'Yan Indiyawan Amurka masu luwadi
 'Yan Indiyawan Amurka masu luwadi | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Iri | ma'aikata |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 1975 |
Gay American Indians (GAI) kungiya ce ta kare hakkin ɗan luwaɗi da Randy Burns (Northern Paiute) da Barbara May Cameron (Hunkpapa Lakota) suka kafa a San Francisco a 1975.[1] Ya kasance sananne ne saboda kasancewa ƙungiya ta farko ga 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Amurka.[2] Kodayake da farko kungiya ce ta zamantakewa, GAI ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar cutar kanjamau da inganta ra'ayi na Ruhu Biyu da al'umma.[3][4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafawar GAI ta faru ne a cikin mahallin Red Power da ƙungiyoyin 'Yanci na gay. Da farko, ya yi aiki a matsayin wurin taruwa ga 'yan asalin gay da lesbian daga ko'ina cikin Bay Area, waɗanda aka cire su daga mashaya na gay a gundumar Castro saboda tseren su.[5] GAI kuma an yi niyyar aiki a matsayin "ƙungiyar tallafi," kamar yadda ake ware 'yan Indiyawan Amurka masu luwadi ba kawai daga yawancin' yan luwadi ba har ma da al'ummomin 'yan asalin zamani, wanda sau da yawa ya haɗa luwadi da mulkin mallaka.[6] A cikin shekaru biyar da aka kafa ta, GAI ta kasance mai ƙarfi 150; ta kai mahalarta 1,000 a shekarar 1988.
Kungiyar ta fara aikin Tarihin GAI a cikin 1984 don tattara bayanan baki da al'adun dangantakar jinsi guda da bambancin jinsi a cikin kabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar. Daga baya, a cikin 1988, GAI da Tarihin Tarihi, tare da haɗin gwiwar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Will Roscoe, sun buga Living the Spirit: A Gay American Indian Anthology . Rayuwa da Ruhu ya ƙunshi fiction, wanda ba fiction ba, da shayari, da kuma zane-zane, daga masu ba da gudummawa na 'yan asalin gay, tare da mai da hankali kan Ruhohi Biyu. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da jerin kalmomi daban-daban na kabilun 133 da kuma ainihi ga mutane masu ruhohi biyu.[7] Mawallafin Mohawk Maurice Kenny, mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin, an haɗa shi da GAI, kodayake ba memba ba ne.[8]
Yunkurin fafutuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayyukan GAI sun fara ne a cikin kungiyar, ta hanyar sauƙaƙe taimakon juna da ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa ga membobinta. Da zarar kungiyar ta zama mai aiki a siyasa, mambobin GAI sun shiga cikin shirya manyan batutuwan 'yan asalin ƙasar kamar "yancin ƙasa, haƙƙin ruwa, da haƙƙin kamun kifi". Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da kungiyar shine yaƙi da tasirin cutar kanjamau a kan 'yan asalin Amurka. Yawancin kungiyoyin cutar kanjamau a yankin Bay sun yi aiki da farko ga al'ummomin da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, kuma akwai iyakantaccen tallafi a cikin al'ummomi na' yan asalin ƙasar ga waɗanda ke yaƙi da kwayar cutar. Don cika wannan gurbatawa, GAI ta taimaka wajen gano duka Indian AIDS Project da American Indian AIDS Institution don samar da albarkatu ga 'yan asalin gay. Co-kafa Randy Burns ya yi sharhi a cikin 2015 cewa mambobi 82 na GAI sun mutu daga cutar kanjamau.[9]
Ci gaba da aikin GAI daga Rayuwa da Ruhu shine ingantaccen zamani na zamani, "Ruhu Biyu", wanda aka kirkira a cikin 1990, a matsayin kalmar laima don maye gurbin kalmar anthropological "berdache". "Berdache", mai yiwuwa an ɗauke shi daga Faransanci don "aboki namiji mara kyau" kuma an yi amfani da shi ga yara masu karuwanci, GAI ta ɗauka a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka da cin zarafi. A taron shekara-shekara na 1992 na Ƙungiyar Anthropological ta Amurka, membobin GAI sun sadu da masana ilimin ɗan adam daga AAA don ba da shawara don maye gurbin "Ruhu Biyu" don "berdache" a cikin ayyukan ilimi.[4] A taron da suka biyo baya, masana kimiyyar ɗan adam sun fara magance wannan batun da kansu, kuma an musanta kalmar.[4]
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rubuce-rubuce daga GAI suna hannun GLBT Historical Society . [1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 "Will Roscoe papers and Gay American Indians records". oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:5 - 1 2 3 Lo Vecchio, Nicholas (2022-08-01). "Revisiting berdache". American Speech. 97 (3): 345–373. doi:10.1215/00031283-9616142. ISSN 0003-1283. S2CID 244080551 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ "Gay American Indians celebrate 40 years". Bay Area Reporter (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:022 - ↑ Prince-Hughes, Tara (1998). "Contemporary Two-Spirit Identity in the Fiction of Paula Gunn Allen and Beth Brant". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 10 (4): 9–32. ISSN 0730-3238. JSTOR 20739470.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:02 - ↑ "Gay American Indians celebrate 40 years". Bay Area Reporter (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-01.