'Yanci da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Ostiraliya
 'Yanci da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Ostiraliya | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Asturaliya |
Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Ostiraliya shine amfani da miyagun kwayoyi da aka haramta a Ostiralia. Magunguna ba bisa ka'ida ba sun haɗa da magunguna ba bisa doka ba (kamar wiwi, opiates, da wasu nau'ikan abubuwan motsawa), magunguna (kamar masu kashe zafi da tranquillisers) lokacin da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai marasa magani, da sauran abubuwan da aka yi da su ba daidai ba (kamara inhalants). A cewar gwamnati da kungiyoyin al'umma, amfani da cin zarafi, da kuma haramtacciyar doka, na miyagun ƙwayoyi lamari ne na zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya da shari'a wanda ke haifar da kasuwar shekara-shekara ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda aka kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 6.7. Kimanin da aka yi a shekarar 2022 ya sanya adadi a dala biliyan 11.3 a kowace shekara.
Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin Tarayyar Australiya, akwai karancin martani ga manufofi game da amfani da abubuwa masu haramtacce.[1] An tsara Opium mafi yawa ta hanyar dokokin cinikayya na mulkin mallaka, tare da yawancin sa hannun gwamnati da ke ɗaukar nau'ikan alamun gargadi, waɗanda aka tsara don hana mutuwa ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. A cewar Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Firayim Minista na Victorian a cikin shekarar 1899, akwai manyan "aji" guda uku na masu amfani da opium. Kwalejin farko na masu amfani da opium sun kasance mata masu matsakaicin matsayi, mata masu matsakaici waɗanda suka sha magani don Ciwon haila ko don rage alamun baƙin ciki. aji na biyu na masu amfani da opium sun haɗa da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da sauran masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya, waɗanda suka yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin dabara don jimrewa da damuwa na aikinsu. aji na uku sun kasance Baƙi na kasar Sin, daga cikinsu an yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin abin nishaɗi.[1]
Yawancin yunkurin farko na sarrafa opium sun samo asali ne daga wariyar launin fata, tare da Anglo-Celtic Australians suna ambaton amfani da opium da Sinawa Australians ke yi a matsayin haɗari ga lafiya da ɗabi'a.[1] Yayin da Ostiraliya ta kusanci Tarayyar, an zartar da kudaden kudi da yawa a majalisun jihohi don ƙuntata amfani da opium. A shekara ta 1905, akwai dokoki da yawa da suka haramta shigo da amfani da opium na shan sigari; duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1930, Ostiraliya tana da mafi girman yawan amfani da heroin a duniya.[2]
Tare da gabatar da dokoki da manufofi waɗanda suka haramta shigo da amfani da opium, kudaden shiga na haraji da gwamnati ta samu a baya daga shigo da opium ba su da amfani. Wani rahoto na kwastam a cikin shekarar 1908 ya lura cewa "yana da shakka sosai idan irin wannan haramcin ya rage yawan kuɗin da aka saya a Ostiraliya".[1]
Desmond Manderson, gwani a kan tarihin manufofin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Australiya, ya tabbatar da cewa daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba, manufofin miyagu ƙwayoyi ta Australiya sun fi dacewa da alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma buƙatar siyasa don firgici na ɗabi'a fiye da duk wani damuwa game da lafiya da jin dadin (Manderson, 1993). [1]
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Taron Hague da Yarjejeniyar Versailles sun fara kafa yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan dokokin miyagun ƙwayoyi (Berridge, 1999). Burtaniya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a madadin Ostiraliya, kuma daga wannan lokacin, gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya sun kirkiro nasu dokoki da manufofi da suka shafi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.[3] A cikin shekarun 1920 da shekarar 1930, akwai tsarin kasa da kasa game da manufofin miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda League of Nations ke kula da shi, tare da Ostiraliya ta kafa jerin dokoki masu tsauri (Mandelson, 1987), [3] duk da ƙarancin amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi a Ostiraliya a wannan lokacin. Kodayake Ostiraliya da farko ta sami rinjaye daga tsananin kula da miyagun ƙwayoyi da azabtarwa da League of Nations ta inganta, kuma daga baya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na 2, manufofin miyagun ƙwaye na Ostiraliya sun ƙara rinjayar Amurka, saboda ƙara shiga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dinkinobho da kuma babban gudummawar kuɗi ga kasafin kuɗin Majalisar Dinkin duniya. Saboda haka, tasirin Burtaniya mai karfi a kan manufofin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Ostiraliya ya ragu, kuma manufofin miyagu ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba na Ostiralia sun sauya daga kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa zuwa karuwar mayar da hankali kan tilasta bin doka da adalci na laifi.
Karni na 21
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarun 1990s, Ostiraliya ta sami "annobar tabar heroin ", [4] wanda a cikinsa akwai babban inganci, ƙarancin farashin tabar heroin, wanda aka shigo da shi daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, a shirye yake a cikin manyan biranen birni, kewayen birni da yankunan karkara. [5] Duk da haka, tun daga shekarar 2001, Ostiraliya yana fuskantar abin da ake kira "fararen heroin", [6] tare da babban darajar tabar heroin yana da wuyar samun damar shiga. [7] [8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 (Eric L. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "hamilton" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Karen McGhee (September 2011). "Name your poison: Ecstasy, or MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)". Cosmos Magazine. Luna Media Pty Ltd. (40). Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 (Eric L. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "You don't expect to die when you take a painkiller". The Punch. News Limited. 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ↑ L. Degenhardt; C. Day (2004). "The course and consequence of the heroin shortage in New South Wales". NDARC Technical Report No. 204. UNSW MEDICINE - National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ↑ Paul Dietze; Peter Miller; Susan Clemens; Sharon Matthews; Stuart Gilmour; Linette Collins (2004). "The course and consequences of the heroin shortage in Victoria". Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Melbourne & the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of NSW. Commonwealth of Australia: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ↑ Weatherburn, Don; Jones, Craig; Freeman, Karen; Makkai, Tony (October 2001). "The Australian Heroin Drought and its impact for drug policy". Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice (59): 1–15.
- ↑ Donnelly, Neil; Weatherburn, Don; Chilvers, Marilyn (March 2004). "The Impact of the Australian heroin shortage on robbery in NSW" (PDF). Bureau brief. NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.