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'Yan gudun hijira na yanayi

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'Yan gudun hijira na yanayi
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na human migration (en) Fassara
Manifestation of (en) Fassara canjin yanayi da Canjin yanayi
Agent of action (en) Fassara Gudun yanayi

Shige da fice na yanayi wani bangare ne na motsi mai alaƙa da yanayi wanda ke nufin motsi wanda tasirin bala'o'i na kwatsam ko sannu a hankali suka haifar, kamar "ruwan sama mai yawa, fari mai tsawo, hamada, lalacewar muhalli, ko hauhawar matakin teku da guguwa".[1] Canje-canje a hankali a cikin muhalli yana da tasiri ga mutane da yawa fiye da bala'o'i na kwatsam. Yawancin baƙi na yanayi suna motsawa a cikin ƙasashensu, kodayake ƙananan mutanen da ke fama da sauyin yanayi suna motsa jiki a kan iyakokin ƙasa.[2]

Canjin yanayi yana haifar da ƙaura a kan babban sikelin duniya. Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) ya kiyasta cewa matsakaicin mutane miliyan 20 ana tilasta su zuwa wasu yankuna a kasashe a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a kowace shekara.[3] Bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi suna shafar yawan mutanen da aka ware, waɗanda galibi suna fuskantar wasu ƙalubalen tsari a yankuna da ƙasashe masu saukin yanayi.[3] Rahoton Fadar White House na shekarar 2021 game da Tasirin Canjin Yanayi a kan Shige da Fice ya jaddada tasirin sauyin yanayi da ƙaura mai alaƙa da yanayi, daga rushewar al'ummomin da ke cikin rauni da waɗanda aka ware, ƙarancin albarkatu, zuwa ƙone tashin hankali na siyasa.[4]

Ƙananan tsarin kasa da kasa da ke akwai da kuma tsarin shari'a na yanki da na cikin gida suna ba da isasshen kariya ga baƙi na yanayi.[3] Koyaya, kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura, "mutane waɗanda aka cire su saboda canjin yanayi sun kasance a duk faɗin duniya - koda kuwa al'ummomin duniya sun yi jinkirin gane su a matsayin haka. " A sakamakon haka, an bayyana ƙaurawar yanayi a matsayin "rikice-rikicen shiru na duniya", yana bambanta yaduwar duniya da rashin sanarwa da bincike. [5][6] Kimanin kan canjin yanayi ya bambanta, amma duk suna nuna yanayin tsoro. Wasu tsinkaye sun kiyasta kimanin mutane miliyan 200 za su rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi a shekara ta 2050. [7][8] Wasu ma sun kiyasta har zuwa 'yan gudun hijira biliyan 1 nan da shekara ta 2050, amma waɗannan suna ɗaukar barazanar muhalli, gami da rikice-rikicen farar hula da bala'o'i, a cikin la'akari.[9]

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Masu ƙaura na yanayi suna nufin waɗanda ke shiga cikin motsi wanda tasirin canjin yanayi na kwatsam ko sannu a hankali ke motsawa, kamar "ruwan sama mai yawa, fari mai tsawo, hamada, lalacewar muhalli, ko hauhawar matakin teku da guguwa".[1] Karin bala'o'i da canjin yanayi ya haifar, yana da damar yin tasiri ga yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da adadi mai yawa na baƙi na yanayi. A cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, yawan bala'o'i ya karu da kashi 5.[10] Baya ga bala'o'i masu tsanani da yawa, hauhawar yanayin zafi na duniya zai haifar da fari da dusar ƙanƙara da narkewar kankara, wanda ke haifar da matakan teku mafi girma.

Canje-canje a hankali a cikin muhalli yana da tasiri ga mutane da yawa fiye da bala'o'i na kwatsam. Tsakanin 1979 da shekarar 2008, guguwa ta shafi mutane miliyan 718, yayin da fari ya shafi kusan biliyan 1.6. Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi na kwatsam kamar guguwa mai tsanani da bala'o'i na halitta na iya lalata mahimman ababen more rayuwa, unguwanni na ambaliyar ruwa, rushe tsarin sufuri, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu yawa, haifar da karancin abinci da ruwa, lalata tsire-tsire masu makamashi, da kuma lalata lafiyar ɗan adam da jin daɗi. Wadannan abubuwan na iya cutar da al'ummomi sosai, suna mai da farfadowa tsari mai kalubale. Tasirin sannu a hankali, kamar yunwa, fari, da sauran karancin albarkatu da lalacewar tattalin arziki da canjin yanayi ya haifar na iya haifar da rikici, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, sauyin yanayi, da kuma tasirin kiwon lafiya mara kyau saboda fuskantar yanayin da ba shi da lafiya.[11][12][13] fari da sannu a hankali hauhawar yanayin zafi, suna da ƙarin sakamako, amma suna iya haifar da canje-canje na dogon lokaci.[14]

Hawan matakan teku shine damuwa da ake magana akai-akai a tattaunawar muhalli. An kiyasta matakan teku su tashi tsakanin 3 da 6 feet da 2100.[15] Wannan yana nufin cewa, a hankali, yankunan ƙasa za su kasance cikin ruwa. Don sanya shi a cikin hangen nesa, a matsakaita a kowace shekara, matakin teku ya tashi 3.7 mm.[15] Wadannan bayanan sun nuna manyan barazanar ga biranen bakin teku da yanayin halittu, wanda zai iya kawar da mutane da yawa. 

Adalci na yanayi da daidaitawa

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Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na kallon ƙaura da canjin muhalli. Shige da fice na iya zama batun kare hakkin dan adam ko batun tsaro. Tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana ba da shawarar haɓaka tsarin kariya ga baƙi. Ƙarin tsaro na kan iyaka na iya zama ma'anar bi da ƙaura a matsayin batun tsaro na ƙasa. Yana yiwuwa a haɗa duka hanyoyin biyu, tare da la'akari da damuwar ƙasa daidai da haƙƙin ɗan adam.[16]

Ayyukan Daidaita Yanayin yanayi a shirye-shiryen haɗarin yanayi kuma a matsayin martani ga canjin yanayi na iya kara ƙarfin yanayi na al'ummomi. Koyaya, waɗannan ayyukan na iya ba da gudummawa ba tare da saninsu ba ga haɓaka yanayi - tsari inda ayyukan don magance haɗarin yanayi ke haifar da ƙaurawar ƙananan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ta al'ummomin da suka fi arziki. Biranen bakin teku na ciki da yankuna a mafi girman tsaunuka, waɗanda al'adunsu ba su da wadata, yanzu suna zama abin sha'awa saboda karuwar haɗari kamar hauhawar matakin teku da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi da ke shafar kadarorin bakin teku masu arziki.

Ta hanyar karfafa juriya, irin waɗannan ayyukan na iya rage matakin ƙaura da mutane ke jin an tilasta suyi saboda ƙalubalen da suka shafi yanayi. Ana yin matakai daban-daban na saka hannun jari don tallafawa daidaitawa, juriya, da motsi na unguwa, kananan hukumomi, da kasashe a fuskar canjin yanayi da kuma ƙaurawar muhalli. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don la'akari da shi tunda ƙananan jihohin tsibirin, mutanen karkara, mutane masu launi, al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi, tsofaffi, mutanen da ke da nakasa, mutanen birane na bakin teku, abinci da gidaje marasa aminci, da ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da matukar damuwa ga mummunar tasirin rikicin yanayi sabili da haka ga ƙaurawar muhalli.[17][13][18] Kamar dai yadda mutane da kasashe ba sa ba da gudummawa daidai ga canjin yanayi, ba sa fuskantar mummunan tasirin rikicin daidai.[17] Dukkanin tasirin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci na canjin yanayi yana kawo al'ummomin da ba su da shiri sun cutar da muhalli kuma suna kara rashin daidaito da ke akwai.[19] Mutanen da ke da alaƙa da muhalli, kamar waɗanda ke cikin aikin gona, kamun kifi, da kasuwancin da ke dogara da bakin teku, suma suna cikin haɗarin komawa ko asarar aiki saboda canjin yanayi.[17] Idan al'ummomi ba za su iya daidaitawa yadda ya kamata ba, ƙaura na iya fitowa a matsayin amsa ta farko.

Masu ƙaura na yanayi na iya ƙaura a cikin ƙasarsu ko zuwa wata ƙasa don amsa canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙaura na yanayi na ciki ne, ma'ana motsi yana faruwa a cikin ƙasar mutum, kuma ba sa ƙetare iyakokin duniya.[20] A cikin shekarar 2022 kadai, abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi sun haifar da kusan sauye-sauye na cikin gida miliyan 32. A cikin ƙasashe matalauta inda mutane suka fi fuskantar bala'o'i saboda rashin isasshen sauyin yanayi, mutane kuma galibi ba su da albarkatu don ƙaura mai nisa.

A wasu lokuta, canjin yanayi yana hana ƙaura kuma mutane na iya rasa hanyoyin ƙaura, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ƙaura.[21] Ana ganin ƙaura da ke faruwa a matsayin son rai da kuma motsawar tattalin arziki. A wasu lokuta canjin yanayi na iya kara rashin tsaro na tattalin arziki ko rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura fiye da yanayin zafi da abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi.[22][23][24] Wanda ke motsawa da wanda ke zaune lokacin da canjin yanayi ya shafa sau da yawa yakan fada tare da layin kabilanci da aji, saboda motsi yana buƙatar wadata. .[25]

Kididdigar Duniya

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Wani mai fafutuka da ke riƙe da alamar "Canjin yanayi = ƙarin 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi" a yajin aikin yanayi na Melbourne a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2019.

A cikin shekarar 1990, Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi ya bayyana cewa mafi girman sakamakon canjin yanayi na iya zama ƙaura, 'tare da miliyoyin mutane da suka rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar rushewar bakin teku, Ambaliyar bakin teku da fari mai tsanani'.

Tsinkaya mafi yawanci shine cewa duniya za ta sami mutane miliyan 150-200 da suka rasa muhallinsu saboda canjin yanayi nan da shekara ta 2050. An yi bambance-bambance na wannan da'awar a cikin rahotanni masu tasiri game da canjin yanayi ta IPCC da Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar su Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace Germany (Jacobit da Methmann 2007) da Christian Aid; da kungiyoyin gwamnati kamar Majalisar Turai, UNESCO, da UNHCR. Har ma an kiyasta sama da biliyan 1.2 wanda ke danganta ƙaurawar yanayi ga barazanar muhalli, gami da rikici da tashin hankali.[26] Wannan ya yarda cewa irin waɗannan ƙalubalen muhalli na iya haifar da rikice-rikice, kamar yankuna da ke jayayya game da samun ruwa.[11] Sauran rahotanni tare da ƙididdigar ra'ayin mazan jiya suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan tasirin yanayi kai tsaye.

[27] game da ƙaura da ke haifar da yanayi sau da yawa yana nuna yawan jama'a a yankuna masu haɗari maimakon ainihin adadin da ake tsammani na baƙi, kuma ba tare da la'akari da dabarun daidaitawa ko matakan rashin ƙarfi ba. Koyaya, Hein na Haas ya yi jayayya cewa haɗa batun canjin yanayi "tare da fashewar ƙaura mai yawa aiki ne mai haɗari wanda ya dogara da tatsuniyoyi maimakon gaskiya. Amfani da hasashen ƙaura na apocalyptic don tallafawa shari'ar don aikin gaggawa akan canjin yanayi ba kawai rashin gaskiya ba ne, har ma ya sanya amincin waɗanda ke amfani da wannan gardamar - da kuma mafi girman yanayin don aikin canjin yanayi - yana cikin haɗari sosai. Ya jaddada cewa yayin da "canjin yanayi ba zai iya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa ba" wannan kuma ya yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa tasirin wahalar muhalli ya fi tsanani ga yawancin mutanen da ba su da hanyar fita.[28]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Climate change and disaster displacement". UNHCR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  2. ↑ "2021 Global Report on Internal Displacement". www.internal-displacement.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "IRAP Advocacy Memo on Climate Displacement" (PDF). International Refugee Assistance Project. November 2022.
  4. ↑ "The White House Report on the Impact of Climate Change on Migration" (PDF).
  5. ↑ Curtis, Kimberly (2017-04-24). ""Climate Refugees," Explained". UN Dispatch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  6. ↑ "Climate refugees: The world's silent crisis". Nikkei Asia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  7. ↑ "Climate refugees: The world's silent crisis". Nikkei Asia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  8. ↑ World Bank. "Climate Change Could Force 216 Million People to Migrate Within Their Own Countries by 2050". WorldBank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  9. ↑ Institute for Economics & Peace. "Over one billion people at threat of being displaced by 2050 due to environmental change, conflict and civil unrest" (PDF). Economics and Peace. Institute for Economics & Peace. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  10. ↑ World Meteorological Organization (August 31, 2021). "Weather-related disasters increase over past 50 years, causing more damage but fewer deaths". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Werz, Michael; Conley, Laura (January 3, 2012). "Climate Change, Migration, and Conflict". Center for American Progress (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  12. ↑ "Sixth Assessment Report — IPCC". Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nations, United. "Economic Recovery after Natural Disasters". United Nations (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  14. ↑ Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001
  16. ↑ "'Climate Change Migrants': Impediments to a Protection Framework and the Need to Incorporate Migration into Climate Change Adaptation Strategies". International Journal of Refugee Law.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "5 facts on climate migrants - Institute for Environment and Human Security". ehs.unu.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  18. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Disability, Displacement and Climate Change". UNHCR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  19. ↑ Smith, Neil. "There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster". Items (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  20. ↑ Ionesco, Dina (2019). "Let's Talk About Climate Migrants, Not Climate Refugees". International Organization for Migration. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  21. ↑ Cattaneo, Cristina; Beine, Michel; Fröhlich, Christiane J.; Kniveton, Dominic; Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Mastrorillo, Marina; Millock, Katrin; Piguet, Etienne; Schraven, Benjamin (2019). "Human Migration in the Era of Climate Change". Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 13 (2): 189–206. doi:10.1093/reep/rez008. ISSN 1750-6816. S2CID 198660593. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  22. ↑ Xu, Chi; Kohler, Timothy A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (26 May 2020). "Future of the human climate niche – Supplementary Materials". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (21): 11350–11355. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711350X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1910114117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7260949. PMID 32366654.
  23. ↑ Lilleør, Helene Bie; Van den Broeck, Katleen (1 December 2011). "Economic drivers of migration and climate change in LDCs". Global Environmental Change (in Turanci). 21: S70–S81. Bibcode:2011GEC....21S..70L. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.002. ISSN 0959-3780.
  24. ↑ "How does climate change affect migration?". Stanford Earth (in Turanci). 2 June 2021.
  25. ↑ Lustgarten, Abrahm; Kohut, Meridith (15 September 2020). "Climate Change Will Force a New American Migration". ProPublica (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  26. ↑ Institute for Economics & Peace. "Over one billion people at threat of being displaced by 2050 due to environmental change, conflict and civil unrest" (PDF). Economics and Peace. Institute for Economics & Peace. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  27. ↑ reports, More; publications. "Global Trends". UNHCR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-13.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named heindehaas.blogspot.com
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