'Yanci Summer

'Yanci Summer
Bayanai
Iri	political campaign (en)
Aiki
Bangare na	Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Subdivisions	Andrew Goodman (en) James Chaney (en) Michael Schwerner (en) Robert Fullilove (en) Samuel Walker (en)

'Yanci Summer
Wani bangare na Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adamaYunkurin 'Yancin Bil'adama
Tallace-tallace na SNCC don bazara na 'yanci
Ranar	Yuni - Agusta 1964
Wurin da yake	Mississippi
Ya haifar da	A shekara ta 1962, kashi 5.3% ne kawai na 'yan Afirka na Amurka a Mississippi suka yi rajista don jefa kuri'a Kafa Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Tarayya (COFO)
Sakamakon haka	Halitta Makarantun 'Yanci Kafa Jam'iyyar Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) Kisan gillar Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner Mai ba da gudummawa ga Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1965
Jam'iyyun
Mazauna yankin Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC) Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP) Asusun Tsaro na Shari'a na NAACP (LDF) Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Kasa (NLG) Kwamitin Tsaro na Tsarin Mulki na Lauyan (LCDC) Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Bil'adama a karkashin Dokar (LCCR) Gwamnan Mississippi Sanata na Amurka Hukumar Kula da Sarautar Jihar Mississippi (MSSC) White Knights na Ku Klux Klan
Adadin jagora
Mazauna yankin Fannie Lou Hamer Amzie Moore Victoria Gray Adams Lawrence Guyot CORE memba George Raymond Jr. Mambobin SNCC Bob Musa Hollis Watkins Unita Blackwell Mambobin SCLC James Bevel memba na NAACP Haruna Henry Jihar Mississippi Paul B. Johnson Jr., gwamna Dan majalisa James Eastland, Sanata memba na MSSC Rex Armistead memba na Klan Samuel Bowers

Freedom Summer, wanda aka fi sani da Mississippi Freedom Summer (wani lokacin ana kiransa Freedom Summer Project ko Mississippi Summer Project), wani kamfen ne da Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka suka kaddamar a watan Yunin 1964 don yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da yawa na Afirka da Amurka a jihar Mississippi.

An hana baƙar fata a cikin jihar yin zabe tun farkon karni na 20 saboda shingen rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da sauran Dokokin Jim Crow da aka kafa a duk faɗin Kudancin Amurka. Har ila yau, aikin ya kafa makarantu masu yawa na Freedom, gidajen Freedom, da cibiyoyin al'umma kamar ɗakunan karatu, a cikin ƙananan garuruwa a ko'ina cikin Mississippi don taimakawa yawan baƙar fata na yankin.

Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayya (COFO) ce ta shirya aikin, hadin gwiwar rassan Mississippi na manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama guda hudu (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, da SCLC). Yawancin motsi, jagoranci, da kudade don aikin bazara sun fito ne daga SNCC. Bob Moses, sakataren filin SNCC kuma codirector na COFO, ya jagoranci aikin bazara.

Zaɓin 'Yanci

Freedom Summer an gina shi ne a kan shekarun da dubban 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka yi a baya, waɗanda suka haɗa ta hanyar majami'unsu, waɗanda ke zaune a Mississippi. A cikin 1963, Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC) ya shirya wani "Freedom Vote" wanda aka tsara don nuna nufin Black Mississippians na jefa kuri'a, idan ba a hana shi da ta'addanci da tsoratarwa ba. Hanyar rajistar jefa kuri'a ta Mississippi a lokacin ta buƙaci baƙar fata su cika fom ɗin rajista na tambayoyi 21 kuma su amsa, ga gamsar da fararen masu rajista, tambaya game da fassarar kowane sashi 285 na kundin tsarin mulkin jihar. Masu rajista sun yi mulki ta hanyar ra'ayi game da cancantar mai nema, kuma sun yanke shawara game da yawancin baƙar fata, ba tare da barin su yi rajista ba.

A cikin 1963, masu sa kai sun kafa wuraren zabe a cikin majami'u da cibiyoyin kasuwanci a duk faɗin Mississippi. Bayan yin rajista a kan fom ɗin rajista mai sauƙi, masu jefa kuri'a za su zaɓi 'yan takara don yin takara a zaben shekara mai zuwa. 'Yan takara sun hada da Rev. Ed King na Kwalejin Tougaloo da Aaron Henry, daga Clarksdale, Mississippi. Ma'aikatan kare hakkin bil'adama da masu sa kai, tare da dalibai daga jami'o'in arewa da yamma, sun shirya kuma sun aiwatar da zaben, wanda dubban mutane suka kada kuri'a.

Shirye-shiryen Fabrairu 1964

A shekara ta 1964, dalibai da sauransu sun fara aiwatar da hada wuraren zama na jama'a, yin rajistar manya don jefa kuri'a, kuma sama da duka karfafa cibiyar sadarwar jagoranci ta gida. Gina kan kokarin 1963 (ciki har da Freedom Vote da kokarin rajista a Greenwood), Musa ya mamaye shakku tsakanin ma'aikatan SNCC da COFO, kuma shirin Freedom Summer ya fara ne a watan Fabrairun 1964. Masu magana sun dauki ma'aikata a makarantun koleji a duk faɗin ƙasar, suna jawo yabo na tsaye don sadaukarwarsu wajen tsayayya da tashin hankali na yau da kullun da 'yan sanda, sheriffs, da sauransu suka yi a Mississippi. Masu daukar ma'aikata na SNCC sun yi hira da masu sa kai da yawa, suna fitar da wadanda ke da "John Brown complex" kuma suna sanar da wasu cewa aikin su a wannan lokacin rani ba zai zama "ceton Mississippi Negro" ba amma su yi aiki tare da jagorancin gida don bunkasa motsi na asali.

Fiye da 1,000 daga cikin jihohi masu sa kai sun shiga cikin Freedom Summer tare da dubban baƙi na Mississippi. Masu sa kai sun kasance mafi haske na ƙarni, waɗanda suka fito daga mafi kyawun jami'o'i daga manyan jihohi, galibi daga biranen Arewa (misali, Chicago, New York City, Detroit, Cleveland, da dai sauransu) da Yamma (misali., Berkeley, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, da dai dai sauransu), yawanci suna da wadata, kashi 90 cikin dari fari ne. Kimanin rabin su Yahudawa ne. Kodayake kwamitin SNCC ya amince da daukar dalibai dari ne kawai don aikin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1963, shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama na Yahudawa kamar Allard Lowenstein sun ci gaba da daukar ma'aikatan sa kai da yawa, don kawo karin hankali. An gudanar da zaman shiryawa guda biyu na mako guda don masu sa kai a Kwalejin Yammacin Mata a Oxford, Ohio (yanzu wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Miami), daga Yuni 14 zuwa Yuni 27, bayan Kwalejin Berea ta goyi bayan karbar bakuncin zaman saboda matsin lamba na tsofaffi a kansa.

Masu shirya taron sun mayar da hankali kan Mississippi saboda yana da mafi ƙarancin kashi na kowane jiha a cikin ƙasar 'yan Afirka na Afirka da suka yi rajista don jefa kuri'a, kuma sun kasance fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a. A shekara ta 1962 kawai kashi 6.7% na masu jefa kuri'a baƙi ne suka yi rajista.

Jihohin Kudancin sun yi amfani da mafi yawan 'yan Afirka na Afirka da kuma talakawa da yawa a cikin lokacin daga 1890 zuwa 1910 ta hanyar wuce kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi, gyare-gyare da sauran dokoki waɗanda suka ɗora nauyi a kan rajistar masu jefa kuri'a: cajin harajin zabe, buƙatar Gwaje-gwaje na karatu da rubutu da masu rajista ke gudanarwa, suna sa bukatun zama suka fi wuya, da kuma adana rikodin rikodin abubuwan da ake buƙata. Sun ci gaba da wannan cire Black mutane daga siyasa har zuwa shekarun 1960, wanda ya kara da cire su daga juriya da kuma sanya dokokin rarrabe Jim Crow don wuraren jama'a.

Yawancin waɗannan hanyoyin sun tsira daga kalubalen Kotun Koli ta Amurka kuma, idan aka soke su, jihohi sun haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin da za su cire baƙar fata, kamar amfani da sassan kakanni da fararen firamare. A wasu lokuta, masu son jefa kuri'a sun fuskanci matsala ta tattalin arziki, da kuma ta hanyar kai farmaki. Lynchings ya kasance mai girma a farkon karni kuma ya ci gaba da shekaru.