'Yan sanda masu saurin aiki

'Yan sanda masu saurin aiki shine aikin hanawa aikata laifuka ta hanyar nuna kasancewar' yan sanda. Ya haɗa da ayyukan kamar amfani da ikon 'yan sanda ta hanyar jami'an da ke sanye da tufafi, suna sa jama'a su koyi damuwarsu, da bincike da gano laifuka da makirci don aikata laifuka don kada a iya aikata laifukan. Sabanin haka, amsawa ga korafi bayan an aikata laifi shine 'yan sanda masu saurin aiki.

A cewar wani rahoto na 2017 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, akwai "shaida cewa yawancin ayyukan 'yan sanda masu aiki suna cin nasara wajen rage aikata laifuka da rikici, aƙalla a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma cewa yawancin waɗannan dabarun ba sa cutar da halayen al'ummomi ga' yan sanda. Koyaya, tasirin' yan sanda a kan wasu mahimman sakamako - kamar su akan halayyar 'yan sanda da aka sani game da dukkan halayyar launin fata - ƙari, shaidar da yawa za su ba su ba a cikin binciken da yawa a cikin shekaru masu yawa na kusa da kuma tasirin' yanci ba.

Wani rahoto daban, kuma daga 2017, ya gano cewa a lokacin da Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta New York ba ta yin aikin' yan sanda ba, manyan rahotanni na aikata laifuka sun ragu.

Tarihi

Kowane jami'in yana amfani da hankali mai yawa wajen aiwatar da doka (musamman wadanda ba a aika su ba kamar tilasta zirga-zirga ko aikata laifuka a titi). Abin da ke da ban mamaki shine imanin jama'a cewa 'yan sanda yawanci suna da sha'awa kuma suna motsawa don yin aikinsu. Don haka, lokacin da wani matsala ta aikata laifuka ta bayyana, sau da yawa ana kusantar da shi ta hanyar muhawara masu alaƙa da kuɗi, kamar buƙatar ƙarin 'yan sanda, kayan aiki, horo da sauransu; maimakon ta hanyar hanyoyin da ba na kuɗi ba, kamar fahimtar yadda babban ra'ayi na warewa tsakanin jami'an 'yan sanda daga fararen hula na al'umma inda suke sintiri yana rage halin kirki kuma yana raba rashin kulawa da' yan sanda, rashin kulawa, da rashin kulawa. Tasirin warewa ya fi dacewa yayin da ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta zamani ke jaddada dabarun tilasta bin doka. Kyakkyawan aikin 'yan sanda na al'umma yana buƙatar jami'an' yan sanda suyi aiki tare da fararen hula na cikin tsarawa da aiwatar da matakan hana aikata laifuka da sarrafawa. Don cimma wadannan shirye-shiryen, yana da mahimmanci jami'ai su ji an haɗa su da yawancin fararen hula a cikin al'ummar da suke aiki. Yawanci, wannan yana nufin cewa jami'ai suna ganin kansu suna da alaƙa da muhimman dabi'u da imani na al'umma da kuma kasancewa da tabbaci game da goyon bayan al'umma a cikin yanke shawara da suke yi.^[1]

Yayin da ra'ayi game da warewar al'umma ke ƙaruwa tsakanin jami'an 'yan sanda, ma'anar amincewarsu ko iko a cikin yanke shawara za ta ragu, da kuma dalilin da ya sa suke da shi don tilasta aiki. Tasirin hukunce-hukuncen "pro-police" da aka yada sosai game da abubuwan da suka faru na zalunci (watau, Rodney King, Los Angeles 1991; Malice Green, Detroit 1992; OJ Simpson, Los Angeles 1994; Michael Brown, Ferguson 2014; Eric Garner, New York 2014; da Freddie Gray, Baltimore 2015) suna da alaƙa da matakin da aka gani da 'yan sanda suka samu kuma ta haka ne yardarsu ta amsawa sosai ga manyan laifuka. Daraktan FBI James Comey da shugaban DEA Chuck Rosenberg sun ba da shawarar "Ferguson effect" a matsayin dalilin da ya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka a cikin manyan birane da yawa, musamman Baltimore, Chicago, Milwaukee, da St. Louis. Ainihin ra'ayi ne na zamantakewar al'umma wanda masana kimiyya da yawa na zamani suka bunkasa, warewa yanayi ne a cikin dangantakar zamantakewa wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar ƙananan haɗin kai ko dabi'u na kowa da kuma babban matsayi na nesa ko warewa tsakanin mutane, ko tsakanin mutum da ƙungiyar mutane a cikin al'umma ko yanayin aiki. Abinci yana da alaƙa da manufar iko. Ana bayyana Mastery a matsayin yanayin tunani wanda mutum ke jin kansa kuma yana samun amincewa da iyawarsa, ƙwarewa, da ilimi don sarrafawa ko rinjayar abubuwan da ke faruwa a waje. Mafi girman matakin warewa wanda mutum yake fuskanta a cikin al'umma ko wurin aiki, mafi rauni zai zama ma'anar ikon zartarwa.^[1]

Ga jami'an 'yan sanda, kyakkyawar fahimta a hankali da yanke shawara mai cin gashin kansa yana da mahimmanci dangane da tilasta bin doka. Ana bayyana aiwatar da aiki a matsayin ƙaddamar da jami'in 'yan sanda don shiga cikin hanawa da bincike kan aikata laifuka. Saboda aikin sintiri na 'yan sanda ba shi da kulawa sosai, yawancin jami'ai suna da hankali sosai da kuma ikon cin gashin kansu a matakin su na' yan sanda a kan tituna. Har ila yau, zai zama kamar yana da ma'ana cewa mafi ƙarfin matakin da ake ganin warewar al'umma tsakanin jami'an 'yan sanda, mafi rauni zai zama ma'anarsu da kuma motsawa don shiga cikin halayyar tilasta bin doka.

Abubuwa

'Yan sanda masu saurin aiki suna da alaƙa da aikin' yan sanda na al'umma. Manufar 'yan sanda ta al'umma ita ce "warware matsalar".'Yan sanda na al'umma suna jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ayyukan da ke ba da shawarar za a iya rage laifukan tituna ta hanyar shiga cikin al'umma da haɗin kai tsakanin fararen hula da' yan sanda. Dole ne sassan 'yan sanda na al'umma da jami'ai su ba da lokaci don haɓaka "abokan hulɗa" tare da al'umma don: 1) Rigakafi da hana aikata laifuka; 2) Ci gaba da tsari; da 3) Rage tsoron aikata laifuka. Kungiyar 'yan sanda ta rarraba tare da kowane jami'in' yan sanda da mai bincike da ke da unguwa don yin sintiri tare da manufofi da manufofinsu da aka amince da su don warwarewa. Dole ne jami'an 'yan sanda su ji an haɗa su da yawancin fararen hula na al'umma inda suke sintiri, kuma suna ganin kansu suna da irin wannan dabi'u da imani don haka suna da tabbaci a cikin ikon yanke shawara. Kowane jami'in 'yan sanda dole ne ya fita daga motocinsu (ba kawai tuki ba kuma ya yi murmushi da raƙuman ruwa) don ziyartar fararen hula da kamfanoni don koyon damuwarsu kuma su nuna cewa su abokai ne da mai kariya - sabanin "tsananin tilasta bin doka" ko "yan sanda masu amsawa" wanda ba ya kallon fararen hula a matsayin abokan ciniki.^[2]

Tattaunawa

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa 'yan sanda masu aiki, wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin "tsarin aiwatar da laifuka masu sauki" suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da rahotanni na manyan laifuka.^[3] Marubutan sun yi nazarin wani lokaci a cikin 2014 da 2015 lokacin da NYPD, a lokacin wata takaddama ta siyasa tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da ke nuna rashin amincewa da mutuwar Eric Garner da ƙungiyar 'yan sanda, sun gudanar da raguwar aiki.^[3] Dangane da binciken binciken:

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Binciken ya gano cewa a lokacin da kuma ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan jinkirin 'yan sanda, rahotanni na manyan laifuka sun ragu.^[3]

Wasu mutane suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a ƙuntata aikin 'yan sanda da kyau ga aikin' yan sanda mai amsawa tare da ma'anar cewa aikin' yan sandan bai dace ba, ^[4] idan ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Duba kuma

Ka'idar windows da aka fashe
'Yancin Jama'a
'Yan sanda na al'umma
Ƙarfin kisa
Ka'idodin Peelian
'Yan sanda na rigakafi
Rashin jituwa da jama'a

Manazarta

1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ankony2".
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ankony1".
1 2 3 Sullivan, Christopher M.; O’Keeffe, Zachary P. (October 2017). "Evidence that curtailing proactive policing can reduce major crime". Nature Human Behaviour (in Turanci). 1 (10): 730–737. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0211-5. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 31024103. S2CID 19223955.
↑ Sullum, Jacob (2013-03-27). "When Proactive Policing Becomes Harassment". Reason.com.

Ƙarin karantawa

Berg, Bruce, Marc Gertz, da Edmond True, "Sandan-Al'umma Relations and Alienation".Shugaban 'yan sanda (Nuwamba 1984):20-23.
Erikson, K. "Aiki da Rashin Kai," American Sociological Review, Fabrairu 1986: 1-8.
Goldstein, H., Matsakaicin Matsakaicin 'Yan sanda, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing (1990).
Schweitzer, D. da Geyer. F. (Eds), Ka'idodin Baƙi da Shirye-shiryen Baƙi: Ra'ayoyin Gasar a Falsafa da Kimiyya ta Jama'a, Science Reviews Ltd, Middlesex, Ingila, 1989.
Trojanowicz, Robert C., 'Yan sanda na al'umma: Yadda za a fara, na biyu ed.[Hasiya] An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a cikin littafin nan. ISBN 0870848771

[ankony2-1] 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ankony2".

[ankony1-2] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ankony1".

[:8-3] 1 2 3 Sullivan, Christopher M.; O’Keeffe, Zachary P. (October 2017). "Evidence that curtailing proactive policing can reduce major crime". Nature Human Behaviour (in Turanci). 1 (10): 730–737. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0211-5. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 31024103. S2CID 19223955.

[4] Sullum, Jacob (2013-03-27). "When Proactive Policing Becomes Harassment". Reason.com.

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