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'Yancin Dan Adam a Afghanistan

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Afghanistan
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Ƙasa Afghanistan

Hakkin dan adam a Afghanistan a karkashin mulkin Taliban an hana shi sosai kuma an dauke shi daga cikin mafi munin duniya. Dangane da rahoton 2024 na Freedom House, 'Yancin Siyasa an kiyasta shi da 1 daga cikin 40 tare da' Yancin Bil'adama a 5 daga cikin 60, tare da jimlar 6 daga cikin 100 saboda dalilai daban-daban ciki har da amma ba a iyakance su ba: haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin LGBTQ +, haƙƙin' yan tsiraru, azabtarwa, da' yancin magana.[1][2] Hakkin mata da 'yanci an hana su sosai, saboda an haramta su daga mafi yawan wuraren jama'a da aiki. Afghanistan ita ce kadai kasar a duniya da ta haramta ilimi ga mata sama da shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Manufofin Taliban game da mata an rarraba su a matsayin wariyar launin fata.[3] Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru kamar Hazaras, Uzbek, Turkmen, da Tajik suna fuskantar tsanantawa da fitarwa daga ƙasashensu.[4] Hukumomi sun yi amfani da tashin hankali na jiki, hare-hare, kamawa da tsare-tsare, azabtarwa, tilasta bacewar masu gwagwarmaya da abokan adawar siyasa.[5][6][7][8] Ana sarrafa kafofin watsa labarai sosai ba tare da kusan 'yanci ba, tare da sa ido mai zurfi da tsauri a cikin wasa.

Tarihi

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A karkashin mulkin Zahir Shah, ana yawan girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa 1949, Firayim Ministan Afghanistan Shah Mahmud Khan, ya kara 'yancin' yan jarida, amma nan da nan aka juya waɗannan matakai. Dokar 'yan jarida wacce aka aiwatar a watan Yulin 1965, ta ba da 'yanci ga' yan jarida a karon farko. Yayin da ‘yan jaridu galibi ke da ‘yanci, a wasu lokutan Sarkin ya rufe kafafen yada labarai daga ‘yan adawa da ake ganin barazana ce. Jamhuriyyar Khalq ta gurguzu wacce ta mulki Afganistan bayan juyin juya halin Saur a shekara ta 1978 ta kasance mummunan hali, tare da murkushe adawa da karfi. Gwamnati ta sace tare da kashe dubban fursunoni, 'yan adawa farar hula na karkara.

A cikin Afrilu 1987, Afghanistan ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT), wanda ke hana jihar azabtar da kowane mutum. Sabon shugaban Babrak Karmal ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen zaluncin Khalq, wanda wani bangare ya yi, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da take hakkin dan Adam. Gwamnati tare da Soviets (a lokacin yakin Soviet-Afganistan) sun yi niyya ga matsugunan farar hula a yankunan karkara. A karkashin sauye-sauyen da Shugaba Mohammad Najibullah ya yi, an kara inganta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki amma duk da haka an tauye hakkin bil'adama.[9]

A cikin shekarun 1990, an tafka ta'asa da dama daga wasu tsageru a kan fararen hula. Hare-haren rokoki ba gaira ba dalili a lokacin yakin Kabul, musamman wadanda mayakan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar suka kai, ya kashe dubban fararen hula. Kungiyar Taliban da ke mulki tun daga shekarar 1996 ta kakaba mata takunkumi mai tsauri, da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, tare da hana agajin kasa da kasa shiga kasar saboda yunwar da fararen hula ke fuskanta.[10]

Gwamnatin shugaban kasa ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afganistan, wacce a baya ta yi mulkin Afganistan daga shekara ta 2004 har zuwa lokacin da kungiyar Taliban ta hambarar da ita a shekara ta 2021, tana da tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama mai karfi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. An tanadi daftarin doka a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004. 'Yancin rayuwa da 'yanci an kiyaye su bisa tsarin mulki, haka kuma 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya da kuma ɗaukan rashin laifi ga kowane mutum. Wanda hakan ya bai wa Jamhuriyar Musulunci wani tsari mai karfi na hakkin dan Adam wanda ya tabbata ga dukkan 'yan kasa.

Batutuwan 'Yancin Dan Adam na zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Magoya bayan Kwallon ƙafa a cikin Filin wasa na Ghazi a babban birnin Kabul, wanda ke da kabilanci da yawa kuma birni mafi girma a Afghanistan.

Yarjejeniyar Bonn ta 2001 ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afganistan (AIHRC) a matsayin cibiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa don karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma bincikar take haƙƙin ɗan adam da laifukan yaƙi. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afghanistan na 2004 ya ƙarfafa kasancewar AIHRC. A yayin da ake ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula, tashe-tashen hankula da sake gina kasar, sau da yawa kan yi wuya a iya fahimtar hakikanin abin da ke faruwa, rahotanni daban-daban daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun zargi bangarori daban-daban na gwamnatin Afganistan da aikata laifukan take hakkin dan Adam.

Har ila yau, an yi amfani da wasu cin zarafin 'yan adam da sojoji na Amurka suka yi wa fararen hula na Afghanistan, musamman a cikin kurkukun Baghram inda fararen hula marasa laifi suka jimre da azabtarwa, yanayi na wulakanci, da kuma rashin mutunci. An soki Amurka sosai saboda yanke hukunci ga sojoji da ke da alhakin. Tsoffin shugabannin yaƙi na Afghanistan da manyan 'yan siyasa da Amurka ke tallafawa yayin korar Taliban suna da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa a shekara ta 2003 ciki har da satar mutane, fyade, fashi, da cin hanci da rashawa.

Wasu daga cikin jami'an tsaron kasar Afganistan na da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula a hare-haren kasa da kuma hare-hare ta sama.

Yarjejeniyar azabtarwa

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A cikin Maris 2002, ABC News sun yi iƙirarin cewa manyan jami'ai a CIA sun ba da izini ga gardama, dabarun tambayoyi.[11] Hanyoyin tambayoyin da za a iya yi sun hada da girgiza da mari, daure fursunoni a tsaye, ajiye fursunoni a cikin dakin sanyi da shayar da su da ruwa, da hawan ruwa.[11] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya bayar da rahoton hirarrakin da aka yi da fursunoni 379. An gano wadanda 'yan sanda ko jami'an leken asiri ke tsare da su ana yi musu dukan tsiya, cire farce da kuma girgizar wutar lantarki.

Zaben a lokacin yaƙi

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An gudanar da zabe da yawa a Afghanistan tun shekara ta 2001. An gudanar da zaben kwanan nan a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2010, don Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa tare da rahoton 'yan takara 2,499 da ke fafatawa don kujeru 250. A lokacin zaben Taliban ta kai hari da yawa daga cikin wadanda ke da hannu, inda ta kashe fararen hula 11 da 'yan sanda 3 na Afghanistan a cikin hare-hare sama da 300 a zaben. Rashin yawan wadanda suka mutu a hannun Taliban za a iya danganta su da ayyukan da aka kara musamman da shugabannin masu tayar da kayar baya da ke shirin kai hare-hare a kwanakin da suka kai ga zaben, wanda ya kama daruruwan masu tayar baya da fashewa.[12][13] Masu jefa kuri'a a zaben sun kai kashi 40%.

Tsarin adalci

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Afganistan tana da manyan tsare-tsare na adalci guda biyu: tsarin mulkin kasa da tsarin gargajiya na yau da kullun. Duk da kasancewar tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun misali; Kotun Koli, Kotun Tsaro ta kasa (ma'amala da shari'o'in da suka shafi ta'addanci), kotunan shari'ar farko da ta biyu, "jirga" da "shura" - cibiyoyin gargajiya suna aiki.[ana buƙatar hujja]

A karkashin gwamnatin Taliban a Afganistan, tsarin shari'a ya kasance yana da tsauraran fassarar shari'ar Musulunci. A watan Afrilun 2025, shugaban Taliban Hibatullah Akhundzada ya kare hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa wani bangare ne na Musulunci. Wannan bayani ya biyo bayan hukuncin kisa da aka yi wa wasu mutane hudu da aka samu da laifin kisan kai, wanda aka yi a filayen wasanni; Kisa mafi girma irin wannan tun bayan da kungiyar Taliban ta sake samun madafan iko a shekarar 2021. Kotun kolin kasar ta Afganistan ta amince da hukuncin kisa bayan da iyalan wadanda aka kashe din suka ki yin afuwa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa. Akhundzada ya jaddada mahimmancin aiwatar da dukkan dokokin Ubangiji tare da yin watsi da tsarin dokokin kasashen yamma, yana mai da hankalin Taliban kan tabbatar da shari'ar Musulunci. [14]

Shari'a da tsari

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Ana zargin wasu jami'an hukumar tsaron kasar ta Afganistan da gudanar da nasu gidajen yari, da azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan jarida. Ana kuma zarginsu da kashe fararen hula da gangan yayin farmakin da gwamnati ta kai.

Ana zargin jami’an tsaron ‘yan sa-kai na yankin, wadanda kuma ke da nasu gidajen yari, da azabtarwa da kuma kashe-kashen ba gaira ba dalili. Sarakunan yaki a arewacin kasar sun yi amfani da lalata dukiya, fyade, da kisa don hana Pashtun da suka rasa matsugunansu kwato gidajensu. Yin aikin yara da fataucin mutane ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wajen Kabul. An kashe fararen hula akai-akai a fadan da ake yi tsakanin dakarun yakin. Rashin kyawun yanayin da ake samu a gidajen yari ya haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a tsakanin fursunoni. Don dakatar da shi, an fara shirin gyaran gidan yari a shekara ta 2003.

Idan babu ingantaccen tsarin shari'a na kasa, an tauye hakkin kare shari'a saboda rashin daidaiton ka'idoji na cikin gida sun yi galaba a cikin shari'ar laifuka. Ka'idojin shari'a na gaskiya suna kunshe a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan da tsarin aikata laifuka amma ana keta su akai-akai saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rashin ilimi, kwararrun ma'aikata (musamman lauyoyin tsaro), rashin kayan aiki, cin hanci da rashawa da tsangwama ba bisa ka'ida ba daga shugabannin yaki da 'yan siyasa. Dubban mutane a Afghanistan sun kasance wadanda ke fama da bacewar da aka tilasta a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata.

A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2020, an kashe wasu masu kare hakkin bil adama biyu da ke da alaƙa da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Afghanistan (AIHRC) a wani harin bam. Sun mutu ne bayan wani bam da aka makala a motarsu ya tashi. Harin dai ya zo ne kasa da mako guda bayan da wasu 'yan bindiga suka harbe masu gabatar da kara biyu da wasu ma'aikata uku daga ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati a Kabul.[15]

A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2020, kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bukaci gwamnatin Afghanistan da ta dauki matakin da ya dace don hana kisan masu kare hakkin dan Adam. An kashe masu kare hakkin bil adama tara tun daga farkon shekarar 2020. Tuni adadin ya zarce na 2019.[16]

Tun daga 2021, lokacin da Taliban ta kafa Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, an kashe tsoffin jami'an gwamnati 100 da masu alaƙa.[17] Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam, masu gwagwarmaya da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ma'aikatan yada labarai suna ƙarƙashin "harin kai tsaye" (tsoro da tsoratarwa) a ƙarƙashin wannan sabuwar gwamnati.

'Yanci na magana da kafofin watsa labarai

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Mataki na 34 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afganistan ya ba da damar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, duk da cewa akwai takunkumi kan kafafen yada labarai da za su iya yin amfani da shari'ar Musulunci ko kuma su kasance masu cin zarafi ga wasu kungiyoyi. Sai dai ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da barazana ga 'yan jarida da masana harkokin shari'a musamman a wajen birnin Kabul. Shugaba Hamid Karzai na rikon kwarya ne ya ba da yancin 'yan jarida a watan Fabrairun 2002. Karzai ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Media ta 2004 a shekara ta 2005.[18] A shekara ta 2008, an kama mai shirya fina-finai Nasir Fayaz saboda sukar 'yan siyasa daga majalisar ministocin shugaban kasa a shirinsa na mako-mako a gidan talabijin na Ariana. Kamawar ta haifar da kuka daga 'yan jarida kuma ta keta Mataki na 34 wanda ya karanta "Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki zai kasance mai tsayayya".[19][20] Afghanistan ta kasance ta 122 a cikin 2020 ta sauka da maki 2 daga matsayi na 120 a cikin 2017 bisa ga Press Freedom Index. Amma har yanzu, yana cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da duk maƙwabtanta.[21]

'Yan jarida a Afganistan na fuskantar barazana daga jami'an tsaro da masu tada kayar baya. Jami'an Afganistan da shugabannin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya na barazana da cin zarafi da kashe 'yan jarida don hana su ba da rahoto. Bugu da kari, rahoton Human Rights Watch ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin 'yan jaridun Afghanistan suna yin katsalandan da kansu ta hanyar kawar da rahotanni kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Kwamitin Tsaro na 'Yan Jarida na Afghanistan (AJSC) a cikin 2017 ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Afghanistan ta kai kashi 46% na hare-haren da aka kai wa' yan jarida na Afghanistan. Yayinda masu tayar da kayar baya ke da alhakin sauran hare-haren.

'Yanci na addini

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Ba a buƙatar rajista na kungiyoyin addini; tsirarun kungiyoyin addini suna iya yin addininsu cikin 'yanci amma ba a basu damar shigar da su addini ba. Musulunci shi ne addini na hukuma; Wajibi ne dukkan dokoki su dace da kyawawan dabi'un Musulunci, kuma shugaban kasa da mataimakinsa dole ne su kasance musulmi. A hukumance, ridda ya kasance hukuncin kisa, bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Afghanistan. A shekara ta 2006, Abdul Rahman, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da aka kama saboda ya koma Kiristanci, an ba shugaban kasa izinin barin kasar, kuma ya koma Italiya, inda ya samu mafaka. A shekara ta 2014, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da ya yi watsi da addinin musulunci, kuma ya zama wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya samu mafaka a kasar Birtaniya, bisa hujjar cewa zai iya fuskantar kisa idan ya koma kasarsa ta asali. A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Afghanistan a matsayin 1 daga cikin 4.

'Yancin mata

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Mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki ga maza a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004

Kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan na shekara ta 2004 ya yi alkawarin daidaita hakki ga maza da mata, ciki har da mata da aka ba su damar yin aiki a wajen gida, don shiga harkokin siyasa, da kuma bukatar kowace jam'iyyar siyasa ta zabi wasu adadin 'yan takara mata.

A lokacin farko na mulkin Taliban, kusan mata sun kwace dukkan hakkokinsu. Batutuwan da suka hada da sanya gogen farce zuwa damar aiki an takaita sosai. Ta hanyar ajiye mata a gida, Taliban ta yi ikirarin tana kiyaye su daga cutarwa.

A ƙarshen Maris 2009, Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka ta duniya da ta yi Allah wadai da "Dokar Iyali ta Shi'a" wadda ta amince da zargin fyade ga ma'aurata (a cikin Mataki na 132), auren yara da kuma sanya haramtacciyar doka a kan matan Afganistan masu aure. Ko da yake an ce dokar da ta saba wa doka ta shafe shekara guda tana kwance, amma shugaba Karzai na kokarin samun goyon bayan 'yan majalisar dokokin Shi'a na arewacin Afganistan da makwabciyarta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, wadda mabiya Shi'a ke da rinjaye. A cewar jaridar Independent ta Biritaniya, ba a karanta ‘code code’ a Majalisar Dattawa/Majalisar Dattawa ba, sannan kuma ta tanadi nuna wariyar jinsi a dokar gado da saki ga mata.[22]

Duk da alkawura daban-daban da gwamnati ta yi na aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 1325 na kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba a iya aiwatar da dokar ba. Tattaunawar zaman lafiyar Kabul da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2017, ta kunshi mata biyu ne kawai a cikin wakilan gwamnati da na kasa da kasa 47.[23]

A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Shugaba Ashraf Ghani ya rattaba hannu kan wata sabuwar doka da ta sanya sunayen iyaye mata a cikin takardun haihuwar 'ya'yansu da katunan shaida. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Afganistan sun shafe shekaru da dama suna yakin neman zabe a kafafen sada zumunta na zamani don sanya sunan iyayen biyu, karkashin maudu'in #WhereIsMyName. [24]

A cikin watan Mayu 2022, Ma'aikatar Yada Nagarta da Rigakafin Ma'aikatar Taliban ta buga wata doka da ke buƙatar duk mata a Afganistan su sanya cikakken suturar jiki yayin da suke cikin jama'a (ko dai burqa ko abaya da aka haɗa tare da niqāb, wanda ke barin idanu kawai).

A watan Agustan 2024, Taliban ta tsara dokar Taliban ta 2022 ta hanyar buga Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataimakin ta hanyar hukumomi a cikin gwamnatin Afghanistan. Dokar ta tabbatar da manufofi da aka bayyana a baya da tilasta wa mata tawali'u; kamar buƙatar mata su fito da cikakken rufe jiki kamar burqa ko Abaya tare da niqāb. Har ila yau, yana fadada kan ɓoyewa da kuma hana mata ta hanyar kafa cewa mata ba za su iya magana da maza a waje da dangi na kusa ba. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta shafi magana kai tsaye ba, amma ta hana mata yin magana da ƙarfi da raira waƙa don kauce wa haɗarin namiji ya ji su.[25] An kuma hana mata kallon maza a waje da iyalansu.[25] Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataci ba wai kawai tana ci gaba da hana mata ba, amma tana ba da ikon matsayin maza a matsayin "masu tilasta" ɗabi'a. Dokar kan Inganta kyawawan halaye da Rigakafin Mataimakin a bayyane ta bayyana mai aiwatar da shi a matsayin kowane mutum mai girma na Islama tare da kamfas na ɗabi'a da ya tsara kansa.[25]

A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2025, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta ba da sammaci biyu a kan shugaban kungiyar Taliban Haibatullah Akhundzada da babban alkalin kotun, Abdul Hakim Haqqani, kan aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama tare da zalunci da tsananta wa mata da 'yan matan Afganistan, wadanda aka tauye 'yancin yin motsi, 'yancin sarrafa jikinsu, ilimi, rayuwa da kuma 'yan adawa. an danne su da kisan kai, dauri, azabtarwa, fyade, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i, tun daga 2021. Kasashe mambobin ICC sun wajaba su kama wadanda ake nema idan suna yankinsu.

Wayar da kai kan jima'i

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Tsakanin jinsi guda a halin yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Afghanistan. Dangane da Dokar Shari'ar Afghanistan ta 2017, aikin jima'i guda ɗaya yana ƙarƙashin matsakaicin hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku, dangane da girman aikin jima'in.[26] Sashe na 647 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya bayyana cewa, matan da suka shiga cikin Musahaqah, saduwa da maza a tsakanin mata, za su yi zaman gidan yari na shekara guda. Sashi na 649 ya shafi jima'i na maza da ake kira Tafkhiz, wanda shine jima'i wanda bai hada da shiga ba. Mutanen da aka kama suna halartar Tafkhiz ana iya daure su daga watanni uku zuwa shekara. [27] A ƙarƙashin Sashe na Penal Code Sashe na 646 game da luwaɗi, tuhumar luwaɗi ba ta iyakance ga daidaikun LGBTQ+ ba kuma yana shafar masu madigo su ma. Duk mutumin da aka kama yana shiga cikin tsurar za a iya tuhumarsa har tsawon shekaru biyu a gidan yari. Sashe na 646 kuma ya wuce zuwa ga ciwon daji, wanda shine kawai laifi a wajen luwadi da aka haɗa a cikin wannan sashe. [28]

Duk da yake dokar a bayyane ta tsara hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, ba ta magance cin zarafin jama'a da kuma kula da mutanen LGBTQ+ a Afghanistan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Taliban. Tun daga shekarar 2021 Taliban Offensive, laifuka masu cin zarafi ga mutanen LGBTQ+ sun karu. Idan an kama mutum ko kuma ana zarginsa da sha'awar jima'i ko kuma ya shiga tsakani, akwai yiwuwar 'yan sanda su kai masa hari kuma su kashe shi kafin a yi masa shari'a.[29] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, an yi wa mutane tara bulala a bainar jama'a saboda karkatar da jima'i kafin shari'arsu. Bayan 'yan watanni da suka gabata a watan Yunin 2024, Taliban ta yi wa mutane 63 bulala a bainar jama'a saboda "ayyukan lalata" ciki har da jima'i da zina.[30]

Tsanantawa ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙananan

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Hazaras suna daya daga cikin kabilun Afghanistan. Bayan da Taliban ta mamaye, an kori Hazaras da yawa daga gidajensu. Wani rahoto daga Amnesty International ya ba da rahoton cewa Taliban suna gurfanar da su, azabtarwa da kuma kashe Hazaras ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Bautar

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Page 'Slavery in Afghanistan' not found
  1. ↑ "Human rights in Afghanistan". Amnesty International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  2. ↑ "Afghanistan: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  3. ↑ "How the Taliban's Rule Is Fueling the Movement to End Gender Apartheid | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  4. ↑ "Human rights in Afghanistan". Amnesty International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-10.
  5. ↑ "One year of the Taliban's broken promises, draconian restrictions and violence". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 15 August 2022. Archived from the original on 4 Feb 2023.
  6. ↑ Fetrat, Sahar. "One Year On, the Taliban Still Attacking Girls' Right to Education". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  7. ↑ "Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  8. ↑ "Joint Statement: Marking 3 Years of Taliban Oppression | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2024-08-16. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
  9. ↑ "ASW". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  10. ↑ "Blood-Stained Hands | Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2005-07-06. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "ABC News: CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described". ABC News.
  12. ↑ "War In Afghanistan News". Waronterrornews.typepad.com. 18 September 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  13. ↑ "War In Afghanistan News 17 September 2010". Waronterrornews.typepad.com. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "The Taliban leader says executions are part of Islam". AP News (in Turanci). 2025-04-13. Retrieved 2025-04-16.
  15. ↑ "Bomb attack kills two human rights workers in Kabul". The Guardian. 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  16. ↑ "Afghanistan: More action needed to stop killings of human rights defenders". UN News. 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  17. ↑ "Afghanistan: Taliban Kill, 'Disappear' Ex-Officials". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  18. ↑ "Afghanistan: Mass Media Law Comes Under Scrutiny". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  19. ↑ "Afghans urge probe into TV host's arrest - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  20. ↑ "Mohammad Nasir Fayyaz, Ariana TV Journalist Detained by Afghan Intelligence Service". Kabul Press کابل پرس (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  21. ↑ "2019 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders". RSF (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  22. ↑ "Afghan leader accused of bid to 'legalise rape'". The Independent (in Turanci). 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  23. ↑ "World Report: Afghanistan Events of 2017". Human Rights Watch. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  24. ↑ "Afghan Women Win Fight for Their Own Identity". Human Rights Watch. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  26. ↑ "Afghanistan". Human Dignity Trust (in Turanci). 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2025-04-10.
  27. ↑ "Afghanistan". Human Dignity Trust (in Turanci). 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2025-04-10.
  28. ↑ "Afghanistan". Human Dignity Trust (in Turanci). 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2025-04-10.
  29. ↑ "Afghanistan". Human Dignity Trust (in Turanci). 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2025-04-10.
  30. ↑ "Taliban publicly flog 9 Afghan men, women despite UN outcry". voanews.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-14.
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