a Kosovo: Wanene zai bayyana makomar wannan ɓangaren duniya... Slobodan Milošević, tare da na'urar farfaganda da dakarun soja waɗanda ke tilasta wa mutane su bar ƙasarsu, ainihi, da dukiya, ko kuma jihar kamar Romania wacce ta gina dimokuradiyya da ke mutunta haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru?

Shahararrun 'yan Hungary na Romania

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin 'yan kabilar Hungary [7] sun lashe lambobin Olympics ga Romania.

  • Iolanda Balaș (Jolanda Balázs) (2G) Tsalle-tsalle 1960 da 1964.
  • Ileana Silai (Ilona Gergely) (S) 800m 1968 [8]
  • Ecaterina Szabo (Katalin Szabó) (3G-mutum, 1G-team 1S-mutum) Gymnastics 1984[9]
  • Emilia Eberle (Hungarian-Jamusanci) (1S-mutum, 1S-team) Gymnastics 1980[10]
  • Zita Funkenhauser, na asalin Jamusanci da Hungary da kuma mai magana da harshen Hungary (kamar yadda ake buƙatar bayani) 'ya'yanta da aka haifa a Jamus). 
  • Gabriela Szabo (1G, 1S, 1B) 1996, 2000 (mahaifin ɗan Hungary)
  • Corneliu Oros (B) Kungiyar volleyball [11]
  • Noemi Lung (Noemi Ildikó Lung) (S, B) Yin iyo 1984 [12]
  • Elena Horvat (Ilona Horvath) (G) ƙungiyar hawa 1984 [11][12]
  • Viorica Ioja (Ibolya Jozsa) (G, S) Team-rowing 84[13]
  • Aneta Mihaly (S) Team-rowing 1984[11]
  • Herta Anitaș (S, B) Ruwa na rukuni 1988[11]
  • Eniko Barabas (Enikö Barabás) (B) Team-rowing 2008[11]
  • Elisabeta Lazăr (Erzsébet Lázár) (B) Team-rowing76[13]
  • Ladislau Lovrenschi (László Lavrenszki) (B) Ruwa 72 (S) 88[13]
  • Ioan Pop (János Pap) (2B) Team-sabre (B) 76, (B) 84[14][15]
  • Alexandru Nilca (Sándor Nyilka) Team-sabre (B) 76[16][17]
  • Vilhelm Szabo (Vilmos Szabó) (B) Team-Sabre 1984 [12]
  • Monika Weber-Koszto (S) Team-foil 1984 (+ 1S, 2B don Jamus) [11]
  • Marcela Zsak (S) Team-foil 1984 '[12][11]
  • Rozalia Oros (Rozália Orosz) (S) Team-foil 1984[13]
  • Olga Orban-Szabo (Olga Orbán Szabó) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 (1S) Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mutum 1956 [18][19][20]
  • Ileana Gyulai-Drimba (Ilona Gyulai) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 [21]
  • Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic (Katalin Jencsik) (2B) Ƙungiyar mata 1968,1972 [21]
  • Reka Zsofia Lazar-Szabo (1S, 1B) Ƙungiyar Mata 1992, 1996 [22]
  • Simona Pop[23]
  • Stefan Birtalan (István Bertalan) (1S, 2B) Team-Handball 1972, 1976,1980 [24]
  • Gabriel Kicsid (1S, 1B) Team-Handball 1972,1976 [24]
  • Iosif Boros (József Boros) (2B) Kungiyar kwallon hannu 1980 da 1984 .[25][26]
  • Stefan Tasnadi (István Tasnádi) (S) ɗaga nauyi 1984 [12][27]
  • Valentin Silaghi (B) dambe 1980 [8] [dubious - tattauna][11][26] 
  • Ladislau Simon (László Simon) (B) kokawa 1976 [28][29]
  • Francisc Horvath [8] (Ferenc Horváth) (B) kokawa 1956 [20]

'Yan wasan Olympic chess

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Janos Balogh
  • Stefan Erdélyi (István Erdélyi)
  • Alexandru Tyroler (Sándor Tyroler)
  • Miklós Bródy
  • Szidonia Vajda
  • Albert-László Barabási, masanin kimiyyar lissafi
  • Tünde Fülöp, masanin kimiyyar plasma
  • Veronica Vaida, likitan magani
  • Gheorghe Elemer Vaida, injiniyan sinadarai

Wadanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Adrian Mihai Devenyi: Zinariya 1982, Azurfa 1981
  • Zoltan Gagyi-Palffy: tagulla 1986
  • Peter Szerö: Zinariya 2009
  • Vlad-Ștefan Oros: Zinariya 2023

Waƙoƙin gargajiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gundumar Gundumar Hungary
 'Yan Hungary a matsayin kashi na yawan jama'ar yankin

Kamar yadda % na jimlar 'yan Hungary a Romania

Harghita 257,707 85.21% 20.99%
Covasna 150,468 73.74% 12.25%
Ganuwar 200,858 38.09% 16.36%
Satu Mare 112,580 34.65% 9.17%
Bihor 138,213 25.27% 11.25%
Sălaj 50,177 23.35% 4.08%
Cluj 103,591 15.93% 8.43%
Arad 36,568 9.03% 2.97%
Brașov 39,661 7.69% 3.23%
Maramureș 32,618 7.22% 2.65%
Timiș 35,295 5.57% 2.87%
Bistrița-Năsăud 14,350 5.23% 1.16%
Alba 14,849 4.61% 1.21%
Hunedoara 15,900 4.04% 1.29%
Sibiu 10,893 2.93% 0.88%
Caraș-Severin 3,276 1.19% 0.26%
Bacău 4,373 0.75% 0.35%
Bucharest 3,463 0.21% 0.28%
Jimillar data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 6.1% a duk fadin kasar

Sauran kabilun Hungary 4,973 (0.4%) suna zaune a sauran yankuna na Romania, inda suka kasance ƙasa da 0.1% na yawan jama'a.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, kashi 45.9% na 'yan Hungary na Romania sun kasance masu gyara, kashi 40.8% Roman Katolika, kashi 4.5% Unitarian da kashi 2.1% na Orthodox na Romania. Ƙarin kashi 5.8% na wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban.[30] Kimanin kashi 0.25 cikin dari na 'yan Hungary ba su yarda da Allah ba.

  • Dangantakar Hungary da Romania
  • 'Yan Hungary da ke zaune a kasashen waje
  • Shige da fice zuwa Romania
  • 'Yan Romania a Hungary
  • Jerin garuruwa a Romania ta yawan mutanen Hungary
  • Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Romania
  • Kwanakin Al'adun Hungary na Cluj
  • Transylvaniaism

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele definitive ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011" (PDF). Recensamantromania.ro (in Romaniyanci). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  2. ↑ Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel; Szeifert, Bea; Egyed, Balázs; Stégmár, Balázs; Botalov, Sergei Gennad’evich; Grudochko, Ivan Valer’evich; Matveeva, Natalia Petrovna; Zelenkov, Alexander Sergejevich; Sleptsova, Anastasiia Viktorovna; Goldina, Rimma Dmitrievna; Danich, Andrey Vasilevich; Mende, Balázs Gusztáv; Türk, Attila; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (5 November 2020). "Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 10 (1): 19137. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1019137C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7645724. PMID 33154399.
  3. 1 2 "Transylvania". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  4. ↑ "Diploma Leopoldinum – Transylvanian history". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  5. ↑ "John Hunyadi: Hungary in American History Textbooks". Andrew L. Simon. Corvinus Library Hungarian History. Archived from the original on 20 August 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  6. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld – Romania: Ethnic Hungarians (January 2001 – January 2006)". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  7. ↑ Mircea Dominte (6 September 2013). "Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești" (in Romaniyanci). fanatik.ro.
  8. 1 2 3 "Udvardy Frigyes – A romániai magyar kisebbség történeti kronológiája 1990–2009". udvardy.adatbank.transindex.ro. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  9. ↑ "Ennyivel tartozunk (Az egyetemes magyar sportért) – 2010. november 1., hétfő -". 3szek.ro. November 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  10. ↑ "Gymn Forum: Emilia Eberle Biography". Gymn-forum.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Origini ungurești pentru medalii olimpice românești – Fanatik – Sport si pariuri". Fanatik.ro. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1984, Los Angeles". Americanhungarianfederation.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (53.) – 2013. december 30., hétfő -". 3szek.ro. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  14. ↑ "Ioan Pop Biography and Olympic Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com". Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  15. ↑ "Vívó világversenyek kulisszatitkai". Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  16. ↑ "Egyetemes magyar sport – Lapozgató (45.) – 2013. november 4., hétfő -". 3szek.ro. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  17. ↑ "Alexandru Nilca Biography and Olympic Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com". Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  18. ↑ "Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne". Americanhungarianfederation.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  19. ↑ "KILLYÉNI ANDRÁS : SZABÓ-ORBÁN OLGA : A L Á N Y, A K I M E G H Ó D Í TOT TA A V I L Á G OT" (PDF). Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  20. 1 2 "Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1956 Melbourne". www.americanhungarianfederation.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  21. 1 2 "Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1968 Mexico City". Americanhungarianfederation.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  22. ↑ Frenkiebig. "Erdélyi Örmény Gyökerek Kulturális Egyesület". Magyarormeny.hu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  23. ↑ "Csipler Attilától Simona Popig – azaz szatmári érmek és rekordok az olimpiák történelmében". szatmar.ro. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  24. 1 2 "Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1972 Munich". Americanhungarianfederation.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  25. ↑ "Iosif Boroş Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com". Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  26. 1 2 "Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1980 Moscow (Magyar Olimpiai Bajnokok)". Americanhungarianfederation.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  27. ↑ "Ştefan Taşnadi Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com". Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
  28. ↑ "Ladislau Şimon Biography and Olympic Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com". Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  29. ↑ "Hungarian Olympic Triumph: 1976 Montreal (magyar olimpiai bajnokok listája)". Americanhungarianfederation.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  30. ↑ "Rezultate 2011 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor" (in Romaniyanci). Retrieved 2022-02-27.
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