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'Yanci na sanin kai
Asali
Mawallafi Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (mul) Fassara
Lokacin bugawa 1807
Asalin suna Phänomenologie des Geistes da System der Wissenschaft. Erster Theil, die Phänomenologie des Geistes
Ƙasar asali Jamus
Characteristics
Genre (en) Fassara falsafa da essay (en) Fassara
Harshe Jamusanci
Muhimmin darasi falsafa, Hegelianism (en) Fassara, master–slave dialectic (en) Fassara, unhappy consciousness (en) Fassara da absolute idealism (en) Fassara
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Chronology (en) Fassara
'Yanci na sanin kai →Science of Logic (en) Fassara
"Hegel and Napoleon in Jena" (illustration from Harper's Magazine, 1895)

The Phenomenology of Spirit (ko The Phenomenologie of Mind; Jamusanci: Phänomenologie des Geistes) shi ne littafi na farko da Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ya buga. Hegel ya bayyana aikin shekara ta 1807, zuwa tsarin falsafa mafi Girman na Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences, a matsayin "bayyanawa game da zuwan ilimi".[1] Wannan ci gaban ya samo asali ne ta hanyar asalin kai da rushewar "... siffofi daban-daban na ruhu a matsayin tashoshin da ruhun ya zama ilimi mai tsabta".[1][2]

Rubutun ya nuna ci gaba a cikin manufofin harshen Jamusanci. Da yake mai da hankali kan batutuwa a cikin sani, metaphysics, ɗabi'a, da Addini, shi ne inda Hegel ke haɓaka sanannun ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin kamar falsafar hasashe, dialectic, motsi na zargi mai mahimmanci, cikakkiyar manufa, Sittlichkeit, da Aufhebung. Ya ci gaba da rinjayar Falsafar Yamma, kuma "...an yaba da shi kuma an zarge shi da ci gaban existentialism, Kwaminisanci, fascism, mutuwar tauhidin Allah, da kuma nihilism na tarihi".[3]

Tarihin tarihi

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Hegel yana kawo ƙarshen wannan littafin yayin da Napoleon ya shiga sojojin ƙasar Prussian a ranar 14 ga Oktoban shekarar 1806, a Yaƙin Jena a kan tudu a waje da birnin. A ranar da ta gabata kafin yaƙin, Napoleon ya shiga birnin Jena. Daga baya a wannan rana, Hegel ya rubuta wasika ga abokinsa, masanin tauhidi Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer:

Na ga Sarkin sarakuna - wannan ruhun duniya - yana hawa daga birnin a kan bincike. Gaskiya ne mai ban mamaki a ga irin wannan mutum, wanda, ya mai da hankali a nan a wani batu, ya hau doki, ya kai duniya kuma ya mallake shi ... wannan mutum mai ban mamaki, wanda ba zai yiwu a yi sha'awarsa ba.[4]

A cikin shekara ta 2000, Terry Pinkard ya lura cewa sharhi na Hegel ga Niethammer "ya fi ban sha'awa tun lokacin da ya riga ya ƙirƙiro muhimmin sashi na Phenomenology wanda ya ce Juyin Juya Halin yanzu ya wuce zuwa wata ƙasa (Jamus) wanda zai kammala 'a cikin tunani' abin da juyin juya hali zai cika kawai shi ne a aikace".[5]

Tarihin wallafe-wallafen

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An buga Phenomenology of Spirit tare da taken "System of Science: First Part: The Phenomenology and Spirit".[1] Wasu kwafin sun ƙunshi ko dai "Kimiyyar Kwarewar Sanin", ko "Kimiyyu na Phenomenology of Spirit" a matsayin subtitle tsakanin "Preface" da "Introduction".[1] A lokacin da aka buga shi da farko, an gano aikin a matsayin Sashe na Ɗaya na Tsarin Kimiyya, wanda zai ƙunshi Kimiyya na Ma'ana "da duka ainihin kimiyyar falsafar guda biyu, Falsafar Halitta da Falsafar Ruhu" a matsayin sashi na biyu. Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline, a cikin sashi na uku (Falsafar Ruhu), ta ƙunshi sashi na biyu ("The Encyclopedia Phenomenology") wanda ya ba da labari a cikin taƙaitaccen kuma ya ɗan canza manyan jigogi na asalin Phenomenology.

Tsarinsa

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Whoever looks for the stereotype of the allegedly Hegelian dialectic in Hegel's Phenomenology will not find it. What one does find on looking at the table of contents is a very decided preference for triadic arrangements. ... But these many triads are not presented or deduced by Hegel as so many theses, antitheses, and syntheses. It is not by means of any dialectic of that sort that his thought moves up the ladder to absolute knowledge.[6]

Littafin ya ƙunshi Gabatarwa (an rubuta bayan an kammala sauran), Gabatarwa, da manyan sassa shida (na bambancin girman). [lower-alpha 1]

  • (A) Sanin kai kasu kashi uku: (I) Tabbaci mai ban sha'awa, (II) Fahimtar, da (III) Ƙarfi da Fahimta.
    • (I) Tabbacin da ke da sha'awa,
    • (II) Fahimtar, da kuma
    • (III) Ƙarfi da Fahimta.
  • (B) Sanin kai ya ƙunshi babi ɗaya: (IV) Gaskiya na Tabbacin kai wanda ya ƙunshi tattaunawar farko game da Rayuwa da Desire, sannan ya biyo bayan sassan biyu: (A) Samun Kai da Rashin Samun Kai; Jagora da Bauta da (B) 'Yanci na Sanin kai: Stoicism, Skepticism, da rashin jin daɗi. Wannan ɓangaren ya ƙunshi sanannen tattaunawar Hegel game da ubangiji da bautar, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga aikin masana falsafa kamar Frantz Fanon da Alexandre Kojève, da sauransu.
    • (IV) Gaskiya ta Tabbatar da Kai wanda ya ƙunshi tattaunawar farko game da Rayuwa da Sha'awa, sannan ya biyo bayan sassan biyu: (A) Samun Kai da Rashin Samun Kai; Jagora da Bauta da (B) 'Yanci na Samun Kai: Stoicism, Skepticism, da rashin farin ciki. Wannan ɓangaren ya ƙunshi sanannen tattaunawar Hegel game da ubangiji da bautar, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga aikin masana falsafa kamar Frantz Fanon da Alexander Kojève, da sauransu.
  • (C), (AA) Dalilin ya ƙunshi babi ɗaya: (V) Tabbaci da Gaskiya na Dalili wanda aka raba zuwa surori uku: (A) Kula da Dalili, (B) Sabuntawa na Rational Self-Consciousness Ta hanyar kansa, da (C) Mutum, wanda, ga kansa, Gaskiya ne a ciki da kuma don kansa.
    • (V) Tabbaci da Gaskiya na Dalili wanda aka raba zuwa surori uku: (A) Kula da Dalili, (B) Sabuntawa na Rational Self-Consciousness Ta hanyar kansa, da (C) Mutum, wanda, ga kansa, Gaskiya ne a ciki da kansa.
  • (BB) Ruhu ya ƙunshi babi ɗaya: (VI) Ruhu ko Geist wanda aka sake raba shi zuwa surori uku: (A) Ruhu na Gaskiya, Rayuwa ta Da'a, (B) Ruhu da aka ware daga Kansa: Tsarin Al'adu, da (C) Ruhun Tabbatar da Kansa: Ɗabi'a.
    • (VI) Ruhu ko Geist wanda aka sake raba shi zuwa surori uku: (A) Ruhu na Gaskiya, Rayuwa ta Da'a, (B) Ruhu da aka ware daga Kansa: Tsarin Al'adu, da (C) Ruhun Tabbatar da Kansa: Ɗabi'a.
  • (CC) Addini ya ƙunshi babi ɗaya: (VII) Addini, wanda aka raba shi zuwa surori uku: (A) Addinin Halitta, (B) Addinin Art, da (C) Addinin da aka bayyana.
    • (VII) Addini, wanda aka raba shi zuwa surori uku: (A) Addinin Halitta, (B) Addinin Fasaha, da (C) Addinin da aka bayyana.
  • (DD) Cikakken Sanin ya ƙunshi babi ɗaya: (VIII) Cikakkun Sanin. [b]

Saboda yanayin da ba a san shi ba da kuma ayyukan da Hegel ya yi da yawa waɗanda suka biyo bayan bugawa, har ma da tsarin ko ainihin jigon littafin da kansa ya kasance mai hamayya. Da farko, Hegel ya rubuta littafin a ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa na kusa tare da ɗan damar sake dubawa (an aika surori daban-daban ga mai bugawa kafin a rubuta wasu). Bugu da ƙari, a cewar wasu masu karatu, Hegel na iya canza ra'ayinsa game da aikin a lokacin rubuce-rubuce. Abu na biyu, littafin ya cika da hujjojin fasaha sosai a cikin harshen falsafa, da kuma misalai na ainihi, ko dai na tunanin ko na tarihi, na ci gaban mutane ta hanyar jihohi daban-daban na sani. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan tana jayayya: ko Hegel yana nufin tabbatar da da'awar game da ci gaban tarihin duniya, ko kuma kawai ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta; ko sassan falsafar da suka fi dacewa suna nufin magance takamaiman matsayi na tarihi da falsafa; da sauransu.

Jean Hyppolite ya fassara aikin a matsayin Bildungsroman wanda ke bin ci gaban mai gabatarwa, ruhunsa, ta hanyar tarihin sani, halayyar da ta kasance a tsakanin masu ilimin wallafe-wallafen.[8] Koyaya, wasu suna ƙalubalanci wannan fassarar wallafe-wallafen kuma a maimakon haka suna karanta aikin a matsayin "labari mai tunani na kai tsaye" wanda dole ne al'umma ta ba da kanta don fahimtar kanta sabili da haka ta zama mai tunani.[3] Martin Heidegger ya gan shi a matsayin tushe na mafi girma "System of Science" wanda Hegel ya nemi bunƙasa, yayin da Alexander Kojève ya gan shi kamar "Platonic Dialogue ... tsakanin manyan Tsarin tarihi". Har ila yau, an kira shi "wani dutse mai laushi na falsafa ... ba tare da wani ƙarin rhyme ko dalili ga wani canji ba fiye da cewa ya buge Hegel cewa irin wannan canji na iya zama mai ban sha'awa ko haske".[3]

Gabatarwa

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Gabatarwa ga rubutun shine, gabatarwa ga tsarin kimiyya da fahimta gaba ɗaya. An bayyana shi "a kan ilimin kimiyya" a cikin teburin abubuwan da ke ciki, manufarsa ita ce ta ba da ra'ayi mai zurfi game da ilimin kimiyya, yayin da a lokaci guda yake da niyyar "kawar da kanmu daga wasu siffofi waɗanda kawai ke hana ilimin falsafa".[1] Kamar yadda sanarwar Hegel kanta ta lura, ya kasance don bayyana "abin da ya yi kama da shi bukatar falsafar a halin yanzu; kuma game da zato da mummunar tsarin falsafar da ke lalata falsafar a yanzu, da kuma abin da ke da mahimmanci a ciki da kuma bincikensa". Don haka ana iya ganinsa a matsayin ƙoƙari na ƙirƙirar buƙatar falsafar (a halin yanzu) da kuma wane falsafar kanta a halin yanzu take buƙata. Wannan ya haɗa da bayani game da abun ciki da ra'ayi na falsafar, watau, ainihin siffar gaskiya da kuma ɓangaren wanzuwarsa, wanda ke cike da jayayya da ke da niyyar ɗauka da rashin adalci na tsarin falsafar da abin da ya bambanta shi daga na kowane falsafar da ta gabata, musamman na magabata na Jamusanci (Kant, Fichte, da Shelling).[1]

Hanyar Hegelian ta ƙunshi a zahiri bincika kwarewar sanin kanta da abubuwanta da kuma haifar da saɓani da motsi mai ƙarfi waɗanda suka bayyana a kallon wannan kwarewar. Hegel yana amfani da kalmar nan "tsarkake kallo" (Sarauniyar Zusehen) don bayyana wannan hanyar. Idan sani kawai ya mai da hankali ga abin da ke cikin kansa da alaƙarsa da abubuwan da yake da shi, zai ga cewa abin da ya yi kama da tsari mai ɗorewa da tsayayyen ya narke cikin motsi na dialectical. Don haka, falsafar, a cewar Hegel, ba za ta iya gabatar da muhawara ba bisa ga kwararar tunani. Maimakon haka, dole ne ya dubi ainihin sani, kamar yadda yake da gaske.

Hegel kuma yana jayayya da ƙarfi game da jaddada ilimin kimiyya falsafar zamani daga Descartes ta hanyar Kant, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin dole ne ya fara kafa yanayin da ƙa'idojin ilimi kafin ya san komai, saboda wannan zai nuna koma baya mara iyaka, tushe wanda Hegel ke riƙe da kansa yana da rikici kuma ba zai yiwu ba. Maimakon haka, ya ce, dole ne mutum ya bincika ainihin sani kamar yadda yake faruwa a cikin hanyoyin ilimi na ainihi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Hegel ke amfani da kalmar "phenomenology". "Phenomenology" ya fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci don "bayyana", kuma phenomenology na hankali shine nazarin yadda sani ko hankali ya bayyana ga kansa. A cikin tsarin Hegel mai ƙarfi, shine nazarin bayyanar tunani a kai a kai, saboda a kan jarrabawa kowannensu yana narkewa cikin wani daga baya, mafi cikakke da haɗin kai ko tsarin tunani.

Gabatarwa

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Ganin cewa an rubuta Gabatarwa bayan Hegel ya kammala Phenomenology, an rubuta Gabbatarwa a gaba.

A cikin Gabatarwa, Hegel ya magance abin da ke da alaƙa da cewa mutane ba za su iya kimanta ikon ilimin su ba dangane da ikon su na sanin cikakke ba tare da fara samun ma'auni ga abin da cikakke yake ba, wanda ya fi ilimin mutane na cikakke. Duk da haka, mutane na iya samun irin wannan ma'auni ne kawai idan sun riga sun sami ingantaccen ilimin da suke nema.

Don warware wannan rikice-rikice, Hegel ya ɗauki hanyar da sanin da ke cikin wani mataki na sani ana kimanta shi ta amfani da ma'auni da sani da kansa ya tsara. Sannan kuma a lokaci guda ya bambanta abin da ke cikin wannan ilimin kamar yadda ya bambanta da abin da ya sani. Hegel da masu karatu za su "duba" kawai yayin da sani ke kwatanta ainihin ilimin abu - abin da abu yake "don sani" - tare da ma'auni na abin da abu dole ne ya kasance "a cikin kansa". Mutum zai yi tsammanin cewa, lokacin da sani ya gano cewa iliminsa bai yarda da abin da yake da shi ba, sani zai daidaita iliminsa don ya dace da abin da ya faru. Ko yaya, a cikin sauyawa na halayyar, Hegel ya bayyana cewa a ƙarƙashin hanyarsa, akasin haka ya faru.

Kamar yadda aka lura, ma'auni na sani game da abin da ya kamata ya zama ba a bayar da shi a waje ba amma ta hanyar sani kanta. Sabili da haka, kamar iliminsa, "abu" wanda sani ya bambanta da iliminsa shine ainihin abu "don sani" - abu ne kamar yadda aka hango shi ta wannan matakin sani. Don haka, a ƙoƙarin warware rashin jituwa tsakanin ilimi da abu, sani ba za a iya gujewa ba zai canza abu. A zahiri, sabon "abu" don sani an haɓaka shi ne daga ƙarancin ilimin da ya gabata. Don haka, abin da sani ke yi shi ne canza "abu" don ya dace da iliminsa. Sa'an nan kuma sake zagayowar ta fara ne yayin da hankali ke ƙoƙarin bincika abin da ya sani game da wannan sabon "abu".

Dalilin wannan juyawa shi ne cewa, ga Hegel, rabuwa tsakanin sani da abin da yake da shi ba gaskiya bane fiye da rashin isasshen ilimin sanin wannan abu. Ilimi bai isa ba ne kawai saboda wannan rabuwa. A ƙarshen tsari, lokacin da abu ya kasance cikakke "ruhaniya" ta hanyar sake zagayowar kwarewar sani, sani zai san abu kuma a lokaci guda ya fahimci cewa abu ba wani ba ne face kansa.

A kowane mataki na ci gaba, Hegel ya ƙara da cewa, "mu" (Hegel da masu karatu) muna ganin wannan ci gaban sabon abu daga ilimin da ya gabata, amma sanin da suke kiyayewa ba haka ba. Ya zuwa ga abin da ya shafi, yana fuskantar rushewar iliminsa a cikin tarin saɓani, da kuma fitowar sabon abu don ilimi, ba tare da fahimtar yadda aka haifi wannan sabon abu ba.

Muhimman ra'ayoyi

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Hegelian dialectic

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Shahararren tsarin dialectical na thesis-antithesis-synthesis an danganta shi da Hegel:

  1. ↑ The following table of contents follows the Pinkard Translation.[1] Some versions of the book's table of contents also group the last four together as a single section on a level with the first two.
  2. ↑ "Absolute Knowing," for Hegel, is not to be confused with foundational knowledge, which is oxymoronic in Hegelian philosophy, instead, the Absolute is an endpoint of History, "spirit knowing itself as spirit" [7]

Rashin amincewa

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Walter Kaufmann, game da batun ƙungiyar, ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin Hegel, "fiye da rabin karni kafin Darwin ya buga Asalin nau'in.

"[9] Tunanin yana da matuƙar ba da shawara amma, a ƙarshe, ba zai yuwu ba a cewar Kaufmann: "Ra'ayin tsara duk mahimman ra'ayi a cikin irin wannan jeri ɗaya, a kan wani tsani da ya kai daga mafi girma zuwa mafi girma, yana da ban mamaki don tunani kamar yadda mahaukaci ne a yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da shi da gaske.".[9] Yayin da Kaufmann ke kallon Hegel a matsayin daidai wajen ganin yadda aka kai ga ra’ayi ba lallai ba ne a wajen ra’ayin kansa, tunda akasin haka, sanin ci gaban da aka samu, gami da mukamai na farko da dan Adam ya samu gabanin daukar matsayi na iya kawo sauyi idan aka zo ga fahimtar matsayinsa, wasu al’amura na tunanin har yanzu ba su da hankali da kuma wasu bayanai na ban mamaki.[9] Kaufmann ya kuma bayyana cewa ainihin abin da ke cikin abubuwan da ke cikin Fahimtar Halittu ana iya cewa "ruɗuwar madubi ne" kuma "laifi yana da sauƙi a same shi a ciki wanda ba shi da daraja yayin da ake tara su." [ana binciken hujja] Sai dai ya ba wa Hegel uzuri tunda ya fahimci cewa marubucin Phenomenology “ya kammala littafin ne a cikin matsanancin hali".[9]

Fassara ta Turanci

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  • G. W. F. Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit, wanda Peter Fuss da John Dobbins suka fassara (Jami'ar Notre Dame Press, 2019)
  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit (Cambridge Hegel Translations) , wanda Terry Pinkard ya fassara (Cambidge University Press, 2018) ISBN 0-52185579-9
  • Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit: An fassara shi tare da gabatarwa da sharhi, wanda Michael Inwood ya fassara (Oxford University Press, 2018) ISBN 0-19879062-7
  • Phenomenology of Spirit, wanda A. V. Miller ya fassara tare da nazarin rubutun da gabatarwa ta J. N. Findlay (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977) ISBN 0-19824597-1
  • Phenomenology of Mind, wanda J. B. Baillie ya fassara (London: Harper & Row, 1967) Baillie (1872-1940) Baillie fassara 1910.
  • Gabatarwa ta Hegel zuwa Phenomenology of Spirit, wanda Yirmiyahu Yovel ya fassara tare da gabatarwa, yin sharhi da bayanin kula (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004) .ISBN 0-69112052-8
  • Rubutun da Bayani: Gabatarwar Hegel ga Tsarinsa a cikin Sabon Fassara tare da Bayani akan Shafuka, da kuma "Wane ne ke tunanin Abstractly?", wanda Walter Kaufmann ya fassara (South Bend: Jami'ar Notre Dame Press, 1977) .ISBN 0-26801069-2
  • "Gabatarwa", "The Phenomenology of Spirit", wanda Kenley R. Dove ya fassara, a cikin Martin Heidegger, "Hegel's Concept of Experience" (New York: Harper & Row, 1970)
  • "Manufar Gaskiya", Babi na I, "The Phenomenology of Spirit", wanda Kenley R. Dove ya fassara, "The Philosophical Forum", Vol. 32, Na 4
  • "Stoicism", Babi na IV, B, "The Phenomenology of Spirit", wanda Kenley R. Dove ya fassara, "The Philosophical Forum", Vol. 37, Na 3
  • "Absolute Knowing", Babi na VIII, "The Phenomenology of Spirit", wanda Kenley R. Dove ya fassara, "The Philosophical Forum", Vol. 32, Na 4
  • Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit: Zaɓuɓɓuka Howard P. Kainz ya fassara da kuma rubuta su. Jaridar Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-27101076-2ISBN 0-27101076-2 
  • Phenomenology of Spirit selections wanda Andrea Tschemplik da James H. Stam suka fassara, a cikin Steven M. Cahn, ed. , Tarihin Falsafar Yamma (Hackett, 2007)
  • Hegel's Phenomenology of Self-consciousness: rubutu da sharhi [Fassara na Babi na IV na Phenomenology, tare da rubutun da ke tattare da shi da fassarar "Hegel taƙaitaccen sanin kai daga 'The Phenomenology na Ruhu' a cikin Falsafa Propaedeutic], na Leo Rauch da David Sherman. Jami'ar Jihar New York Press, 1999.

Dubi kuma

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  • Tsarin tauhidi
  • Sittlichkeit
  • Weltgeist

Bayani

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Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hegel 2018.
  2. ↑ Walter Kaufmann (1965). Hegel. Reinterpretation, Texts, and Commentary. p. 168.
  3. 1 2 3 Pinkard 1996.
  4. ↑ "Hegel to Niethammer; October 13, 1806". marxists.org. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  5. ↑ Pinkard 2001.
  6. ↑ Walter Kaufmann (1965). Hegel. Reinterpretation, Texts, and Commentary. p. 168.
  7. ↑ Hegel 2018, p. 467, §807.
  8. ↑ Hyppolite 1979.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Kaufmann 1965.

Bayanan da aka ambata

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Firamare

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  •  
  • G. W. Hegel (2015). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Kimiyya ta Mahimmanci

Sakandare

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  • (W. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • H. S. Harris (1997). Matakala ta Hegel (Vol 1 & 2)
  • Empty citation (help)
  • Empty citation (help)
  • Empty citation (help)

Ƙarin karantawa

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Hanyoyin Haɗin waje

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Ana samun fassarar lantarki na fassarar Turanci na Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind a:

Cikakken sharhin sauti daga wani masanin kimiyya kamar haka:

  • Hotunan Bernstein: Hegel's Phenomenology of MindHegel's Phenomenology of MindHalin tunani
  • Gregory Sadler, YouTube.com/playlist?list=PL4gvlOxpKKIgR4OyOt31isknkVH2Kweq2" id="mwAmQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Half Hour Hegel: Cikakken Phenomenology na Ruhu akan YouTube
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