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'Yancin Dan Adam a Ƙasar Ingila

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Ƙasar Ingila
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Birtaniya

Yancin Dan Adam a Ƙasar Ingila sun shafi haƙƙi na asali a cikin doka na kowane mutum a Ƙasar Burtaniya. Wani bangare ne na kundin tsarin mulkin Burtaniya, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga doka ta kowa, daga dokoki kamar Magna Carta, Bill of Rights 1689 da Dokar ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta shekara ta 1998, daga memba na Majalisar Turai, da kuma dokar ƙasa da ƙasa.

Codification na haƙƙin ɗan adam kwanan nan ne, amma dokar Burtaniya tana da ɗaya daga cikin al'adun haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa mafi tsawo. A yau babban tushen shari'a shine Dokar ''Yancin ɗan adam ta 1998, wanda ya haɗa Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Ƴancin Dan Adam cikin shari'ar cikin gida.[1]

 

Codification na haƙƙin ɗan Adam kwanan nan ne, amma kafin Dokar ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta 1998 da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin ɗan adam, dokar Burtaniya tana da ɗaya daga cikin al'adun haƙƙin ɗanɗano mafi tsawo a duniya. Magna Carta 1215 ya ɗaure Sarki ya buƙaci yardar Majalisar kafin kowane haraji, ya girmama haƙƙin shari'a "ta hanyar shari'ar takwarorinsa, ko Dokar Ƙasar", ya bayyana cewa "Ba za mu sayar wa wani mutum ba, ba za mu musanta ko kuma mu miƙa wuya ga kowane mutum ko dai Adalci ko Haƙƙi ba", ya tabbatar da ƴancin motsi ga mutane, kuma ya kiyaye ƙasar kowa.

Masana falsafa sun fara tunanin haƙƙoƙi ba a matsayin gata da gwamnati ko doka za ta ba su ba, amma a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na abin da yake nufi zama mutum ba.[2] John Locke (1632-1704), ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na Haskakawa, ya yi jayayya cewa kariya ga "dukiya" - wanda a gare shi yana nufin "rayuwa, 'yanci da dukiya" - sune dalilan da suka sa al'umma ta wanzu. Ya bayyana cewa an halicci kowane mutum daidai kuma yana da 'yanci amma, don dawo da fa'idodin rayuwa a cikin al'umma mai tsari, mutum na iya buƙatar barin wasu daga cikin wannan' yanci.[3]

A cikin karni na 18, shari'ar Entick da Carrington, ta biyo bayan Locke kusan daidai, ta tabbatar da cewa jihar da gwamnati ba za su iya yin komai ba wanda doka ba ta bayar ba, kuma mutane na iya yin komai sai abin da doka ta haramta. A cikin Somerset da Stewart, Lord Mansfield ya yi ikirarin cewa bautar ba ta da doka a cikin doka ta al'ada don haka dole ne a saki mutumin da aka yi amfani da shi a Boston, Massachusetts a Ingila. Wannan babban korafi ne na yankuna na kudanci a cikin gudu har zuwa sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka.

A shekara ta 1789, ra'ayoyin haƙƙin asali sun samo asali kuma sun yi wahayi zuwa ga Dokar 'Yancin Amurka, da kuma Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa bayan juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Kodayake wasu sun lakafta haƙƙin halitta a matsayin "rashin hankali a kan stilts", Majalisar da kotuna sun haɓaka ƙarin haƙƙin doka a hankali. A cikin shekara ta 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft ta fara yunkurin Burtaniya don kare hakkin mata da daidaito, yayin da ƙungiyoyi a bayan shahidai na Tolpuddle da Chartists suka jagoranci sake fasalin aiki da 'yancin dimokuradiyya.

Bayan bala'in yakin duniya na biyu da Holocaust, sabon dokar kasa da kasa ta sanya Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 a tsakiya, yana tsarkake haƙƙin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Kodayake Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba yarjejeniya ba ce, haƙƙoƙin suna ɗaure ka'idojin jus cogens a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma Burtaniya ta tabbatar da wasu yarjejeniyoyi guda biyu waɗanda suka sake bayyana Sanarwar Duniya: Alkawarin Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu na 1966.

A cikin 1950, Burtaniya ta hada hannu da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ke ba mutane damar daukaka kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin dan Adam a Strasbourg ko da a kan Dokokin Majalisar: Majalisar koyaushe tana da alhakin bin ka'idojin ka'idoji na kasa da kasa.

Saboda wannan Taron daukaka kara ya daɗe, Majalisar ta tsara doka don " kawo haƙƙin gida" Taron da Dokar 'yanci Dan Adam ta 1998, don mutane su iya tayar da'awar haƙƙin ɗan adam a kotunan Burtaniya bisa ga Yarjejeniyar kai tsaye. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi haƙƙin rayuwa, haƙƙin adawa da azabtarwa, haƙƙin tilasta aiki, yin aure, don ingantaccen magani, da haƙƙin rashin nuna bambanci a cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Yawancin shari'o'in shari'a sun shafi haƙƙin 'yanci, sirri,' 'yancin lamiri da faɗar albarkacin baki, da kuma' 'yancin tarayya da taro. Har ila yau, Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙoƙi ga ƙa'idodin aiki masu kyau, tsaron jama'a, da kuma haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa ta hanyar dokokinta.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar nada jakadan kare hakkin dan adam na farko. Sakataren Harkokin Waje Jeremy Hunt ya nada Rita French, tsohon babban sakataren sirri na Hunt, don inganta aikin Burtaniya a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma duniya.[4] A watan Janairun 2023 Gwamnatin Sunak ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen fadada ikon Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a, wanda zai ba da damar 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya su gurfanar da sauƙin kan zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, idan gwamnati ta ga irin wannan zanga-zambe ya zama "mai rushewa", [5] tilasta masu zanga-zangran da ake la'akari da su sa na'urorin bin diddigin koda kuwa ba a gurfanar su ba.[6][7][8] Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam sun zargi lissafin na kasancewa mai mulkin kama karya.[9][10]

Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam

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Birtaniya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara Yarjejeniyar, [ 25 ] tare da adadi irin su Arthur Goodhart, John Foster da Hersch Lauterpacht na Birtaniya wanda ke ba da gudummawar kafa Majalisar Turai a shekara ta 1949 a matsayin hanyar da za ta kare kariya daga hawan sabon mulkin kama-karya da kuma samar da ƴan ƙasa na ƙasashen Soviet -mallake da fitila. Majalisar ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta riga ta dauki matakin samar da yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta hanyar doka, kungiyar da Winston Churchill da Harold Macmillan suka yi nasara, kuma sashin shari'a na ƙasa da kasa (kirga Lauterpacht da Maxwell Fyfe daga cikin membobinta) ya samar da daftarin yarjejeniya.

Shugaban Maxwell Fyfe da tsohon shugaban adawa na Faransa Pierre-Henri Teitgen, Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai ta Turai ya ba da shawarar cewa Kwamitin Ministocin Majalisar ya tsara yarjejeniya wanda zai karɓi kuma ya tabbatar da jin daɗin haƙƙin da aka ayyana a cikin sanarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 10 ga Disamba 1948, da kuma kafa Kotun Turai da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. Kwamitin ya amince kuma rubutun abin da zai zama Yarjejeniyar Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kasance a cikin manyan abubuwan da Sir Oscar Dowson, babban mai ba da shawara kan shari'a mai ritaya ga Ofishin Cikin Gida ya' tsara.[26]

Tabbatar

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Akwai goyon baya ga Yarjejeniyar a Burtaniya inda gwamnatin Attlee ta kasance a ofis. Lord Chancellor Jowitt, Sakataren mulkin mallaka Griffiths da Chancellor Sir Stafford Cripps sun ƙi amincewa da tabbatarwa bisa ga asarar ikon mallakar da zai haifar. Jowitt ya kuma ga barazana ga tsarin cikin gida na doka ta al'ada da haɗarin ba da izinin hukunce-hukuncen da ba a sani ba. Duk da haka ya yi imanin cewa tabbatarwa ya zama dole daga ra'ayi na siyasa kamar yadda ƙin zai zama, a ganinsa, da wuya a tabbatar da shi a gida da waje.

Matsi na siyasa a gefe, ra'ayin gwamnati gabaɗaya shine cewa Yarjejeniyar an yi niyya ne kawai don hana karɓar mulkin kama karya ba batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam ba a cikin dimokuradiyya mai aiki. Ainihin, an yi tunanin cewa Burtaniya ba ta da wani abu da za ta rasa daga tabbatarwa amma kin amincewa na iya yin hadarin wasu asarar fuska a Turai.[31] Yarjejeniyar tana da ƙarin goyon baya tsakanin 'yan siyasa na jam'iyyar Conservative, musamman Winston Churchill wanda ya yi imanin cewa zai iya taimakawa wajen haɗa Turai bisa ga mulkin doka.

Burtaniya ta zama jaha ta farko da ta ajiye kayan aikin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar a ranar 8 ga Maris 1951, tare da Yarjejeniya ta fara aiki a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1953 bayan an ajiye tabbatarwa ta goma.[33][34][26] Ba a gabatar da doka ba kuma ba a dauki matakai don ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar a cikin dokar cikin gida har sai an zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998.

QHakkin neman takara

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Abubuwa biyu na Yarjejeniyar sun ba wakilan Burtaniya ga Majalisar Turai dalilin damuwa: kafa Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da haƙƙin neman izini ga Kotun. An yi tunanin cewa yiwuwar gabatar da ƙorafe-ƙorafe yana buɗewa ga cin zarafi kuma ana iya amfani da shi don dalilai na siyasa, musamman ta mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, maimakon don ƙorafe-ƙorafe na gaske. Bugu da kari, an ji tsoron cewa sakamakon karɓar takardar neman izini na mutum zai haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya yayin da za a iya lalata ikon Burtaniya.[37] Kokarin Burtaniya na cire tanadin da suka shafi waɗannan batutuwan biyu ba su yi nasara ba amma sun sami nasarar tabbatar da cewa suna da zaɓi.[38]

Gwamnatin Conservative da aka zaba a 1951 ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Farko ga ECHR a 1953 dangane da haƙƙin mallaka, ilimi da zaɓe na 'yanci, amma ta ki amincewa da 'yancin gabatar da ƙara bisa dalilan cewa dokar gama-gari za ta zo ƙarƙashin ikon kotun duniya . Zaben Labour a 1964 ya haifar da sake duba batun kuma a wannan karon babbar muryar da ba ta ba ita ce ta Sakataren Cikin Gida, Frank Soskice . Ko da yake yana son karɓar haƙƙin ƙarar ƙararrakin, ya ƙi amincewa da hukuncin da ya dace na Kotun bisa ga cewa zai hana Birtaniya wani matsayi na sassaucin ra'ayi game da koke-koke kuma zai iya haifar da kunya ta siyasa.

A shekara ta 1965 yawancin ministocin gwamnati sun yi imanin cewa Kotun ba za ta haifar da babbar barazana ga ikon mallakar ƙasa ko ga rayuwar siyasa fiye da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam wacce Ingila ke ƙarƙashinta ba.[42] Ƙarin matsin lamba don karɓa ya zo ne daga alƙalin Burtaniya kuma Shugaban Kotun, Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair، Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Turai Peter Smithers, Terence Higgins MP da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban.[43][44]

Kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance don tabbatarwa a 1950, gwamnatin Labour ta kammala a 1965 cewa akwai kadan da za a rasa daga ba da gudummawa ga matsin lamba don amincewa da Kotun da haƙƙin shigar da kara.[45] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1965, Wilson ya sanar da House of Commons cewa za a amince da haƙƙin shigar da kara na tsawon shekaru uku.[46] A lokacin gwamnati ta damu da cewa Kamfanin Man Fetur na Burmah zai yi amfani da sabon haƙƙin yin hamayya da halattaccen Dokar Lalacewar Yakin 1965, wanda ya hana kamfanin haƙƙin diyya don lalacewar da aka haifar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Kamar yadda aka amince da shawarar House of Lords, an yi amfani da lokacin karɓar don ya faɗi waje da lokacin iyakancewar watanni shida don ƙalubalen Dokar, kuma karɓar Ƙasar Ingila a bayyane ya bayyana cewa ya shafi kawai da'awar da ta taso bayan ranar da ta fara aiki.[47][48] Robert Boothby MP ne ya gabatar da sanarwar karɓa tare da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Turai a ranar 14 ga Janairun 1966.[49]

Yunkurin shiga tsakani

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Kira na farko na jama'a don haɗa Yarjejeniyar cikin dokar ƙasa an yi shi ne a cikin 1968 ta hanyar Anthony Lester wanda ya buga wata takarda mai taken Dimokuradiyya da 'Yancin Mutum.[50] Sa'an nan a cikin 1974 Ubangiji Scarman ya yi kira ga wani kayan aiki don kalubalanci ikon mallakar majalisa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali.[50][51] A shekara mai zuwa Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa na jam'iyyar Labour ya bayyana Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam, kodayake wasu' yan siyasa na Conservative sun dauki wannan a matsayin bai isa ba ciki har da Leon Brittan, Geoffrey Howe da Roy Jenkins wadanda suka ga Dokar' Yancin da ta fi tasiri wajen hana cin zarafin da hukumar kare hakkin mutum ta yi.[52]

A cikin 1976, Lord Wade ya gabatar da wani daftarin doka a cikin House of Lords kuma a cikin 1978 wani kwamitin zaɓe na House of Lords ya buga wani rahoto da ke ba da shawarar haɗawa wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin Lords wanda ya kai ga kawo gyara wanda ke neman gwamnati ta gabatar da doka kan lamarin. Lord Wade ya yi nasarar samun amincewar Ubangiji kan daftarin doka amma bai sami wani ci gaba ba a majalisar dokokin kasar inda yunkurin Alan Beith ya yi na samun nasarar karatu na biyu bai samu halarta ba. Akwai damuwa a lokacin game da alƙalai waɗanda ke yanke hukunci game da shari'o'in da suka shafi adam wanda zai iya kai su daga matsayinsu na bangaranci na al'ada zuwa al'amuran siyasa.

A shekara ta 1986 Lord Broxbourne ya sami amincewar Lords don lissafin shigarsa, amma bai yi nasara ba a cikin Commons, duk da cewa an sami karatun na biyu.[54][55] Dokar Edward Gardner ta 1989 don haɗa Yarjejeniyar ta kuma kasa a karatun ta na biyu.[56][55] A wannan lokacin, manufofin jam'iyyar Conservative na hukuma sun goyi bayan kiyaye shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu wanda ya ga yana tabbatar da babban matsayi na kariya ga haƙƙin mutum.[56][57]

A shekara ta 1991 ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa ya karu, yana samun tallafi daga ƙungiyoyi irin su Charter88, Liberty da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Jama'a - na ƙarshe biyu sun buga shawarwari don Dokar Haƙƙin Biritaniya da ke haɗa haƙƙoƙin. Manyan ma'aikatan shari'a na da da na yanzu sun ba da shawarar haɗa haɗin gwiwa, ciki har da Lord Gardiner, Lord Hailsham, Lord Taylor da Lord Bingham, ta Law Society da Majalisar Lauyoyi .Smith a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour a 1992, Manufofin Labour game da Yarjejeniyar - wanda ya saba da shi a gabanin da kuma lokacin babban zaben 1992- ya fara canza canji don haɗawa.

Smith ya ba da jawabi a ranar 1 ga Maris 1993 mai taken "Democracy na Citizen" inda ya yi kira ga "sabon tsarin mulki, sabon yarjejeniya tsakanin mutane da jihar wanda ke sanya matakin tsakiya na ɗan ƙasa" Wannan ya biyo bayan Taron Jam'iyyar Labour a watan Oktoba 1993 wanda ya amince da manufofin matakai biyu inda za a sanya Yarjejeniyar cikin doka sannan kuma ta aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin. An shirya don tabbatar da haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar ta amfani da "duk da haka sashi" mai kama da na Sashe na talatin da uku na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci, wanda zai haifar da Yarjejeniyar da ta mamaye dokokin da Majalisar ta zartar sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. Za a kuma kafa kwamiti na kare hakkin dan adam don saka idanu da inganta kare hakkin dan Adam.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1994 Lord Lester ya gabatar da lissafi a cikin Lords wanda ya dogara da Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand wanda zai ba Yarjejeniyar irin wannan matsayi a cikin dokar Burtaniya kamar yadda aka ba da Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta hanyar ba da damar kotuna su soke Ayyukan Majalisar na gaba da na yanzu waɗanda ba su dace da shi ba, suna sanya alhakin hukumomin gwamnati su bi kuma su samar da ingantaccen magunguna ciki har da lalacewa.[63] An gabatar da shi a lokacin damuwa game da tasirin dokar Tarayyar Turai akan ikon mallakar majalisa, lissafin bai sami goyon baya daga gwamnatin Conservative ba kuma ya kasa a cikin Commons saboda rashin lokaci.

A ranar 18 ga Disamba 1996, Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Labour Jack Straw da Paul Boateng sun buga takardar shawarwari mai taken "Kawo 'Yancin Gida" wanda ya tsara shirye-shiryen Labour na haɗa Yarjejeniyar idan ta ci zabe na gaba. Takardar ta mayar da hankali kan matakin farko na manufofin 'yancin ɗan adam na Labour da kuma yadda ya kamata a shigar da Yarjejeniyar, musamman game da ikonta na soke dokar da aka kafa . A ranar 5 ga Maris 1997 kwamitin shawarwari na Labour da Liberal Democrat kan sake fasalin tsarin mulki karkashin jagorancin Robin Cook da Robert Maclennan sun buga wani rahoto da ke kira da a samar da "Kwamishan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" don sa ido kan yadda ake gudanar da dokar da kuma kawo kararraki a madadin wadanda ke neman kare hakkokinsu.

Tafiya ta Majalisar

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Zaben Labour a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1997 ya haifar da buga fararen takarda a kan lissafin - "Hakkin da aka kawo gida: Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam".[66]

Lord Irvine ne ya gabatar da lissafin a majalisar dattawa a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1997. [11] A mayar da martani ga wata tambaya daga Ubangiji Simon, Ubangiji Irvine ya tabbatar da cewa lissafin bai haɗa da Yarjejeniyar ba, amma ya ba da "ƙarin tasiri a Ƙasar Ingila ga haƙƙin taron".[12] Lord Irvine ya kuma ki amincewa da wani gyare-gyare da aka gabatar daga Conservative Lord Kingsland wanda zai kasance da tasirin tilasta kotunan cikin gida su yi amfani da shari'ar Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, yana mai bayyana cewa tilastawa ta la'akari da shi ya isa.[13]

Yan Democrat masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun goyi bayan lissafin, kamar yadda wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka hada da Lord Bingham, Lord Scarman, Lord Wilberforce, Lord Ackner, Lord Cooke da Lord Donaldson . Ko da yake wasu ] yan [ sun yi tawaye ga layin jam'iyyar, musamman Lord Renton da Lord Windlesham .

Karatun na biyu a cikin House of Commons ya faru ne a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1998 inda Jack Straw ya gabatar da lissafin wanda ya bayyana cewa shi ne "babban lissafin farko kan haƙƙin ɗan adam sama da shekaru 300".[14] Baya ga shigar da Yarjejeniyar a cikin dokar cikin gida, Jack Straw ya nuna cewa an yi niyyar lissafin don samun wasu muhimman sakamako guda biyu: sabuntawa da Dimokuradiyya na tsarin siyasa ta hanyar kawo "mafi kyawun daidaituwa tsakanin hakkoki da alhakin, tsakanin ikon jihar da 'yancin mutum" [14] da kuma gabatar da al'adun wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. [71]

Gyaran da aka ƙi sun haɗa da ba kotuna mafi girman sassauci game da dokar shari'ar Strasbourg da kuma ambaton iyakar godiya da Kotun ta ba jihohi, [15] da kuma iyakance wajibin fassara doka daidai da haƙƙin Yarjejeniya kawai lokacin da ya 'daidaita' don yin hakan. [16] Wani gyare-gyare mai nasara ya gabatar da shi ta hanyar Labour backbencher Kevin McNamara wanda ke da tasirin shigar da shi cikin lissafin Mataki na 1 da 2 na Yarjejeniyar 6 na Yarjejeniya wanda ke soke hukuncin kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya.[17][75]

Kudin ya sami nasarar tattauna da Commons da Lords kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2000 a matsayin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998.[66]

Yancin dan Adam na 1998

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Wani shari’ar da ta faru kafin kafa Human Rights Act da ta fito da kalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen daukar mataki kan hukumomin gwamnati ita ce ta Kelly Davis, wani Bafili daga Bath mai aikin gine-gine, wanda hukumar Wansdyke District Council ta ki amincewa da shirinsa na gine-gine sau da dama tsakanin 1989 da 1991. A shekara ta 2000, wani alkalin kotun Bristol County Court ya yanke hukunci cewa jami’an tsara gari sun kasance “ba masu taimako ba ne kuma suna hana ci gaba,” inda ya kara da cewa hakan na iya kasancewa ne saboda Davis shi ne “kadai Bafili mai gini a Wansdyke.”[18] Wannan shari’a ta nuna muhimmancin Human Rights Act, wadda ke ba mutane damar kai kara kai tsaye idan hukumomi sun nuna wariya.

A ka’ida, dokar tana da tasirin tsaye wato tana aiki ne kawai a tsakanin jama’a da hukumomin gwamnati, ba tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu ba.Samfuri:Sfnp Sai dai kuma akwai wasu lokuta da ake iya amfani da dokar a kaikaice kan mutum mai zaman kansa.Samfuri:Sfnp

Sashe na 3 na dokar yana bukatar a fassara duk wata doka – ko ta farko ko ta biyayya – a hanya da ta dace da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam, muddin hakan zai yiwu.Samfuri:Sfnp Idan har ba za a iya fassara dokar da ta dace da yarjejeniyar ba, hakan ba ya hana sahihancinta ko aiki da ita.Samfuri:Sfnp A irin wannan yanayi, sashe na 4 yana bai wa kotu damar bayar da sanarwar rashin daidaito wadda ba ta da tasiri kai tsaye kan dokar kuma ba ta da tasiri kai tsaye kan shari’ar da ke gaban kotun;Samfuri:Sfnp hakan yana bai wa Majalisar Dokoki damar gyara dokar, ko da ba dole ba ne su yi hakan.Samfuri:Sfnp

A Scotland, dokar Scotland Act 1998 ce ke tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam. Sashe na 57(2) na dokar ya ce: "Wani memba na Gwamnatin Scotland ba shi da iko yin wata doka mai sauki ko wani aiki da ya sabawa wani daga cikin hakkokin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam...”[19]

Dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na Birtaniya sun sha suka daga wasu mutane da ke ganin suna fifita hakkin masu laifi fiye da na wadanda aka zalunta. Shari’o’i da suka janyo cece-kuce irin su na Learco Chindamo[20] da na ’yan fashin jirgi na Afghan a 2006,[21] sun haddasa kiran da wasu suka yiSamfuri:Who na a sake duba Human Rights Act 1998 da wasu dokoki. A cikin mulkinsa na biyu, David Cameron ya bayyana kudirin sauya dokar da wata sabuwar Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Birtaniya.[22]

A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2022, kungiyoyi fiye da 50 sun gargadi gwamnatin Birtaniya cewa rusa Human Rights Act zai haifar da “mummunan sakamako” da suka hada da rashin kare mata da ’yan mata daga tashin hankali da kuma jefa zaman lafiya a Arewacin Ireland cikin hadari.[23]

Hakkoki a cikin dokokin gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dukkan dokar gama gari (common law) da kuma Human Rights Act 1998 na daga cikin tushen hakki a cikin dokokin Birtaniya. Tun daga 1998, ta hanyar ci gaban da kotuna ke yi, wadannan dokoki biyu sun fara hade sosai, domin ra’ayi mafi rinjaye ya nuna cewa dokokin da suka shafi cin zarafi (tort), adalci (equity), kwangila (contract), ko dukiyar mutum (property) na iya karbar hakkokin dan Adam cikin tsarin su. Kamar yadda Lord Bingham ya bayyana a shekarar 2008:[24]

Mutum zai yi mamaki idan wani aiki da ya saba wa muhimmin hakki ko ’yanci na mutum bai sami madadinsa ba a cikin wata doka kamar dokar gama gari, wadda ta dace da bukatun mutane. Kuma akwai hujjoji da ke nuna cewa dokar gama gari a wasu bangarori ta canza bisa tasirin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam...

Wannan ra’ayi na zamani ya bambanta da na da, wanda A. V. Dicey ya wakilta, inda ya ce: "A kowane lokaci a Ingila ba a taba sanar da wani hakki na ’yancin tunani ko ’yancin fadin albarkacin baki ba, [...] kuma da wuya a ce tsarin mulkinmu ya san da wani hakki na musamman na taron jama’a."Samfuri:Sfnp

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The UK and the European Court of Human Rights" (PDF). Equality and Human Rights Commission. Spring 2012. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  2. ↑ "Human Rights". The British Library. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  3. ↑ "Locke's Two Treatises". The British Library. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "UK to appoint first human rights ambassador". The Guardian. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  5. ↑ "Lords can stop police getting pre-emptive protest ban rights, Green peer says". The Guardian. 27 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "New measures to silence climate activists? They'll only spur us on | Indigo Rumbelow". The Guardian. 16 January 2023.
  7. ↑ Skidelsky, Robert (17 January 2023). "The Return of Thoughtcrime | by Robert Skidelsky". Project Syndicate.
  8. ↑ Morell, Anna (18 January 2023). "'The Public Order Bill will remove what little voice disabled people have'". mirror.
  9. ↑ "The Police Are Psychics Now, Apparently". Novara Media.
  10. ↑ McGee, Luke (17 January 2023). "The British government wants to hand police unprecedented powers to handle protesters. Human rights activists say it's an affront to democracy". CNN.
  11. ↑ "Lords Hansard text for 3 Nov 1997 (171103-03)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  12. ↑ "Lords Hansard text for 29 Jan 1998 (180129-27)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  13. ↑ "Lords Hansard text for 18 Nov 1997 (171118-15)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  14. 1 2 "Orders of the Day — Human Rights Bill [Lords]: 16 Feb 1998: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  15. ↑ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 3 Jun 1998 (pt 33)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  16. ↑ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 3 Jun 1998 (pt 40)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  17. ↑ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 21 Oct 1998 (pt 43)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  18. ↑ "£790,000 payout for race case builder". Humphreys & Co. Solicitors. 19 November 2001. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
  19. ↑ "Protecting and promoting human rights at home and abroad". The Scottish Government. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  20. ↑ David Cameron: Scrap the Human Rights Act, 24 August 2007, Daily Telegraph
  21. ↑ Hijacker ruling draws criticism, BBC News, 12 May 2006
  22. ↑ "Cameron 'will fix human rights mess'". BBC News. 15 June 2015.
  23. ↑ "Consequences 'dire' if Human Rights Act ditched, more than 50 groups warn". The Guardian. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  24. ↑ Van Colle v Chief Constable of Hertfordshire [2008] UKHL 50; [2009] 1 AC 225 at [58]
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