'Yancin Dan Adam a Argentina

 

Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Argentina ya shafi mulkin kama-karya na ƙarshe a ƙasar (1976-1983) da sakamakonsa. An san mulkin kama-karya a Arewacin Amurka a matsayin "Dirty War", wanda mulkin kama-kashen kansa ya kirkira don tabbatar da ayyukansu na Ta'addanci da gwamnati ke tallafawa a kan 'yan ƙasar Argentina, wanda Amurka ta goyi bayan su a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin su na Operation Condor, kuma Jorge Rafael Videla ne ya fara gudanar da shi (1976-1981), amma kuma bayan shi har sai an dawo da dimokuradiyya a 1983. Koyaya, halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Argentina ya inganta sosai tun ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya.

Tarihi

According to the Nunca Más report issued by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) in 1984, about 9,000 people had "disappeared" between 1976 and 1983. According to a secret cable from Chilean Intelligence|DINA (the Chilean secret police) in Buenos Aires, an estimate by the Argentine 601st Intelligence Battalion in mid-July 1978 —which had started counting victims in 1975— gave the figure of 22,000 persons; the Argentine dictatorship itself also reported killing 22,000 citizens in a 1978 communication to Chilean Intelligence. This estimate was first published by John Dinges in 2004. Current estimates by Human Rights organizations are up to 30,000. The Montoneros admitted losing 5,000 guerrillas killed, and the ERP admitted the loss of another 5,000 of their own guerrillas killed. By comparison, Argentine security forces cite 775 deaths of their own. In contrast, there were 13,500 victims of left-wing terrorism in Argentina. There is no agreement on the actual number of detenidos-desaparecidos. In an interview with Buenos Aires daily Clarin in 2009, Fernandez Meijide, who formed part of the 1984 truth commission, claimed that the documented number of Argentines killed or disappeared was closer to 9,000. The Asemblea por los Derechos Humanos (APDH or Permanent Assembly for Human Rights) estimated the number of disappeared as 12,261, which included "definitive disappearances" and PEN detainee survivors of the clandestine detention centres spread throughout Argentina. The total figure of official prisoners was 8,625 and of these PEN detainees 157 were killed after being released from detention. Between 1969 and 1979 left-wing guerrillas accounted for 3,249 kidnappings and murders. CONADEP also recorded 458 assassinations (attributed to the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance) and about 600 forced disappearances during the period of democratic rule between 1973 and 1976.

Kotun koli ta soke dokokin Obediencia debida ("Due Biyayya") da Punto Final ("Tsaya") da aka sani da dokokin rashin laifi a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2005 ta hanyar amfani da manufar laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama, bayan 19 ga Afrilu, 2005 Chamber na uku na Kotun Ƙasar Spain ta yanke wa wani jami'in sojan ruwa Adolfo Scilingo, hukunci kan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, wanda Kotun Koli ta Spain ta tabbatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2007. Kotun Turai ta kare hakkin bil'adama ta amince da ƙa'idar da aka yi amfani da ita a shari'ar Petr Kislyiy a kan Estonia, Inter-American Court a ranar 1 ga Janairu. Shari'ar Almonacid a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2006. Kasancewar waɗannan maganganun sun amince da aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi na dokokin kasa da kasa a kotuna na yau da kullun, wani ci gaba ne a tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya haifar da buɗe wasu gwaji a Cordoba, Corrientes, Tucumán da Buenos Aires kuma akwai da yawa akan jadawalin tsari. Hukunce-hukuncen sun tabbatar da aiwatar da manufar "laifi kan bil'adama", amma binciken bai wadatar da dokokin kasa da kasa ba, ko kuma sun shiga cikin bincike da kuma hanyoyin gurfanar da su daidai da nau'in laifukan da suka taso daga dokokin kasa da kasa. Wannan yana shafar, ta yin amfani da ƙa'idodin dokokin aikata laifuka na yau da kullun, nau'in gwajin da ake buƙata da wanda za'a iya tuhuma. Akwai tabbacin tsari ba zai yuwu a tabbatar da dubban kararrakin da ake yi a fadin kasar ba da kuma kiyaye tsarin da ake bi a yanzu.

Darajar amincin mutum

Rashin rai ko rashin bin doka

Yayin da gwamnati ko jami’anta ba su yi wani kisa na siyasa ba, akwai rahotannin da ke cewa ‘yan sanda sun yi kashe-kashen da ba su dace ba ko kuma wuce gona da iri. Gabaɗaya, an dakatar da jami'an da ake zargi da aikata ba daidai ba a hukumance har sai an kammala bincike. Hukumomi sun yi bincike kuma a wasu lokuta ana tsare su, sun gurfanar da su, da kuma yanke wa jami’an da abin ya shafa hukunci.

Kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba (NGO) Coordinator Against Police Repression (CORREPI) ta ba da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro ta amfani da karfi mai yawa sun kashe fiye da mutane 200 a kowace shekara.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Madres del Dolor ta gabatar da karar da ta zargi 'yan sanda biyu da kashe Sergio Enciso mai shekaru 21 a lardin Buenos Aires. An ci gaba da shari'ar har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008.

A cewar Madres del Dolor, wani alkali ya tsare ‘yan sanda biyar da shugaban ‘yan sandan Ramos Mejia a lardin Buenos Aires saboda mutuwar Gaston Duffau mai shekaru 35 a watan Fabrairu bayan wani bincike da aka yi a hukumance ya tabbatar da cewa wanda aka kashe ya mutu ne sakamakon duka da aka yi masa a jiki da kuma asma. Jami'an 'yan sandan da abin ya shafa sun ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare a gaban kotu a karshen shekara.

Babu wani abin da aka sani game da batun Carlos Madrid, sajan 'yan sanda na Buenos Aires, wanda ke tsare a gaban shari'a saboda kisan da aka yi wa Daniel Ezequiel Cespedes a watan Nuwamba 2007.

A watan Yulin 2008 wata kotu ta yanke wa dan sanda Dario Poblete hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kan kisan da aka yi wa malamin makaranta Carlos Fuentealba a watan Afrilun 2007 a lokacin yajin aikin malamai a Neuquen.

A watan Satumba wata kotun lardin Jujuy ta yanke wa wani dan sanda hukuncin daurin rai da rai, wani kuma hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari saboda kisan Saul Mendoza a shekara ta 2006. Kotun ta sallami jami’i na uku da laifi sannan ta ci gaba da bincike na hudu.

Babu dai wani ci gaba da aka sani a shari'ar da aka yi wa wasu tsaffin 'yan sanda biyu da wani farar hula da ake tuhuma da laifin kisan kai a shekara ta 2006 da dukan tsiya da harbe-harbe da aka yi wa wani matashi mai shekaru 15 mai suna Miguel Eduardo Cardozo.

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama sun bayyana wa manema labarai cewa tsohuwar ‘yar sanda Marta Jorgelina Oviedo na ci gaba da daurin rai da rai kan kisan Andrea Viera a shekara ta 2002 a gidan yari.

A watan Agustan 2008 gwamnati, kamar yadda Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-American ta ba da shawarar a shekara ta 2003, ta sake buɗe wani bincike game da kisan da 'yan sanda Walter Bulacio suka yi a 1991. Ana ci gaba da sauraron shari'ar a karshen shekara.

Rashin

Hotunan wadanda suka ɓace a lokacin Ranar Tunawa da Gaskiya da Adalci a Buenos Aires, 24 Maris 2019

Sabanin bacewar mutane bisa tsari na tilas a karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soja, lamarin ya inganta sosai kuma babu rahoton bacewar siyasa a shekarar 2008.

Har wa yau ana ci gaba da gudanar da shari’ar da ta shafi kashe-kashe, bacewa, da azabtarwa da mulkin kama-karya na soja na 1976-83 ya yi. A cewar wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam, Cibiyar Nazarin Shari’a da Zamantakewa (CELS), a karshen shekarar 2008, an gudanar da binciken shari’a guda 255 da kuma kiyasin mutane 508 da aka tuhume su da laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama da aka aikata a lokacin Yakin Datti. Daga cikin wadanda aka gurfanar, 358 sun kasance a tsare kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Akalla tsofaffin jami’an tsaron jihar 14 da abokan zamansu na farar hula ne aka same su da laifukan kare hakkin bil’adama da suka hada da bacewar tilas da kuma yin garkuwa da su. Rahoton manema labarai na Nuwamba 2008 Noticias Argentinas, wanda ya tattara bayanan da ofishin mai gabatar da kara na kasa ya bayar, ya bayyana cewa an yanke wa mutane 32 hukunci kan laifukan cin zarafin bil Adama tun daga shekara ta 2003, wadanda ake tuhuma 371 sun kasance a tsare a gaban shari’a, kuma mutane 61 sun kasance masu tserewa daga shari’a. A cikin Maris 2008 wata kotun tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa laifuffukan da kungiyar Anti Kwaminisanci ta Argentina ta aikata kafin da kuma lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja laifuffuka ne na cin zarafin bil'adama don haka ba a bin ka'ida.

Manema labarai, kungiyoyin farar hula, da malaman shari'a sun bayyana damuwarsu kan cewa kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kan laifukan kare hakkin bil'adama da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja bai hada da kungiyoyin 'yan daba masu dauke da makamai wadanda su ma ake zargi da aikata laifuka a lokaci guda. A watan Janairun 2008 wata kotu ta saki matar da ’ya’yan tsohon jami’in sojan ruwa Hector Febres, wanda ya mutu sakamakon gubar cyanide a gidan yari yayin da yake fuskantar tuhumar azabtarwa. Har yanzu suna fuskantar tuhume-tuhume kan zargin cewa sun taimaka wa Febres ya kashe kansa. A watan Maris ne wata kotun tarayya ta saki wasu jami'an tsaron gabar teku guda biyu wadanda aka kama dangane da lamarin.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 Sakatariyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta gabatar da tuhumar kisan kai a kan tsohon ministan tattalin arziki Jose Martinez de Hoz, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soja, saboda mutuwar masanin tattalin arziki Juan Carlos Casariego Del Bel.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 an fitar da tsohon kwamandan sojan ruwa Ricardo Cavallo daga Spain zuwa Argentina don fuskantar tuhumar laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. An gurfanar da Cavallo a watan Yuli kuma ya kasance a tsare kafin a yi masa shari'a a ƙarshen shekara.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 hukumomin tarayya sun zargi Ernesto Barreiro da rawar da ya taka wajen cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja, lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in soja da kuma babban mai tambayoyi a cibiyar azabtarwa ta La Perla. Ya kasance a tsare kafin a yi masa shari'a a ƙarshen shekara.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 an kama tsoffin jami'an 'yan sanda Fernando Esvedes da Carlos Vercellone saboda rawar da suka taka a satar siyasa da azabtarwa a cibiyar tsare-tsare ta sirri Pozo de Arana a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja, kuma shari'arsu ta kasance tana jiran ƙarshen shekara.

A watan Yuli an yanke wa tsohon hafsan soji Luciano Benjamin Menendez da tsohon hafsan soji Oreste Valentin Padovan, Ricardo Alberto Ramon Lardone, Carlos Alberto Diaz, da Luis Alberto Manzanelli hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda take hakkin dan Adam da suka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. Tsofaffin jami'an soji, Hermes Oscar Rodriguez, Jorge Exequiel Acosta, da Carlos Alberto Vega, an yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru 18 zuwa 22 a gidan yari.

A watan Agustan shekarar 2008 ne aka yanke wa tsohon kwamandan sojojin kasar Laftanar Kanar Julio Rafael Barreiro hukuncin daurin rai da rai, yayin da aka yanke wa tsohon kyaftin din Juan Carlos de Marchi da tsohon Kanar Horacio Losito hukuncin daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari saboda rawar da suka taka wajen take hakkin dan Adam a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. An yanke wa tsohon kwamandan Jandarma Raul Alfredo Reynoso hukuncin daurin shekaru 18.

A watan Agusta 2008 an fara shari'ar kare hakkin bil'adama a kan tsohon Birgediya Janar Enrique Braulio Olea, tsohon Kanar Oscar Lorenzo Reinhold da Mario Alberto Gomez Arenas, tsohon manjo Luis Alberto Farias Barrera, tsohon hafsan soja Jorge Eduardo Molina Ezcurra da Sergio Adolfo San Martin, da likita Hilarion de la Pazquen Province a Ne. Ana tuhumar tsoffin jami’an sojin da laifuka 17 na cin zarafin bil’adama da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja.

A watan Satumban 2008 ne wani alkali na gwamnatin tarayya ya sake gudanar da bincike kan kisan da aka yi wa shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Janar Jose Ignacio Rucci a shekara ta 1973, inda aka yi imanin cewa kungiyar 'yan daba ta Montoneros na da hannu a ciki.

A watan Oktoban 2008 hukumomin tarayya sun tuhumi tsohon babban jami'in kula da jami'o'in kasar Eduardo Cincotta, da tsohon memba Nicolas Cafarello, da tsoffin jami'an sojojin sama uku, da kuma tsohon kwamandan sojojin kasar Roberto Atilio Bocalandro kan laifukan kare hakkin bil'adama da aka aikata a cibiyar tsare mutane na sirri na La Cueva a Mar del Plata. Sun ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare a gaban kotu a karshen shekara.

A watan Oktoban 2008 tsoffin jami'an soji Alberto Barda, Hipolito Mariani, da Cesar Comes sun sami hukuncin daurin rai da rai daga shekaru 25 zuwa daurin rai da rai saboda take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a wuraren da ake tsare da su a boye na Mansion Sere da La Cueva. A cikin watan Disamba ne kotun daukaka kara ta laifukan yaki ta ba da umarnin a saki wasu jami'an soji 21 da ake zargi da take hakkin bil'adama a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soji, ciki har da biyu daga cikin fitattun mutanen da ake zargi, tsohon kyaftin din sojojin ruwa Alfredo Astiz da Jorge Acosta. Alkalan kotun uku sun yi nuni da cewa mutanen sun shafe sama da shekaru biyar a tsare ba tare da an yi musu shari’a ba, wanda ya zarce adadin shekaru biyu da doka ta kayyade na tsare su kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Daga baya masu gabatar da kara, CELS, da Kakanin Plaza de Mayo sun daukaka kara kan hukuncin, kuma jami’an sun ci gaba da tsare har sai an yanke hukuncin Kotun Koli. Gwamnati ta nemi a tsige alkalan da suka bayar da umarnin a sake su.

Babu wani ci gaba a cikin shari'ar mutane da suka ɓace a shekara ta 2006 na Jorge Julio Lopez, babban shaida a cikin shari-ar da aka yi wa Miguel Etchecolatz, tsohon kwamishinan janar na 'yan sanda na lardin Buenos Aires.

Hukumomin shari'a na ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan wasu laifuka na sace-sacen mutane da kuma daukar nauyin 'ya'yan tsohuwar mulkin kama-karya na sojoji da aka haifa ba bisa ka'ida ba. A karshen shekara, an gano 96 daga cikin mutane 500 da aka haifa a tsare da kuma bacewar ’yan adawa da aka karbe ba bisa ka’ida ba kuma an sanar da su ainihin asalinsu.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 wata kotun ta yanke wa wani jami'in soja hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku saboda rawar da ya taka wajen sauƙaƙe tallafin Maria Eugenia Sampallo Barragan, 'yar masu adawa da siyasa da aka kashe a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja. Wannan shi ne shari'ar farko ta irin wannan, kuma an yanke wa iyayen da suka haifi Sampallo hukuncin shekaru bakwai da takwas a kurkuku.

azabtarwa da sauran mugunta, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa

Duk da cewa dokar ta haramta irin wadannan ayyuka da kuma bayar da hukuncin azabtarwa irin na kisan kai, akwai rahotannin da ke cewa wasu 'yan sanda da masu gadin gidan yari na ci gaba da azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi. CELS ta ba da rahoton cin zarafi da 'yan sanda suka yi da kuma zargin azabtar da wadanda ake zargi a wasu lokuta, musamman a lokacin canja wurin kurkuku. Yayin da gwamnati ta binciki irin wadannan rahotannin, an samu 'yan hukunce-hukunce.

A cikin 2008, a cewar CELS, wani da ake tsare da shi a gidan yarin Olmos, Buenos Aires, gidan yarin lardin ya ce ya samu raunukan wuka daga wani babban jami'in gidan yari a gaban wani jami'in gidan yari. Wani da ake tsare da shi a gidan yarin Saliyo Chica da ke lardin Buenos Aires ya shigar da kara saboda an yi masa zaman kadaici na tsawon kwanaki 45 ba tare da tufafi ko abinci ba. Wani matashi dan shekara 17 kuma ya shigar da kara yana zargin cewa jami’an ‘yan sanda a ofishin ‘yan sanda da ke Hurlingham, na lardin Buenos Aires, sun yi masa gurguwar wutar lantarki. Wasu manyan jami’an sojan ruwa biyu da wani farar hula sun kasance a tsare a gaban shari’a saboda sace, duka, azabtarwa, da kashe Lucas Ivarrola mai shekaru 15, da laifin satar talabijin. Ba a sanya ranar gwaji ba zuwa ƙarshen shekara.

Yanayin kurkuku da cibiyar tsare-tsare

Kurkuku na kasar sun kasance cikin mummunan yanayi, kuma fursunoni galibi suna ciyar da shekaru a kurkuku kafin shari'a. 'Yan sanda suna ci gaba da cin zarafin ikonsu ta hanyar bugawa, har ma da azabtar da mutane a ofisoshin' yan sanda. A zahiri, akwai lokuta na sababbin bacewar ("sun ɓace").

Yanayin gidan yari sau da yawa ba su da kyau kuma suna barazanar rayuwa; a wurare da dama, matsanancin cunkoson jama’a, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin isassun magunguna da jinya, rashin tsaftar muhalli, takaita ziyarar iyali, da yawan cin mutunci da wulakanci, a cewar rahotanni daban-daban na kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama da cibiyoyin bincike. Cibiyar bincike ta Unidos por la Justicia ta yi kiyasin cunkoson gidajen yari da kashi 20 cikin dari a fadin kasar, yayin da sahihan rahotannin manema labarai suka kiyasta cunkoson gidajen yari a lardin Buenos Aires ya zarce kashi 25 cikin dari.

Kwamitin Tunatarwa na lardin Buenos Aires na yaki da azabtarwa ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin watanni 11 na farkon shekara a gidajen yari na lardin Buenos Aires, an kashe fursunoni 86 da tashin hankali 5,169, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkata fursunoni 4,800. A cewar rahoton farko na kwamitin da ya kunshi rabin farkon shekarar, hukumomi sun dakile tashe tashen hankula da harsasan roba da sanduna a lokuta 564. Kwamitin ya danganta tashin hankalin da hare-haren da fursunoni ke kaiwa ‘yan uwansu da kuma jami’an gidan yarin. Kwamitin ya kuma soki tsarin kula da lafiyar gidan yari na lardin.

A watan Afrilun 2008 mai gabatar da kara na tarayya Francisco Mugnolo ya shigar da kara a gaban Kotun Koli yana jayayya cewa rashin isasshen ikon tarayya a gidajen yarin tarayya ya haifar da take hakkin dan Adam da azabtar da wasu fursunoni. Ya kuma fitar da wani rahoto yana mai cewa kashi 63 na fursunonin tarayya a rabi na biyu na 2007 sun fuskanci cin zarafi na jiki.

Har ila yau, a cikin watan Afrilu, Alfredo Emiliano Fleitas, wani fursuna a gidan yarin Villa Devoto, ya roki kotuna da ta rubuta takardar habeas corpus bayan da masu gadin gidan yari suka yi masa duka a watan Fabrairu a lokacin da aka kai shi gidan yarin Ezeiza. An kwantar da Fleitas a asibiti sakamakon raunukan da ya samu kuma an yi masa tiyata don dawo da ganinsa. A watan Agusta 2008 Kotun Koli ta Buenos Aires ta umurci Kotun Kotu ta Laifukan Lardi ta yanke hukunci game da karar habeas corpus da CELS ta shigar a madadin fursunonin lardin da ke fuskantar zalunci da tashin hankali yayin canja wurin kurkuku.

Yayinda aka tsare mata daban daga maza, doka ta ba da izinin yara su zauna a kurkuku tare da mahaifiyarsu har zuwa shekaru hudu. Rahotanni na manema labarai sun kiyasta cewa yara 86 a karkashin shekaru hudu suna zaune tare da mahaifiyarsu a cikin kurkuku na tarayya, tare da ƙarin 75 a cikin kurkukun lardin Buenos Aires. Gabaɗaya, kurkuku na maza sun fi tashin hankali, haɗari, kuma sun cika fiye da kurkuku na mata.

Yawan jama'a a wuraren yara sau da yawa yakan haifar da kananan yara da ake tsare da su a wuraren ofishin 'yan sanda, kodayake sun rabu da tsofaffi. Dangane da rahoton Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Sakatariyar Kasa don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na 2007, waɗannan cibiyoyin suna da kusan yara 20,000, kashi 20 cikin dari daga cikinsu ba su kai shekara 16 ba. Mafi rinjaye ba su aikata laifi ba; maimakon haka, iyalansu sun watsar da su ko kuma sun dauke su "a cikin haɗari" saboda wasu dalilai.

Sau da yawa ana tsare fursunoni kafin a yi musu shari'a tare da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci. CELS ta kiyasta cewa kashi 53 cikin 100 na wadanda ke cikin kurkukun tarayya suna jiran shari'a. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 Kotun Lardin Buenos Aires ta fara shari'a a cikin shari'ar da aka yi wa Daraktan Kurkukun Lardin Buenos Buenos Aires Magdalena Carlos Tejeda da masu gadi da jami'an kurkuku 15 da ake zargi da barin fursunoni a cikin gobarar 2005 wanda ya kashe fursunoni 33.

Gwamnati ta ba da izinin ziyarar kurkuku ta masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam na gida da na duniya, kuma ana gudanar da irin waɗannan ziyarar.

Kamawa ko tsare-tsare

Dokar ta haramta kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati na kiyaye waɗannan hane-hane; duk da haka, an ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda suna kamawa tare da tsare 'yan ƙasa ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Rundunar ‘yan sandan tarayya na da hurumin kiyaye doka da oda a babban birnin tarayya da kuma laifukan gwamnatin tarayya a larduna. Sauran hukumomin ‘yan sandan tarayya sun hada da ‘yan sandan tsaron filin jirgin sama, da Jandarma, da masu tsaron gabar teku, da kuma ofishin fursuna. Bugu da ƙari, kowane lardi yana da nasa 'yan sandan da ke amsa ma'aikatar tsaron lardin ko sakatariya. Ƙungiyoyin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun sun bambanta sosai a cikin tasirinsu da mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu a wasu rundunonin, kuma matakan tsaro na cikin gida don dakile cin zarafin 'yan sanda kan yi rauni.

Mafi yawan cin zarafin sun hada da cin hanci da rashawa, da kariya ga, wadanda ke da hannu a fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, karuwanci, da fataucin mutane.

Jami’an tsaron tarayya na da hurumin gudanar da bincike na cikin gida kan cin zarafi da kuma korar wasu mutane da ake zargi da tauye hakkin dan Adam. Gwamnatin tarayya kuma za ta iya shigar da kararraki ga kotunan tarayya; gwamnatocin larduna na iya yin haka ga jami'an tsaron lardin. An fuskanci hukunci mai tsauri ga jami'an tsaron da aka samu da aikata laifin. A shekara ta 2008, hukumomi a lardin Buenos Aires sun kori jami'an 'yan sanda fiye da 700 saboda cin hanci da rashawa da sauran laifuka.

'Yan sanda na iya tsare wadanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 10 ba tare da izinin kamawa ba idan hukumomi suna da tabbacin cewa wadanda ake zarge sun aikata, ko kuma suna gab da aikata, laifi ko kuma ba su iya tantance ainihin mutumin da ake zargi ba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda galibi suna tsare wadanda ake zargi fiye da awanni 10.

Dokar ta ba wa mutumin da ke tsare damar yanke shawara nan da nan game da halattaccen tsare, wanda ya haifar da bayyanawa a gaban alƙalin ƙananan kotun, wanda ya yanke shawarar ko za a ci gaba da bincike. Akwai jinkiri akai-akai a cikin wannan tsari da kuma sanar da fursunoni game da tuhumar da ake yi musu.

Doka ta tanadi ’yancin bayar da beli, sai dai a cikin shari’o’in da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi, laifuffukan tashin hankali, da cin zarafin makamai. Ko da yake an yi amfani da tsarin belin, kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a sun yi iƙirarin cewa alkalai sun fi bayar da umarnin a tsare waɗanda ake tuhuma a tsare ko kuma a tsare su fiye da ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma damar su kasance cikin 'yanci har sai an gurfanar da su. A watan Nuwamban 2008 babbar kotun hukunta laifuka ta yanke hukuncin cewa tsare mutum kafin a yi shari'a ya kamata ya keɓanta ga ƙa'idar, sai dai a lokuta da wanda ake tuhuma ke wakiltar haɗarin jirgin sama ko kuma yana iya yin aiki don hana adalci. Ana barin wadanda ake tsare da su shiga cikin gaggawa don tuntuɓar lauyoyi, kuma an samar da masu kare jama'a ga waɗanda ake tsare da su ba za su iya ba da shawarar ba, kodayake irin wannan damar wani lokaci ana jinkirta saboda tsarin da ya yi nauyi. Bukatu mai ƙarfi da rashin wadatar kayan aiki ga Ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a yana haifar da ɗaukar nauyi ga lauyoyin kare jama'a.

Kodayake babu kididdigar hukuma game da yawan wadanda aka tsare da ke neman lauyoyin kare jama'a, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kiyasta cewa kashi 80 cikin dari sun nemi lauyoyin kare hakkin jama'a. An kuma ba da izinin masu tsare-tsare damar shiga cikin dangin, kodayake ba koyaushe ba ne.

Doka ta tanadi tsare wani bincike har na tsawon shekaru biyu ga wadanda ake tuhuma da ke jiran ko kuma suke fuskantar shari'a; za a iya tsawaita lokacin har tsawon shekara guda a cikin iyakanceccen yanayi. Jin tafiyar hawainiyar da tsarin shari'a ke yi yakan haifar da tsare tsare fiye da wa'adin da doka ta tanada. CELS ta ba da rahoton cewa fursunoni sun jira aƙalla shekaru uku kafin a yi musu shari’a, inda wasu lokuta suka ɗauki tsawon shekaru shida kafin a fara shari’a. Fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukunci yawanci suna karɓar bashi don lokacin da aka riga aka yi hidima. A shekara ta 2008, a lardin Buenos Aires, kididdigar wucin gadi daga CELS ta nuna cewa kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na mutanen da ake tsare da su suna tsare a gaban shari'a, yayin da kwamitin kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lardin Buenos Aires da ke yaƙi da azabtarwa ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 78 na kusan fursunoni 26,000 a gidajen yarin lardin suna jiran shari'a.

A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da dama, kashi 30 cikin dari na wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a gurfanar da su gabanin shari’a a karshe an wanke su. A cewar kwamitin kula da harkokin tunawa da ‘yan sanda, an samu korafe-korafe kusan 6,500 na take hakkin bil’adama a kan kananan yara da ake tsare da su a gidajen yari na larduna da kuma wuraren da ake tsare da kananan yara, wadanda akasarin su na jiran bincike. A cikin Yuli 2008 Kotun Koli ta Buenos Aires ta ƙaddamar da tsarin shari'a na yara na wucin gadi, wanda ke aiki a gundumomi takwas cikin 18 na larduna. Yana ba da ƙananan yara masu shekaru 16 zuwa 18 haƙƙoƙin tsari iri ɗaya na manya kuma yana iyakance hukunce-hukunce zuwa kwanaki 180 a gidan yari. A watan Agustan 2008 ministan shari'a ya sanar da cewa ya umurci jami'an 'yan sanda da su bi ka'idojin aiki don kama kananan yara bisa ga ka'idojin kasa da kasa; duk da haka, a karshen shekara, babu wani bayani game da aikace-aikacen hanyoyin.

Ƙin yarda da shari'ar jama'a mai kyau

Doka ta ba da damar yin shari'a ta gaskiya, kuma ma'aikatar shari'a gabaɗaya ta aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin. Sai dai ana korafin cewa wasu alkalan kananan kotuna na tarayya, alkalan larduna, da ma’aikatan shari’a ba su da inganci kuma a wasu lokutan ana amfani da su a siyasance. Kungiyoyin shari’a sun yi suka musamman kan rashin ‘yancin cin gashin kan alkalan kananan kotuna da ke da hurumin tarayya a larduna da dama. Tsarin shari'a yana fuskantar cikas ta hanyar jinkiri mai yawa, tsarin logjams, sauye-sauye na alkalai, rashin isassun tallafin gudanarwa, da rashin aiki na gaba ɗaya sakamakon ragowar tsarin shari'ar laifukan bincike da ake amfani da su a cikin kotunan tarayya da da yawa. Alkalai suna da fa'ida sosai game da ko kuma yadda za a gudanar da bincike, suna ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar jama'a cewa yawancin yanke shawara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Zargin cin hanci da rashawa a kotunan lardi da kuma kotunan tarayya da ke cikin larduna sun fi yawa fiye da kotunan tarayya da ke da hurumin birnin da lardin Buenos Aires, wanda ke nuna alaka mai karfi tsakanin bangaren zartarwa da na shari'a a matakin lardin. A watan Mayun 2008 Majalisa ta zartar da wata doka da ta kafa tsarin nada alkalai na wucin gadi a matsayin martani ga umarnin Kotun Koli na 2007. Sai dai malaman shari’a sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda dokar ta karfafa tsaiko wajen zaben alkalai na dindindin da kuma kara wa bangaren zartarwa ikon nada alkalan wucin gadi ba tare da tantance jama’a ba. A karshen shekara, akwai guraben alkalai 160 a fadin kasar. Akwai wasu zargi a cikin manema labarai cewa alƙalai na wucin gadi suna ƙarƙashin magudi na siyasa saboda yanayin wucin da matsayinsu na wucine.

An raba tsarin shari’a zuwa kotunan tarayya da na larduna, dukkansu suna karkashin kotun koli mai kotun daukaka kara da kotunan gundumomi a kasa. Kotunan tarayya sun raba tsakanin kotunan laifuka da kotunan farar hula. A watan Agustan 2008 Majalisa ta kada kuri'a don soke tsarin shari'a na soja, don haka ya sa membobin sojoji su fuskanci shari'ar farar hula don laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin zaman lafiya da kuma sabon kundin ladabtarwa na soja don keta dokokin soja.

Shari'a na jama'a ne, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma suna da 'yancin samun lauya da kuma gabatar da shaidun kariya a cikin tarayya da wasu kotunan larduna da ke da tsarin tuhumar aikata laifuka. Idan an buƙata, ana ba da mai kare jama'a a kuɗin jama'a lokacin da waɗanda ake tuhuma suka fuskanci manyan laifuka. Yayin matakin bincike, wadanda ake tuhuma za su iya gabatar da tambayoyi a rubuce ga alkali mai binciken. Kwamitin alkalai na yanke hukunci ko laifi. Kotunan tarayya da na larduna sun ci gaba da sauye-sauyen zuwa shari'a tare da ba da hujja ta baki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka, tare da maye gurbin tsohon tsarin gabatar da rubuce-rubuce. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin 1994 ya tanadi yin shari'a ta alkalai, ba a zartar da aiwatar da dokar nan da karshen shekara ba. A Lardin Cordoba, duk da haka, wadanda ake tuhuma da wasu manyan laifuffuka suna da hakkin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Tsawon jinkiri a cikin gwaji matsala ce a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya, tare da yawancin lokuta suna ɗaukar shekaru biyar ko fiye don warwarewa. Ana kyautata zaton wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi kuma suna da damar daukaka kara, kamar yadda masu gabatar da kara ke yi. Ba za a iya gurfanar da ƙananan yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 16 da laifi ba. Ta hanyar doka, waɗanda ake tuhuma da lauyoyi suna da damar samun shaidar da gwamnati ke da su, amma suna iya fuskantar babban cikas ko jinkirta samun irin wannan shaida. A shekara ta 2008, Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Fundacion Sur ta lura cewa kasar ba ta da wani tsarin shari'a na kananan yara wanda ke ba wa matasa kariya ta hanyar da ta dace da kuma 'yancin kare doka a shari'o'in da suka shafi laifuka tare da nuna damuwa cewa alkalai masu fa'ida a irin wannan yanayi sun kara yiwuwar yanke hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba. Shekarun alhakin shari'a shine 16, kuma Fundacion Sur ya tabbatar da cewa masu laifin masu shekaru 16- da 17 akai-akai ana tura su zuwa kotunan manyan laifuka ko kuma a tsare su a wuraren tsare yara na tsawon lokaci fiye da garantin laifinsu. Hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke a watan Disamba na 2008 ya gano cewa tsarin shari'ar kananan yara na kasar bai bi ka'idojin kasa da kasa ba kuma ya nuna bukatar reshen majalisa ya gyara lamarin.

Babu rahotanni game da fursunonin siyasa ko fursunoni.

Akwai shari'a mai zaman kanta kuma mara son kai a cikin al'amuran farar hula, kuma kowa na iya kawo karar neman lalacewa ko kariya ga haƙƙoƙin da kundin tsarin mulki ya bayar. Hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi masu sana'a, jami'o'i, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ba da shawara ta shari'a kyauta kuma suna iya wakiltar marasa galihu a gaban kotunan farar hula da kuma taimaka musu a madadin hanyoyin warware rikice-rikice.

Harkokin rikice-rikice tare da sirri, iyali, gida, ko rubutu

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta irin waɗannan ayyukan, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya ta mutunta waɗannan haramtacciyar a aikace.

'Yancin Jama'a

'Yanci na magana da jarida

2025 Ƙididdigar 'Yancin Labarai ta Duniya      

Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, kuma gaba daya gwamnati na mutunta wadannan hakkoki a aikace. Jama’a na iya sukar gwamnati a fili ko kuma a asirce, amma akwai hukunce-hukuncen laifi, ciki har da hukuncin dauri, na batanci da batanci, kuma jami’an gwamnati sun nemi yin amfani da wadannan a kan ‘yan adawar siyasa da sauran masu suka. Gwamnati ta tuhumi Elisa Carrio, shugabar jam'iyyar adawa ta Civic Coalition, da laifin cin hanci da rashawa a shekarar 2004. A cikin watan Satumba na 2008 Carrio ta sami nasara a shari'ar farar hula wanda dan marigayi shugaban Peronist ya kawo wanda ta zarge shi da hannu a cin hanci da rashawa, kisan kai, da fataucin muggan kwayoyi; Wannan shine karo na biyu da ta samu nasara. A watan Disambar 2008 jami'an tsaro sun kama 'yan Nazi 26, ciki har da kananan yara hudu, bisa zargin nuna wariya kan gudanar da bikin tunawa da mutuwar yakin duniya na biyu Kyaftin din sojojin ruwan Jamus Hans Langsdorff. An saki dukkan mutanen daga baya amma har yanzu suna fuskantar tuhumar nuna wariya..

Tashoshin rediyo na FM da yawa suna ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye tare da lasisin wucin gadi da ke jiran ƙarshen tsarin daidaita lasisi. A watan Agustan 2008 na siginar rediyon Rediyon Continental da ke sukar gwamnati, ta shigar da kara a gaban kwamitin yada labarai na gwamnatin tarayya (COMFER) kan matakin dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen ta na FM. Duk da cewa har zuwa karshen shekara ba a warware wannan korafin ba, COMFER ba ta aiwatar da hukuncin da ta yanke ba, kuma tashar ta ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye a mitar FM.

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2008 kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da Open Society Justice Initiative sun buga wani rahoto da ke zargin cewa rarraba kudaden talla na gwamnati ya shafi 'yancin' yan jarida. Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnati ta yi amfani da rarraba tallace-tallace na jihar don amfana ko azabtar da manema labarai bisa ga sautin da suka yi game da gwamnati. Wannan kimantawa ya yi daidai da rahotanni na manema labarai da maganganun da shugabannin kungiyar kafofin watsa labarai suka yi a cikin sirri.

A cewar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama, gwamnatin lardin Neuquen ba ta cika a ƙarshen 2008 ba tare da umarnin Kotun Koli na 2007 don gabatar da shirin rarraba talla na hukuma wanda ba zai rage 'yancin magana kai tsaye ba. Shari'ar da kamfanin watsa labarai na biyu mafi girma a kasar, Grupo Editorial Perfil, ya gabatar a shekara ta 2006 game da amfani da tallace-tallace na gwamnati a matsayin hanyar tantancewa kai tsaye ya kasance yana jiran ƙarshen shekara.

Dan jarida Sergio Poma ya mutu a watan Janairun 2008 a lokacin da yake jiran daukaka kara a watan Satumbar 2007 wata kotun lardin Salta da ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari tare da hana shi yin aikin jarida na tsawon shekara daya saboda batanci ga tsohon gwamnan Salta.

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2008 ’yan fafutuka na kungiyar kwadago karkashin jagorancin Hugo Moyano, mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar Peronist Party mai mulki kuma shugaban kungiyar Kwadago (CGT), sun hana wata cibiyar rarraba jaridu da manyan jaridun kasar biyu, Clarin da La Nacion suka gudanar tare. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da cewa zanga-zangar ta fasaha ce don inganta albashi da kuma yanayin aiki ga ’yan kungiyar da ke tuka motocin rarraba jaridu. Sai dai kungiyoyin yada labarai da 'yan adawa sun soki gwamnatin kasar na gaza wargaza wannan shingen tare da kiransa harin kai tsaye ga 'yancin 'yan jarida; Jaridun biyu sun shigar da karar wadanda suka aikata laifin.

Babu takunkumin gwamnati game da samun damar Intanet ko rahotanni cewa gwamnati ta sa ido kan imel ko ɗakunan tattaunawar Intanet. Kowane mutum da kungiyoyi na iya shiga cikin nuna ra'ayoyi cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, gami da imel. A cewar Cibiyar Kididdiga da Ƙididdigar Ƙasa ta Gwamnati, akwai masu amfani da Intanet sama da miliyan uku.

Babu ƙuntatawa na gwamnati akan 'yancin ilimi ko al'adu.

'Yanci na Taron Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin taro da tarayya, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace.

'Yanci na addini

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya "ta goyi bayan bangaskiyar Roman Katolika," kuma gwamnati ta ba Cocin Katolika tallafi iri-iri da ba a samu ga wasu kungiyoyin addinai ba. Sauran addinai suna yin su kyauta.

Don gudanar da ayyukan ibada na jama'a, samun biza ga mishaneri na kasashen waje, da kuma samun matsayin da ba a biya haraji ba, kungiyoyin addini dole ne su yi rajista tare da Sakatariyar Bauta a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Ciniki na Duniya, da Bauta kuma su bayar da rahoto lokaci-lokaci don kula da matsayinsu.

Ayyukan nuna bambanci da lalata ga 'yan tsiraru na addini, musamman ma'aikatan Yahudawa 300,000, sun ci gaba. A cikin shekara, Wakilin Ƙungiyoyin Isra'ila na Argentina (DAIA) sun sami kusan korafe-korafe 202 na ayyukan adawa da Yahudawa. Abubuwan da aka fi bayar da rahoton sun kasance ƙazantar da makabarta na Yahudawa, rubutun anti-Semitic, maganganun baki, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi.

A watan Agustan 2008 an yanke wa Raul Arenas Vega hukuncin daurin watanni tara a gidan yari saboda dukan da aka yi wa wani matashi Bayahude Orthodox a Buenos Aires a shekara ta 2006. An ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan harin bam da aka kai a ginin kungiyar agaji ta Yahudawa ta Argentina (AMIA) a shekarar 1994 a Buenos Aires wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 85. A watan Mayun 2008 wani mai shigar da kara na tarayya ya yi kira da a tuhumi tsohon shugaban kasar Carlos Menem, da tsohon alkalan gwamnatin tarayya Juan Galeano, da sauran su bisa zarginsu da hannu wajen yin rufa-rufa da kare wadanda ke da hannu a harin. Bayan haka, alkalin kotun tarayya mai shari’ar, bisa shawarwarin da mai shigar da kara na musamman na AMIA ya bayar, ya gabatar da bukatar kasa da kasa na kwace kadarorin wasu Iraniyawa 8 da kungiyar Hizbullah, domin biyan diyya da shari’ar farar hula ta yi wa wadanda suka aikata laifin. A watan Disamba ne alkalin kotun ya bayar da umarnin karbe wasu kadarori na kasuwanci guda shida da ake zargin mallakar wani tsohon mai kula da al'adun Iran ne wanda ke cikin wadanda ake zargi da taimakawa wajen kai harin.

Har yanzu babu wani ci gaba a cikin shari'ar DAIA game da masu fafutuka daga ƙungiyar hagu ta Quebracho wanda ya hana kungiyoyin al'ummar Yahudawa yin zanga-zanga a gaban Ofishin Jakadancin Iran a shekara ta 2006.

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da tallafawa tattaunawar jama'a don nuna bambanci da ya gabata da kuma karfafa ingantaccen haƙuri na addini.

A cikin 2023, an zira kwallaye 4 daga cikin 4 don 'yancin addini. A cikin wannan shekarar, wani binciken da ke kimanta matakan al'ummomi na tsarin addini da tsanantawa (tare da maki daga 0-10 inda 0 ke wakiltar ƙananan matakan tsari ko tsanantawa), Argentina ta sami maki 1.5 a kan Dokar Addini ta Gwamnati, 4.7 a kan Dokar Jama'a ta Addini da 8.1 a kan Fa'idodin Addini na Gwamnati.

'Yanci na motsi a cikin ƙasar, tafiye-tafiye na ƙasashen waje, ƙaura, da dawowa

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi ‘yancin tafiya a cikin kasar, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, hijira da kuma komawa gida, kuma gaba daya gwamnati na mutunta wadannan hakkoki a aikace.

Gwamnati tana aiki tare da Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) da sauran kungiyoyin jin kai wajen samar da kariya da taimako ga' yan gudun hijira, masu neman mafaka, da sauran mutanen da ke da damuwa.

Dokar ta haramta gudun hijira ta tilasta, kuma gwamnati ba ta tura kowa gudun hijira ba.

Dokar ta samar da ba da mafaka ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daidai da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 game da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da yarjejeniyarta ta 1967, kuma gwamnati ta kafa tsarin samar da kariya ga' yan gudun hijira. Gwamnati ta ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ko mafaka.

Dokar ta ba gwamnati damar samar da kariya ta wucin gadi saboda dalilai na jin kai, gami da sake haɗuwa da iyali, ga mutanen da ba za su cancanci zama 'yan gudun hijira ba a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar 1951 da yarjejeniyar 1967.

A cewar kwamitin da ya dace da ‘yan gudun hijira na gwamnati, a cikin watanni 11 na farkon shekarar 2008, mutane 745 sun nemi mafaka, kuma gwamnati ta ba da matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira ga mutane 89. Gwamnati na ci gaba da ba hukumar UNHCR hadin kai don sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijirar Colombia cikin hadari. A cewar hukumar ta UNHCR, kasar ta kuma sake tsugunar da 'yan Colombia 39 a cikin watanni shida na farkon shekarar.

A aikace gwamnati tana ba da kariya daga korar ko dawowar 'yan gudun hijira zuwa ƙasashe inda rayuwarsu ko' yancin su za a yi barazana. Gwamnati ta ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira da kariya ta wucin gadi saboda dalilai na jin kai.

'Yancin siyasa

Zaben da shiga siyasa

Dokar ta bai wa ‘yan kasa ‘yancin sauya gwamnatinsu cikin lumana, kuma ‘yan kasar sun yi amfani da wannan ‘yancin a aikace ta hanyar zabuka na lokaci-lokaci, na gaskiya da adalci bisa tsarin zabe na duniya.

An gudanar da zabukan shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki na kasa a watan Oktoban 2007. A matakin kasa, an fafata da rabin kujerun majalisar wakilai da kashi daya bisa uku na na majalisar dattawa. Kafofin yada labarai da ma’aikatar shari’a da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun lura da yadda aka gudanar da zaben tare da tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da zaben cikin gaskiya da adalci, ko da yake jam’iyyun adawa da dama ne suka shigar da kara suna zargin cewa ba a samun kuri’u da ke kunshe da ‘yan takarar adawa a rumfunan zabe a wasu lardunan kasar.

Zaben lardin a lardin Santiago del Estero ya gudana cikin tsari a watan Nuwamba.

Jam'iyyun siyasa galibi suna aiki ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba.

Dokokin sun tanadi cewa kashi daya bisa uku na 'yan majalisun biyu dole ne su kasance mata, burin da aka cimma ta hanyar daidaita tsarin zabe. Akwai mata 28 a cikin kujeru 72 na majalisar dattawa da mata 103 a cikin kujeru 256 na majalisar wakilai. Shugaban kasa, biyu daga cikin alkalan kotun koli bakwai, da ministocin majalisar ministoci hudu mata ne. Mata sun kasance kusan kashi 17 cikin 100 na manyan mukamai-reshen zartarwa a matakin tarayya.

Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar ya yi aiki a cikin Majalisar Wakilai. Babu wasu sanannun kabilanci ko launin fata a cikin majalisar dokoki ta kasa. Babu sanannun 'yan asalin ƙasar, kabilanci, ko' yan tsiraru a cikin majalisar ko a Kotun Koli.

Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati

Dokar ta tanadi hukumcin aikata laifukan cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance; duk da haka, an sha samun rahotannin manema labarai cewa jami'an zartaswa na gudanar da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke nuna rashin aiwatar da dokar yadda ya kamata. Bisa kididdigar da Bankin Duniya ya fitar a duk duniya, cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati babbar matsala ce. Cibiyoyi masu rauni a tarihi da tsarin shari'a marasa inganci da siyasa sun sa kawar da cin hanci da rashawa ta kowace hanya mai wahala.

Jami’an gwamnati na bin dokokin bayyana kudi, kuma Ofishin Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Ma’aikatar Shari’a (ACO) ne ke da alhakin yin nazari da bincike kan jami’an reshen zartaswa na tarayya bisa ga fom dinsu na bayyana kudi. Haka kuma ACO ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da binciken cin hanci da rashawa a cikin sashin zartarwa na tarayya ko kuma a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi kudaden tarayya, sai dai kudaden da aka tura zuwa larduna. Ko da yake a matsayin wani ɓangare na sashin shari'a, ACO ba ta da ikon gabatar da kararraki ba tare da izini ba, amma tana iya tura kararraki zuwa wasu hukumomi ko yin aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara kuma ta nemi alkali ya fara shari'a. Alkalai guda daya sun binciki galibin manyan laifukan cin hanci da rashawa, amma ba a sa ran za a gurfanar da su a wasu kararrakin da aka fara a shekara ta 2007 ba.

Ministan tsaron ya sallami wasu manyan hafsoshi 31 da jami’ai a watan Agustan 2008 da kuma wasu 13 a watan Satumban 2008 bayan binciken da aka gudanar kan ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa, kuma a watan Satumba babban hafsan hafsan sojin ya yi murabus bayan tuhumarsa da ake masa kan karkatar da kudaden jama’a ba bisa ka’ida ba a shekarar 2002 a wani kwamandan. Hukumomin shari'a na ci gaba da gudanar da binciken tare da goyon bayan ma'aikatar.

Rahotannin da aka samu daga manema labarai na cewa, ministan lafiya ya ci gaba da kokarin ganin an samar da gaskiya wajen siyan magunguna da hukumar da ke da alhakin samar da magunguna ga manyan ‘yan kasa, biyo bayan zargin kayyade farashin da kuma karin farashin da masu sayar da kayayyaki suka yi, wadanda kuma aka ce da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance fitattun masu bayar da gudunmawar yakin neman zabe a shekarar 2007. A watan Nuwamban 2008 shugaban hukumar ya yi murabus bisa bukatar gwamnati.

A cikin watan Disambar 2008 wata yarjejeniya ta neman izinin kasashen waje da kamfanin Siemens na Jamus ya bayyana da sunayensu da sunayen manyan jami'ai a tsaffin gwamnatoci da dama da karbar cin hanci na miliyoyin daloli a cikin sayan tsarin katin shaida na kasa. Binciken da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta Poder Ciudadano ta gudanar a watan Yuni da kuma kotun zabe ta kasa a watan Satumban 2008 ya nuna cewa an samu kura-kurai a cikin rahoton kudaden yakin neman zabe na 'yan takarar shugaban kasa na 2007. Sakamakon binciken da suka gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa wasu ‘yan takarar sun gaza bayar da rahoton kudaden da suka kashe a yakin neman zabe, musamman dangane da kudaden talla; wasu kuma sun wuce gona da iri; kuma wasu sun sami gudummawar da ba a san su ba, wanda doka ta haramta. Rahoton na Poder Ciudadano ya kuma yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da dukiyar jama'a wajen tallata yakin neman zaben shugaba Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.

Dokar zartarwa ta ba da damar jama'a su sami bayanan gwamnati daga hukumomin zartarwa, waɗanda ake buƙatar amsa buƙatun bayanan jama'a cikin kwanaki 10 na aiki, tare da yiwuwar tsawaita kwanaki 10. Ƙarfin yin aiki da wannan buƙatu, duk da haka, ya bambanta a cikin hukumomin zartarwa. Poder Ciudadano yayi kiyasin cewa hukumomin reshen zartarwa sun amsa irin waɗannan buƙatun a cikin lokacin da ake buƙata kusan kashi 70 na lokacin. Ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun lura cewa buƙatun siyasa masu mahimmanci, kamar kuɗin aiki na fadar shugaban kasa, yawanci ana jinkirtawa ko kuma ba a amsa ba.

Amsawar gwamnati ga binciken da ake zargi da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam

Kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya suna aiki ba tare da ƙuntatawa gwamnati ba, bincike da buga sakamakon bincikensu kan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam. Jami'an gwamnati yawanci suna ba da haɗin kai kuma gabaɗaya suna jin ra'ayoyinsu.

Yayin da gwamnati ke ba da hadin kai da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa, reshen gida na wata fitacciyar kungiyar kasa da kasa ta bayyana damuwa a shekarar 2008 cewa, duk da bukatar da aka yi ta yi, gwamnati ba ta bayar da bayanai a karkashin dokar ‘yancin yada labarai ba. Gwamnati na da Sakatariyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Ofishin Ombudsman na Kasa.

Nuna bambanci, cin zarafin jama'a, da fataucin mutane

Dokar ta haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jinsi, nakasa, harshe, ko matsayin zamantakewa, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati ta aiwatar da waɗannan haramcin a aikace.

Mata

Mace mai aiki a San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina

A cikin 1985, Argentina ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata (CEDAW). Duk da haka, mata ne a ko da yaushe makasudin machismo m. Rikicin cikin gida da suka hada da fyaden aure, labarun batsa da yaduwa da karuwanci mata matasa da kuma rashin wakilci na siyasa suna da illar magabata na kasar Argentina.

Rikicin cikin gida a Argentina ga mata babbar matsala ce. Fyaɗe, gami da fyaden ma'aurata, laifi ne, amma buƙatar hujja, ko dai ta hanyar rauni a zahiri ko kuma shaidar shaida, galibi suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen gurfanar da irin waɗannan laifuffuka. A watan Agustan 2008 Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa mace ta mutu a kowane kwana biyu sakamakon rikicin cikin gida. Rahotanni daga birnin Buenos Aires na lardin Buenos Aires na cewa, an gabatar da korafe-korafe 52,351 na cin zarafi a cikin gida a ofishin 'yan sanda na mata da ke lardin Buenos Aires a cikin watanni 10 na farkon shekara.

Cinikin mata zuwa da kuma cikin kasar don karuwanci matsala ce.

Yara

Ko da yake gwamnati ta yi ikirari mai karfi na kare hakkin yara da walwala, shirye-shiryen da yawa sun kasance marasa kudi. A watan Satumbar 2008 Majalisar ta zartar da wata doka da ta tanadi kwanaki 40 da iyaye za su iya yin rajistar haihuwar ‘ya’yansu amma an rage daga shekara shida zuwa kwanaki 20 kafin jihar ta yi rajistar haihuwa idan iyaye suka kasa yin hakan. Don haihuwar da ke faruwa ba tare da taimakon likita ko wajen cibiyar kiwon lafiya ba, gwamnati na iya ba da izinin yin rajista a ƙarshen shekara har zuwa shekara ɗaya bayan haihuwa; bayan haka, alkalai ne kawai za su iya ba da odar rajistar haihuwa.

Yayin da dokar ta tanadi ba da ilimi kyauta kuma na wajibi na shekaru 13, tun daga shekara biyar, ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba. Gwamnan Buenos Aires ya kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin yara 400,000 da ba su yi aiki ba kuma ba su zuwa makaranta a lardin Buenos Aires kadai. Cin zarafin yara yana ci gaba da faruwa kuma ba sabon abu ba ne; alal misali, wani bincike na Jami'ar Buenos Aires da aka fitar a watan Agustan 2008 ya nuna cewa makarantun yara 56 da makarantun firamare a lardin Buenos Aires sun gano adadin 1,590 na tashin hankalin iyali a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Sai dai gwamnati na daukar wasu matakai na yaki da cin zarafin yara.

Majalisar Kula da Yara da Matasa da Iyali ta kasa na ci gaba da gudanar da gangamin wayar da kan jama’a tare da gudanar da layukan wayar da kan jama’a na kasa, wanda yara ke amfani da su wajen neman shawarwari, yin koke-koke, da bayar da rahoton cin zarafi ko wasu hakkokinsu. Masu gabatar da kara da 'yan sanda suna bin shari'ar batsa na yara a Intanet. A watan Yuni 2008 Majalisa ta zartar da wata doka da ta haramta kallon batsa da yara; duk da haka, doka ba ta hukunta mallakar mutane don amfanin kansu ba. 'Yan jarida da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da rahoton cewa yara suna yin lalata, yawon shakatawa na jima'i, da fataucin kwayoyi. Yin la'akari da kididdigar 'yan sanda, 'yan jarida sun kiyasta cewa ana ɗaukar yara kusan 5,000 a kowace shekara don ayyukan batsa da yawon shakatawa na jima'i.

A cewar sahihan rahotannin 'yan jaridu na cikin gida, da yawa daga cikin yaran da aka samu tashe-tashen hankula daga iyalai marasa galihu suna tsare a wuraren da ake tsare yara a karkashin dokar kariya ta shari'a. An hana masu sa ido na gwamnatin birnin ziyartar cibiyoyin. Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta gida Fundacion Sur ta nuna damuwarta kan yadda yaran za su fuskanci yanayi na rashin mutuntawa tare da gabatar da wata takarda ta habeas corpus a shekarar 2008 inda ta bukaci kotuna da ta saki yaran tare da binciki shari’ar 2007 na wasu samari biyu da suka kashe kansu a wasu lokuta daban-daban bayan an yi musu fyade yayin da suke tsare. A watan Disamba 2008 Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da bukatar amma ta amince da bukatar samar da doka don kawo tsarin shari'a na yara cikin bin ka'idojin kasa da kasa.

A watan Disamba na 2008 jaridar La Nacion ta ba da rahoton cewa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yi kiyasin cewa yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru biyar 3,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon rashin abinci mai gina jiki a shekara ta 2008, wanda ya ragu da kashi daya bisa uku tun shekara ta 2003.

A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2020, Human Rights Watch ta nuna damuwa game da buga bayanan sirri na yara da ake zargi a kan layi. HRW ta aika da wasiƙu ga Shugaban Argentina Alberto Fernández da Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, magajin garin Buenos Aires, suna cewa manufofi da ayyuka sun keta wajibai na kasa da kasa don mutunta sirrin yara a cikin ayyukan aikata laifuka.

Cinikin mutane

A cikin Afrilu 2008 Majalisa ta zartar da wata doka da ta haramta fataucin mutane, musamman saboda shari'ar Marita Veron. Har ila yau ƙasar ta kasance maɓuɓɓuga, hanyar wucewa, da kuma makoma ga masu fataucin su.

Cinikin mutane da farko ya shafi 'yan ƙasa da aka yi fataucin su a cikin ƙasar don dalilai na jima'i da cin zarafin aiki. An yi fataucin su galibi daga lardunan arewa zuwa larduna na tsakiya da Buenos Aires kuma daga Buenos Aires zuwa lardunan kudanci da yawa. A ƙaramin mataki, ƙasar makoma ce ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, musamman mata da yara daga Paraguay, Jamhuriyar Dominica, Bolivia, da Brazil. Duk da yake babu rahotanni na hukuma game da ayyukan masu fataucin mutane, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa masu fataucir sau da yawa suna gabatar da kansu a matsayin hukumomin daukar ma'aikata ko kuma masu daukar ma'aikaci. Tushen da aka amince da shi kuma sun gano manyan cibiyoyin aikata laifuka, wanda wani lokacin ya kunshi iyalai masu yawa tare da abokan kasuwancin su, gami da masu daukar ma'aikata da manajojin karuwai. Masu fataucin kaya sun kwace takardun tafiye-tafiye don hana wadanda abin ya shafa yin kira ga hukumomi don kariya. Wadanda abin ya shafa, musamman mata da 'yan mata a cikin karuwanci, a wasu lokuta ana hana su hulɗa da duniya ta waje. Sau da yawa ana barazana ko bugawa wadanda abin ya shafa.

Za a iya gurfanar da masu fataucin mutane a karkashin sabuwar dokar tarayya, wacce ke ba da hukunci ga fataucin da ke tsakanin shekaru uku zuwa 15 a kurkuku, dangane da yanayin keta doka da shekarun wanda aka azabtar. An gurfanar da masu fataucin mutane kan zargin karuwanci ta hanyar zamba, tsoratarwa, da tilasta ko, a cikin yanayin yara, safarar baƙi, bautar da aka yi wa kwangila, da irin wannan cin zarafi.

Binciken da ake yi na fataucin mutane da kama mutane ya karu a shekarar 2008. A cewar kididdigar ma'aikatar shari'a, hukumomin tsaron cikin gida sun kai samame 118, sun kama mutane 120 da ake zargi da safarar mutane, tare da ceto mutane 133 da aka kashe a cikin watanni shida bayan dokar ta fara aiki a karshen watan Afrilu. Sai dai 33 ne kawai daga cikin wadanda aka kama suka rage a tsare har zuwa watan Nuwamba. Ba a samu kididdigar hukuma kan adadin tuhume-tuhumen da yanke hukunci kan fataucin mutane a cikin shekarar ba. Ma'aikatar shari'a ita ce kan gaba wajen gudanar da ayyukan yaki da safarar mutane tare da hukumomin tsaro na cikin gida.

Ana iya gurfanar da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a karkashin sabuwar dokar tarayya, wacce ta tanadi hukuncin daurin shekaru uku zuwa 15 a gidan yari, ya danganta da yanayin cin zarafi da shekarun wanda aka azabtar. An gurfanar da masu safarar mutane a gaban kuliya bisa zarginsu da laifin yin karuwanci ta hanyar zamba, tsoratarwa, da tilastawa ko kuma, a kan yara kanana, safarar baki, bautar gumaka, da kuma cin zarafi makamancin haka.

Babu wani ci gaba a cikin binciken 'yan sanda na gida da kuma shigar hukuma a cikin shari'ar 2006 inda aka tilasta mata yin karuwanci a Lardin Chubut. Rahotanni na manema labarai sun nuna cewa tsoffin jami'an 'yan sanda guda biyu, wadanda aka tuhume su a shekara ta 2006, an sake sanya su ba tare da fuskantar horo ba. A watan Maris, an ceto mata 14 daga karuwanci da aka tilasta a gidajen karuwai da suka ci gaba da aiki a yankin.

A watan Disambar 2008 wani alkalin tarayya ya gayyaci kwamishinan ‘yan sanda, mataimakinsa, da wasu jami’an ‘yan sanda uku domin a tuhume su a wani bangare na binciken zargin ‘yan sanda na kare wani zoben gidajen karuwai da ake zargi da safarar mutane a unguwar Mataderos da ke Buenos Aies. Hakazalika, an gurfanar da wata mata da ke gudanar da gidan karuwai a matsayin wata na’urar safarar mutane, sannan kuma a karshen shekara ana binciken ‘yar uwarta. Ba a tsare wadanda aka yi fataucin fatauci, ko daure su, ko fitar da su. Taron karawa juna sani na horar da jami’an tsaron cikin gida da ma’aikatar shari’a ta yi ya hada da wani bangare da ke jaddada cewa ba sa dora laifin safarar wadanda aka kashe a kan wasu ayyukan da suka sabawa doka da ka iya shiga ciki sakamakon cin zarafinsu.

Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Ofishin Mai Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Ceto da Taimakon Gaggawa na wadanda abin ya shafa ke bayar da agajin da abin ya shafa. Yana nufin ƙanana da manya waɗanda aka ceto a cikin birni ko lardin Buenos Aires zuwa Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Jama'a ga Yara, Matasa, da Iyali, wanda hakan na iya jagorantar waɗanda abin ya shafa zuwa shirye-shiryen taimakon zamantakewa da na likita. Sakatariyar kare hakkin dan adam da ta dace ta taimaka wa wadanda abin ya shafa a wasu larduna. Ofishin Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Taimakon wanda aka azabtar ya ci gaba da ba da taimako a kan yadda ake bukata.

Ko da yake ba ta gudanar da matsugunan da aka keɓe don fataucin mutane, gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin NGO ɗaya don gudanar da matsugunin wanda aka azabtar. Wasu wadanda abin ya shafa sun cancanci taimakon gwamnatin tarayya, amma yawancin jami'an larduna ba su da horo don gano ko taimakawa wadanda fataucin ya shafa musamman. Hukumar kula da ƙaura ta ƙasa da ƙasa tana taimakawa wajen maido da ƙasashen waje waɗanda fataucin ya shafa.

Mutanen da ke da nakasa

Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki sun hana nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta jiki ko ta hankali wajen aikin yi, ilimi, samun damar kiwon lafiya, ko samar da wasu ayyuka na jihohi, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da wadannan dokoki yadda ya kamata. Wata takamaiman doka kuma ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da gine-gine ga masu nakasa; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata.

Dokokin da ke ba da izinin shiga bas da jiragen ƙasa ga nakasassu su ma ba a aiwatar da su sosai. A cikin Maris 2008 wata kotun tarayya ta umarci ma'aikacin jirgin karkashin kasa na Buenos Aires Metrovias da ya sanya tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa nakasassu. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a, 12 daga cikin tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa 73 ne kawai ke da nakasa.

A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Wariya ta Ƙasa, kyamar baki da wariyar launin fata (INADI), kimanin yara 20,000 masu nakasa ba su iya zuwa makaranta a birnin Buenos Aires a 2008 saboda gine-ginen ba nakasassu ba ne.

A watan Maris na 2008, Ombudsman na birnin Buenos Aires ya tuhumi kamfanonin bas masu nisa guda takwas saboda rashin ba da tikitin bas kyauta ga nakasassu, kamar yadda doka ta buƙata. Bayan haka, INADI ta kafa ofishin dindindin a babban tashar bas a cikin birnin Buenos Aires kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a yawancin jiragen kasa da tashoshi na bas a ko'ina cikin birnin bisa tsarin juyawa.

Wani bincike na shekara ta 2007 da CELS da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa ta Mental Disability Rights International ta yi rahoton cewa an tsare mutane 25,000 a cibiyoyin tabin hankali, fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari fiye da shekara guda. Rahoton ya tattara manyan laifuka na cin zarafi da rashin kulawa a cibiyoyin tabin hankali, ciki har da marasa lafiya da aka kona su mutu a cikin keɓewar sel, amfani da rashi na hankali a cikin keɓe na dogon lokaci, da cin zarafi ta jiki da ta jima'i. Rahoton ya kuma yi cikakken bayani kan yanayi masu hadari da rashin tsafta, wadanda suka hada da rashin ruwan fanfo, na'urorin magudanar ruwa marasa aiki, da kuma hadurran wuta da tsaro.

Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kasa don Haɗuwa da Nakasassu, a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Kula da Manufofin Jama'a, yana da alhakin aiwatar da ayyuka don ɗaukar nakasassu.

'Yan asalin ƙasar

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya amince da kabilanci da al'adu na 'yan asalin kasar kuma ya bayyana cewa Majalisa za ta kare 'yancinsu na ilimin harsuna biyu, ta amince da al'ummominsu da mallakar al'umma na yankunan kakanninsu, kuma ta ba da damar su shiga cikin sarrafa albarkatun su. A zahiri ’yan asalin ƙasar ba sa cika hannu wajen gudanar da filayensu ko albarkatun ƙasa, a wani ɓangare saboda alhakin aiwatar da dokar an ba da shi ga larduna 23, 11 kawai daga cikinsu suna da kundin tsarin mulki da ya amince da ƴan asalin ƙasar.

Duk da cewa babu wata hanyar da ta dace don gane ƙabilun ƴan asalin ko sanin wanene ɗan asalin ƙasar, al'ummomin ƴan asalin na iya yin rajista da gwamnatin lardi ko ta tarayya a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a.

Kiyasin al'ummar 'yan asalin ya kai daga 700,000 zuwa miliyan 1.5. Adadin talauci ya fi matsakaita a yankunan da ke da yawan ƴan asalin ƙasar. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da mafi girman matsakaicin adadin jahilci, cututtuka na yau da kullun, da rashin aikin yi. Rashin horar da malamai na kawo cikas ga kokarin gwamnati na baiwa 'yan asalin yankin damar samun ilimin harsuna biyu.

A cewar ƙwararrun ƴan asalin ƙasar, kashi 75 cikin ɗari na yankin da ake jayayya a Jujuy, wanda ya kasance batun umarnin kotu a 2006 da 2007, ko dai an mayar da su ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ko kuma a cikin tsarin ba da lamuni a ƙarshen 2008.

A watan Oktoban 2008 ne Kotun Koli ta soke hukuncin da wata kotun lardin Salta ta yanke na kin amincewa da daukaka karar da al’ummar ’yan asalin Eben Ezer suka yi, wanda ya bukaci kotun lardin da ta ba da umarnin hana sayar da filayen lardin da a baya aka dauka a matsayin ajiyar halitta. Kotun kolin ta nuna cewa hukuncin da kotun lardin ta yanke ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ta kuma umurci kotun lardin da ta yi la’akari da hakkokin ‘yan asalin kasar na amfani da albarkatun da aka samu a filayen kakanni.

A cikin Disamba 2008, a martanin karar da al'ummomin 'yan asalin 18 suka shigar, Kotun Koli ta umarci lardin Salta da ya dakatar da shirin yanke kusan eka miliyan 2 (8,100 km2) na gandun daji, har sai an ci gaba da sauraron karar.

A cewar wani rahoton Ƙungiyar ‘Yan tsiraru na ƙasa da ƙasa daga shekara ta 2008, larduna da yawa sun kori al’ummomin ’yan asalin ƙasar daga ƙasashen kakanni don sayar da fili ga kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa, musamman don masana’antar mai, hakar ma’adinai, waken soya, da bunƙasa yawon buɗe ido.

A watan Disambar 2008, bayan da masu zanga-zanga daga al’ummar Mapuche suka yi shingen shingen hanya, kotun kolin lardin Chubut ta dakatar da wata karamar kotu ta kori iyalan Mapuche daga filayen da suka mamaye tun shekara ta 1940. Masu zanga-zangar sun nuna damuwa cewa lardin Chubut zai kori wasu ‘yan asalin kasar don ba da rangwame ga kamfanonin hakar ma’adinai.

Rikicin filaye tsakanin al'ummar Mbya Guaraní da Jami'ar kasa ta La Plata kan ikirarin yanki a lardin Misiones har yanzu ba a warware ba.

Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka (IACHR) na ci gaba da tantance koken da kungiyar ‘yan asalin yankin Lhaka Honhat ta gabatar dangane da gazawar gwamnatin kasar wajen aiwatar da wata manufa mai taken maido da kasarsu ta gargajiya. Ƙungiyar Lhaka Honhat ta aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga IACHR a cikin Satumba 2008 tana neman a ba da gudummawa sosai da kuma yanke hukunci kan lamarin.

A watan Oktobar 2008 iyalai uku na Mapuche sun mamaye filin dajin Nahuel Huapi a lardin Neuquen a wani yunƙuri na samun kadada 123,000 (500 km2) ga sauran al'ummomin Mapuche. Jami'an Park sun nuna cewa sun riga sun kasance tare da al'ummomin Mapuche guda biyar a yankin.

Hakanan a cikin Oktoba 2008 gidan rediyo na farko na 'yan asalin, Muryar 'yan asalin, ya fara watsa shirye-shirye da nufin al'ummomin 'yan asalin lardin Salta.