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'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasa ko yankuna
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 35°N 108°E / 35°N 108°E / 35; 108

Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya shine wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin jihohi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Duk waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da gudummawar ayyuka da rai iri-iri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya shafi batutuwa ciki har da tilastawa, sa ido, da kuma sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya. Babu wata hukuma guda da ta shafi dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, saboda irin wannan yanki mai ɗimbin yawa da yaɗuwa yana buƙatar cibiyoyi da yawa don sa ido sosai kan ɗimbin abubuwan da suka faɗo ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan adam. A tarihi an sha suka da yawa game da yancin ɗan adam a Asiya, amma sabbin yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin yau da kullun suna ƙoƙarin cimma matakin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda aka san su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyoyi da yawa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) ne ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, wasu ƴan misalan su ne Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta ASEAN (AICHR) da Human Rights Watch. Haƙurin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da shirye-shiryen gwamnatocin sa kai (watau ASEAN) galibi suna ganin ƙarin haɗin kai na jihohi fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tsaka tsaki waɗanda galibi za su karɓa. Yawan sukar da ake yi wa kasashen Asiya ya karu matuka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama ke yin kira da a kara nuna gaskiya da kuma matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kan kasashen Asiya da su guji duk wani tauye hakkin dan Adam. Kiraye-kirayen da aka ambata na matsin lamba na kasa da kasa sun kasa amsa, duk da haka, yayin da mafi yawan kasashen duniya ke ganin yana da wuya a kalubalanci ayyukan manyan kasashen Asiya masu tasowa: musamman kasar Sin.[1] Yayin da jihohi suka gabatar da korafe-korafe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da "suna da kunya" Jihohin da suka nuna kansu da laifin take hakkin bil'adama.

Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kudu maso gabashin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya

Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a tarihi ba ta yi amfani da ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam da za a iya samu a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ko Arewacin Amirka ba. Alamar farko ta amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta zo ne ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar. Wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, ba ta dauri don haka ba a aiwatar da ita ba. UDHR tana da jihohi 51 ne kawai a duk duniya suka tabbatar da wanzuwarta (waɗanda ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); da yawa daga cikin kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba su sami memba ba tukuna. Wannan babban ra'ayi na yancin ɗan adam da ya samo asali daga yammacin duniya bai taɓa shiga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba; maimakon haka, kishiyar akida ta haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam gaskiya ce: babu wani tsammanin samun daidaito dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, addini, da dai sauransu.[2]

Philippines, al'umma ta farko a Asiya da ta kafa jamhuriya, ta fuskanci dogon gwagwarmaya don kafa manufofin dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta yi hamayya da mulkin kama-karya na Ferdinand Marcos, wanda daga ƙarshe aka kore shi ta hanyar juyin juya halin ikon jama'a ba tare da jini ba a shekarar 1986.[3] Mutane da yawa da ke fama da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun sha wahala a ƙarƙashin gwamnati, kuma a cikin 1983, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko na kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ake kira Majalisar Yankin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta tsara sanarwar yanki ta farko game da haƙƙin dan adam da ake kira Sanarwar Ayyuka na Mutanen ASEAN da Gwamnatoci. Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta kunshi lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya karkashin jagorancin mahaifin dancin dan adam na Philippines Sanata Jose W. Diokno, wanda shine wanda ya kafa babbar kamfanin kare hakkin dan Adam da ake kira Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG). An sanya hannu kan sanarwar a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1983, a Manila.[4][5] A cikin karni na 21, kasar tana fuskantar yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin Shugaba na 16 Rodrigo Duterte, wanda ya yi barazanar ayyana dokar soja, kamar Ferdinand Marcos. Mutumin Lokaci na Shekara Maria Ressa na Rappler daga baya aka tuhume ta da tsegumi saboda rahotonta game da gwamnatin Duterte. [6]

A cikin Singapore, wasu ƴancin yanci har yanzu ana iyakance su kamar 'yancin yin taro. Har yanzu ana tsara tsarin tarurrukan kowane iri, suna buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don taron mutum 1 ko fiye. Gwamnatin Singapore ta ƙara taƙaita taron jama'a na kowane dalili, tare da rufe yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin kwanan nan a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Dokar odar Jama'a'. Har ila yau, Singapore tana yin watsi da aikace-aikacen izinin 'yan sanda don taruwa don taro "wanda ke nufin kawo ƙarshen siyasa".[7] Singapore ta riƙe kuma ta yi amfani da hukuncin kisa sau da yawa a cikin tarihi, musamman a cikin laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sau da yawa ana aiwatar da kisa da sauri bayan yanke hukunci kuma kusan ba su da wani gaskiya. Al'ummar LGBTQ ta Singapore ta ga ƙuntatawa mai tsanani a cikin tarihi, kamar manufofin da suka daɗe na aikata laifuka ga dangantakar jinsi ɗaya - manufofin da ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 2022.

Indonesia tana da dogon tarihi na aikata laifuka masu yawa na kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ba a hukunta su ba. An sami mambobi da yawa na jami'an tsaro na Indonesia da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da fyade, duka, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da dai sauransu amma ba a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a ba. Kafofin yada labarai na Indonesia, yayin da aka yi la'akari da su a hukumance a matsayin 'yan jarida masu 'yanci', suna fama da dabarun tsoratar da gwamnati mai iko ko 'yan kasuwa suka yi amfani da su.[8] An daure 'yan jarida da yawa a karkashin zargin keta dokokin aikata laifuka da na farar hula. 'Yanci na addini ya kasance batun Indonesia na shekaru da yawa, duk da kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ke nuna cikakken' yancin addini / haƙuri. Ƙuntatawa ta doka a kan kowane addini sai dai addinan jihohi 6 da aka ba da izini sun wanzu a Indonesia tsawon shekaru kuma ba a sa ran za a ɗaga su ba da daɗewa ba. Dokokin aiki a Indonesia suna ci gaba da zama masu tsauri, tare da daruruwan dubban 'yan mata a Indonesia da ke fuskantar aiki ba tare da son rai ba. Wadannan yara galibi ana hana su barin wuraren aikinsu kuma galibi ana cin zarafinsu a jiki, a hankali, da kuma jima'i. Human Rights Watch a farkon Mayu 2020 ya bukaci Gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki akalla 'yan gwagwarmayar Papuan da Moluccan 70 nan da nan. An kama su a lokacin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da gwamnati. HRW ta kuma nemi gwamnati ta tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a lardin gabashin Indonesia daidai da hukuncin kotun 2018.[9]

Asiya ta Tsakiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakkokin dan Adam a tsakiyar Asiya ba su samu kulawa daga kafafen yada labarai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan bayan barkewar rikici da kasashen yammacin Turai fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin cewa kungiyoyin gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi watsi da su gaba daya a fagen kasa da kasa. Har ila yau sha'awar cikin gida na karɓowa da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance kaɗan, yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGOs) da aka gabatar da su kamar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Asiya ta Tsakiya (CAU) suka zaɓi su mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar tsaro, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ci gaban al'adu.

Asiya ta Tsakiya

Asiya ta tsakiya tana da batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama da ke addabar rayuwar al'ummarta. Misali, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara rahotanni da dama da nufin jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Afganistan na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici, ganin yawan mutuwar 'yan kasar ko dai ya yi yawa ko kuma sannu a hankali; tsaron lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya wani rashin tabbas ne a Afganistan, tare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da azabtarwa, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauransu daga gwamnati da sauran ƙungiyoyi kuma ba a magance su ba.[10] Waɗannan tauye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun kasance a Afghanistan cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun lokuta da yawa na cin zarafi a cikin Afghanistan amma sau da yawa suna samun kulawa kaɗan (idan akwai) daga gwamnati;[11] a zahiri, akasin haka gaskiya ne: gwamnatin Afghanistan sau da yawa tana ba da umarnin aiwatar da "duba budurcin budurci" a kan mata wanda da gaske ya haɗa da cin zarafi ko cin mutuncin gwamnati.[12]

Da yake duban musamman a Kyrgyzstan, Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a shekarar 2017 a cikin jihar, inda gwamnati ta amince da batutuwa irin su azabtarwa a matsayin lamari amma ba ta yi wani abu ba don yakar su. Ana ɗaukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar azabtarwa a matsayin kayan aikin bincike na gaskiya kuma ana iya ɗaukar su daga gwamnati da jami'an 'yan sanda. Hukumomi a Kyrgyzstan sun yi rajistar korafe-korafe 199 na azabtarwa a cikin 2015, tare da shari'o'in 34 kawai da aka taɓa bincika. Sauran ayyukan Kyrgyzstan da ke da tambaya sun haɗa da shawarar tsakiyar watan Yuni na dakatar da kafofin watsa labaru na waje don kauce wa mummunan labaran duniya; 'Yan jaridu na cikin gida da na waje sun yi Allah wadai da wadannan gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.[13]

Kazakhstan wata ƙasa ce ta Asiya ta Tsakiya wacce ke da matsala a cikin tarihin kwanan nan tare da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Kazakhstan saboda tsare da kuma tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a cikin 2016, tare da wasu keta doka kamar ƙuntata motsi da azabtarwa ana zargin su bayan tsare. zanga-zangar da ake yi a kan ƙasar suna da yawa a ƙarshen, tare da zanga-zambe na zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin masu fafutuka da sojojin gwamnati.[14] Gwamnatin Kazakhstan ta tabbatar da cewa tashin hankali ya faru ta hanyar nuna dokokin cikin gida da ke nuna 'yancin tarayya da taruwa daga' yancin 'yancin' yancin' yan ƙasa, amma ta ce soke haƙƙin ya fuskanci zargi mai tsanani daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, da Human Rights Watch.

Sauran kasashen tsakiyar Asiya suna da irin wannan yanayi dangane da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma rashin motsi don gyara wannan ta'addanci.

Kudancin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin Kudancin Asiya

Kudancin Asiya ya haɗa da Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indiya, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, da Sri Lanka - kowace jiha tana da matakai daban-daban na ingantattun manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam da/ko. Wannan yanki na Asiya ya sami sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki game da yancin ɗan adam a cikin shekarun da suka gabata amma har yanzu yana da damar ingantawa, musamman a nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar 'yancin yara ko 'yancin mata.[15] Wasu gyare-gyare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun haɗa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da shela don yaƙi da adadin auren yara mafi girma a duniya a Bangladesh. Yawancin shari'o'i na leƙen asiri, cin zarafi, da fyade sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Bangladesh a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma adadin da aka ruwaito yana ci gaba da karuwa a kowace shekara. Daidaiton jima'i da jinsi ya samu ci gaba a kudancin Asiya a 'yan kwanakin nan, ganin amincewa da jinsi na uku a hukumance ya fara aiki; manufofin game da wannan jinsi na uku, dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi, da dai sauransu ta ɗan tsaya cik duk da haka, ganin jinkirin aiwatar da manufofin da ake da su da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na dokoki ko ƙa'idodi masu zuwa. Bacewar tilastawa ko bacewar ba da gangan ba har ila yau yana ci gaba da zama batu a Kudancin Asiya, inda ake ci gaba da musanta buƙatun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gudanar da bincike da kuma yin watsi da kalaman Human Rights Watch.[16][17]

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun batutuwa masu tsawo na Kudancin Asiya, musamman Bangladesh, shine matsalar arsenic a cikin ruwan sha.[15] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka kamu da guba a Bangladesh kadai kuma kananan hukumomi sun dauki matakai kaɗan (idan akwai) don gyara matsalar. Ana zaton arsenic ya fito ne daga tace ruwa ta hanyar duwatsu masu wadata da arsenic da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na gida; ƙarshen dalilan yana da wuyar nunawa, duk da haka, saboda kin amincewar Bangladesh don ba da izini ga kowane irin bincike game da lamarin.[18]

Bhutan

Bhutan na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin, suna karɓar manufofi da ƙa'idodi masu yawa na haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bhutan ta himmatu ga "murna da dukkan haƙƙin ɗan adam" kuma ta nuna ci gaba a cikin tarihin kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙimar farin ciki na ƙasa (GNH).[19] Matsayin GNH sikelin ne wanda yawancin masana ke ganin yana da mahimmanci ga kimanta nasarar a cikin ƙasa da farin cikin ɗan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. GNH ta maye gurbin ma'auni na yau da kullun, babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP), kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun yi la'akari da karɓar ta ciki har da Kanada da Japan.[19] Duk da yake Bhutan ta dauki matakai don gyara rarrabuwar tarihi a cikin yawan jama'ar kasar, rashin daidaito na siyasa ya kasance a Bhutan, yana sa wasu 'yan ƙasa ba za su iya yin amfani da hakkoki na asali kamar' yancin motsi ko' yancin tarayya ba.

Indiya ta sami kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ikon tattalin arziki na yankin, amma har yanzu tana fama da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da yawa da keta doka. Indiya ta sami batutuwa da yawa game da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, musamman ga mata da yara.[20] Gwamnati ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan ayyukan amma ta dauki matakai kaɗan don magance batutuwan da aka ambata kuma a sakamakon haka, har yanzu suna da yawa a cikin al'ummar Indiya a yau. Duk da manufofi da aka yi niyyar taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, wadanda aka yi musu fyade har yanzu suna fuskantar kunya sosai a asibitoci ko ofisoshin 'yan sanda; ana zaton cewa yayin da yawan shari'o'in ya riga ya yi yawa, akwai wasu lokuta da ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda yiwuwar wulakanci. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na addini a Indiya.[21]

Pakistan na iya zama ƙasa mafi rikitarwa a Kudancin Asiya, ganin hare-haren ta'addanci da aka yi niyya da 'yan ƙasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen launin fata ko siyasa ya haifar da yawan fararen hula. Bayan bayyanar kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar Al Qaeda da Lashkar-e-Omar, bama-bamai a asibitoci, wuraren ilimi, gine-ginen gwamnati, da dai sauransu sun zama abubuwan da suka faru, kowane hari yana da'awar yawan rayukan farar hula.[22] An yi amfani da bacewar tilastawa da kuma yin amfani da yara kanana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wadanda dukkansu sun sha Allah wadai da su. Gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai kaɗan don gyara yawancin waɗannan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam, duka biyun saboda ƙarancin kuzari da ƙarancin kayan aiki. Cin zarafin mata ya kasance babban batu ga Pakistan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ganin yadda fyade, cin zarafi, auren dole, da dai sauransu ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin kasar. 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Pakistan sun ci gaba da shan wahala sosai daga kungiyoyin ta'addanci da ita kanta gwamnati, suna fadawa kan manufofin addini musamman da nufin kawar da 'yan tsirarun al'adu/addini da kuma mummunar tashin hankali daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da sojojin gwamnati. Mummunan fada a kasar ya haifar da samar da miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira; mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su zauna na dindindin ba saboda rashin zaman lafiyar yankin.[22]

Arewacin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin Turai da Asiya na Rasha

Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Siberia da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha suna ƙarƙashin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban daga hukumomin Rasha.[23][24][25]

Gabashin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gabashin Asiya na da kasashe da dama da suka mamaye hankalin al'ummar duniya a 'yan shekarun nan. Sharuɗɗan 'yancin ɗan adam a yawancin ƙasashen gabashin Asiya sun kasance batutuwan mahawara da yawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka yi la'akari da fitattun 'yan wasan duniya waɗanda ake bincika (watau China, Japan, da sauransu). Mabambantan gwamnatocin da aka samu a Gabashin Asiya sun yi tasiri a kan gaskiyar kasashensu game da hakkin dan Adam; Bugu da kari, wadannan kasashen gabashin Asiya suna da matakai daban-daban na hakkokin bil'adama, inda wasu jihohin suka zabi tabbatar da tsauraran batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama yayin da wasu ke sanya takunkumi da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama.

China


Japan ta riƙe rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayi mai girma, tana kiyaye 'yanci na asali kamar' yancin taro, ƙungiya, da faɗar albarkacin baki. 'Yan ƙasa na cikin gida a cikin tarihin kwanan nan an kare su da tsauraran ka'idojin aiki a Japan kuma suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da' yanci iri-iri don tabbatar da aminci da yanayin aiki mai kyau. Haka kuma, duk da haka, ba za a iya faɗi ga ma'aikatan ƙaura daga China da Koriya ba; waɗannan ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje a tarihi ba su da wata doka ta ainihi da ke kare yanayin aikinsu kuma galibi suna fuskantar mummunan yanayin aiki da ƙananan albashi. Ma'aikatan baƙi kuma suna fama da wasu keta haƙƙoƙi, gami da rigakafin motsi kyauta, haramtacciyar sadarwa kyauta (watau ta hanyar wayar salula, wayar salula da sauransu), da dai sauransu.[26] Japan a tarihi ba ta da wata doka ta nuna bambanci saboda rashin shaidar nuna bambanci a cikin ƙasar; [27]wannan, duk da haka, ya canza a cikin 2017 tare da karɓar dokar maganganun adawa da ƙiyayya biyo bayan samar da shaidar da ke nuna karuwar ra'ayi na Koriya a cikin Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Japan a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine samar da mata masu ta'aziyya don ayyukansu na soja, wato kafin da lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Yawancin waɗannan mata masu ta'aziyya ba 'yan ƙasar Japan ba ne, amma a zahiri fursunonin Koriya ko Sinawa da aka kama a yaƙi ko aka saya a kasuwar baƙar fata. Wadannan mata sun sha wahala da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i da fyade; wani abu da gwamnatin Japan ta yi alkawarin sulhunta da kuma samun adalci ga mata. A cikin 2017, Japan ta fara daukar matakai don sulhu ta hanyar ba da gafara ga mata masu yawa da kuma ba da gudummawar yen biliyan 1 (kimanin dala miliyan 10) ga Gidauniyar Koriya don sulhu da warkarwa. Japan ta ci gaba da amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kashe fursunoni 2 a cikin 2017 ta hanyar ratayewa bayan hukuncin da aka yanke musu.[27]

Koriya ta Kudu

Koriya ta Kudu tana da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa iri ɗaya kamar Japan, yana jin daɗin al'umma mai fa'ida kuma mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An sha samun wasu lokuta da gwamnati ta yi amfani da tsofaffin dokoki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsare wadanda ke sukar gwamnati, amma wadannan lokuta ba su da yawa. Koriya ta Kudu ba ta da juriya ga al'ummar LGBTQ kuma ta ga yawancin lokuta na nuna wariya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a fagage da yawa, kama daga tsarin shari'a har zuwa dakunan gudanarwa na kamfanoni. Mata a Koriya ta Kudu ba sa jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam irin na mata a cikin jihohin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka, maimakon haka abokan aikinsu sun tura su zama uwargidan gargajiya da na riko. Haka kuma an ci tarar mata har miliyan biyu da aka ci tarar da aka samu sun zubar da cikin ba tare da izinin mijinsu ba. Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma bar manufofinta game da Koriya ta Arewa aiki, ma'ana duk wani dan kasa da aka samu yana yada farfagandar Koriya ta Arewa za a iya daure shi har tsawon shekara guda.[28]

Koriya ta Arewa

Mongolia ta sha fama da mummunan tarihin yancin ɗan adam a tsawon tarihi, inda aka ga lokuta da dama na azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga bangaren gwamnati da daidaikun mutane. Mongoliya ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2017, amma tun daga nan aka ba da shawarar sake shigar da hukuncin kisa a cikin tsarin shari'a da sabon shugaban da aka zaba.[29] Kasar Mongoliya ta kuma ga yawan laifukan cin zarafin gida a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ba ta dau mataki na gaske don gyara lamarin. Mongoliya kuma gida ce ga yawan ma'aikatan bakin haure; Har yanzu gwamnatin Mongolian ba ta amince da wadannan ma'aikata a hukumance ba saboda haka ba a ba su wani hakki a hukumance ba.[30]

Koriya ta Arewa ta kasance kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rahotanni da yawa da ke tattare da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam sun tattara ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa, a waje da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauransu. An zargi Koriya ta Kudu da keta haƙƙin bil'adama da yawa ciki har da hallaka, kisan kai, bautar, azabtarwa, ɗaurewa, fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i, da zubar da ciki. Koriya ta Arewa ta kuma ƙuntata duk 'yanci na farar hula da na siyasa ga' yan ƙasa, gami da kowane irin' yancin motsi ko ƙungiya yayin da ba ta samar da forums don shigar siyasa ba. Mata a Koriya ta Arewa suna ci gaba da fuskantar cin zarafi da yawa ciki har da fyade na aure, auren tilas, da azabtar da jima'i; waɗannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne daga gwamnati da sauran dangin (yawanci maza, iyaye, da sauransu).[31] Gidan kurkuku na Koriya ta Arewa ya kuma samar da wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin rayuwa a duniya, mai yiwuwa shine dalilin mutuwar daruruwan dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wadannan sansanonin kurkuku galibi suna da fursunonin siyasa kuma yawanci suna haifar da aiki mai tsanani (idan ba kisa ba), azabtarwa na yau da kullun, cin zarafin jima'i da / ko fyade, da sauran cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam.[32] Koriya ta Arewa ta fada cikin mummunan zargi daga al'ummomin duniya na tsawon shekaru kuma bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu banƙyama sun kasance batun tattaunawa na yau da kullun a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin yiwuwar barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya.

Kulawa da cibiyoyin sarrafawa

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Kamar yadda yankin Asiya ya kasance gida ga ɗimbin jahohi kowannensu yana da mabambanta ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɗabi'u ko al'adu daban-daban, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Asiya ba ta da hurumi ɗaya ta tsakiya dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya

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Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya

Yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama a cikin babban yankin Asiya a yau ba su cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin da ta zartar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, akasarin waɗanda aka zaɓa su kada kuri'ar amincewa da ita (wato Afghanistan, Pakistan, India). Wannan sanarwar tana da labarai 30 da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam; misali:

  • Mataki na 1: Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma suna da daidaito da hakkoki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.[33]
  • Mataki na 9: Babu wanda za a kama shi, tsare shi ko kuma gudun hijira.[33]
  • Mataki na 19: Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da' yancin riƙe ra'ayoyi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyin ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba.[33]

An ƙirƙiri UDHR ne da fatan kafa matsayin rayuwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, tabbatar da yanayin ɗan adam ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da jiharsu ba. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar UDHR a matsayin babbar hukuma game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kodayake ba ta da iko akan jihohi don haka har yanzu jihohi da yawa suna yin watsi da su a kai a kai lokacin da hanyoyin da za su dace da muradun jiha.[34]

Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN

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Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, za a iya la'akari da Ƙungiyar Al'umman Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) a matsayin ƙungiyar yanki mafi yawan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Asiya. ASEAN tana aiki ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, tare da kasashe membobin da suka hada da Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, da Laos. Duk da yake ASEAN da farko ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kwanan nan ta fara fadada aikinta zuwa wasu yankuna na al'ummar kudu maso gabobin Asiya (watau haƙƙin ɗan adam). A shekarar 2009, ASEAN ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam ta ASEAN da fatan za ta taimaka wajen ingantawa da tsara yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. Hukumar ta kirkiro kuma daga baya ta amince da sabuwar Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN a watan Nuwamba na 2012 wanda ya yi kira ga' yanci na asali da na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sanarwar tana da labarai 40 wadanda suka hada da:

  • Mataki na 3: Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin amincewa a ko'ina a matsayin mutum a gaban doka. Kowane mutum daidai ne a gaban doka. Kowane mutum yana da damar samun daidaitattun kariya daga doka ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.[35]
  • Mataki na 11: Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin rayuwa wanda doka za ta kare shi. Babu wani mutum da za a hana rai sai dai bisa ga doka.[36]
  • Mataki na 22: Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin haƙuri, nuna bambanci da kuma tayar da ƙiyayya bisa ga addini da imani za a kawar da su.[36]
  • Mataki na 33: Ya kamata kasashe membobin ASEAN su dauki matakai, kowannensu kuma ta hanyar taimakon yanki da na kasa da kasa da hadin kai, musamman tattalin arziki da fasaha, zuwa iyakar albarkatun da ke akwai, tare da hangen nesa don cimma cikakkiyar fahimtar haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka amince da su a cikin wannan Sanarwar.[36]

Yayin da dukkan kasashe mambobin kungiyar ASEAN suka amince da sanarwar kare hakin dan Adam, har yanzu akwai alamun keta hakkin bil'adama a yankin duk da kayyadaddun dokokin da suka sabawa ayyukan da ake yi. Kasancewar wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, yana nuna ci gaba game da amincewa da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin da a al'adance ba ya nuna sha'awar amincewa da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.[37]

Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a

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Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a (CESR) tana mai da hankali kan tarin haƙƙoƙi, gami da haƙƙin siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin zamantakewa, da dai sauransu. CESR tana aiki a duk faɗin Asiya, sau da yawa tana ba da hadin kai tare da Taron Asiya Pacific (APF) yayin aiki don inganta yanayin haƙƙofo a yankunan da CESR ba ta da kafawa. CESR ta zaɓi inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idoji a duk faɗin Asiya ta hanyar tallafawa Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa (NHRIs). Maimakon ƙoƙarin aiwatar da canji a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, CESR da APF suna ba da sabis da zaɓuɓɓukan tallafi iri-iri ga NHRIs a duk faɗin Asiya a ƙarƙashin da'awar cewa waɗannan Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na cikin gida za su iya turawa don canji da kyau fiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa.[38] Wasu fa'idodi ga Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa sun hada da:

  • NHRIs suna da alaƙa da aka ayyana bisa doka tare da jihar, wanda ke ba su ikon saka idanu kan bin ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya [38]
  • NHRIs sun dogara da kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari fiye da kungiyoyin shari'a ko na jama'a da kuma ƙwarewar shari'a don karɓar korafe-korafe da bincika doka da aiki; suna ba da shawara, taimako da haɓaka iyawa ga gwamnati [38]
  • Matsayi na musamman tsakanin gwamnati, jama'a da tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NHRIs na iya hadawa da 'yan wasan gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba [38]
  • A matsayin cibiyoyin dindindin, NHRIs suna iya bin diddigin batutuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci don gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a matakin cika haƙƙoƙi [38]

Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya

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The Association for Human Rights in Central Asia (AHRCA) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2006. Wannan ƙungiya ta fi mayar da hankali kan sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa ciki har da azabtarwa, mummunan yanayin aiki, ƙuntatawa LGBTQ, danniya na kafofin watsa labaru, da dai sauransu. Maimakon aiwatar da canjin da kansu, AHRCA ta dogara sosai kan hanyoyin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo canji a tsakiyar Asiya.[39] AHRCA yana mai da hankali ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba:

  • Tsaro daga azabtarwa[39]
  • Taimako ga fursunonin siyasa
  • Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira[39]
  • 'Yanci na Addini

Shirye-shiryen masu fafutuka na baya-bayan nan sun hada da AHRCA na yin kira da a kaurace wa audugar Uzbek ta kasa da kasa saboda ta dogara kacokan kan aikin dole yara idan aka girbe.[40][41]

Human Rights Watch (HRW)

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Ana ɗaukar Human Rights Watch (HRW) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama masu zaman kansu mafi aminci a duniya. An kafa kungiyar ta HRW a shekara ta 1978 kuma tana sa ido kan kasashe a duniya, tana buga rahotanni sama da 100 na shekara-shekara tare da samar da yada labaran karya game da take hakkin dan Adam. Bugu da kari, HRW na ganawa akai-akai tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci (wato Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka, da dai sauransu) don ba da shawarwari kan manufofi, bayanai, da dai sauransu. Baya ga dimbin sa ido da HRW ke bugawa duk shekara, kungiyar ta kuma mai da hankali sosai kan samar da sauyi a yankunan da suke aiki a ciki. Misali, HRW ta himmatu wajen shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin zanga-zangar ko masu fafutuka a kan batutuwa iri-iri (watau kona shara a Lebanon). HRW ta shafe shekaru da dama tana shiga cikin yankin Asiya, tana fitar da rahotanni daban-daban da suka a kowace kasa ta Asiya. Wadannan rahotanni sun mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwa da dama da suka hada da ‘yancin walwala, ‘yancin mata, aikin yara da dai sauransu.[42]

Tarayyar Turai

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European Union flag, dark blue background with a circle of gold stars in the center.
Fadar Tarayyar Turai

Baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnatocin yankin da aka ambata a baya da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke ba da gudummawar ka'idoji da sa ido a gabashin Asiya, Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta taka rawar gani a 'yan shekarun nan. Duk da cewa a baya ba a sa ran EU za ta tsoma baki a cikin tambayoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kudurin da cibiyar ta yi kan Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya ta fadada ikon EU don rufe take hakkin bil'adama a duniya, gami da wadanda ke faruwa a gabashin Asiya. Rubutun farko na wannan tsarin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2019. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Majalisar Turai ta kafa Yarjejeniyar. Tsarin ya himmatu musamman don "haɓaka sabon tsarin takunkumin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU a kwance don magance manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafi a duk duniya".[43] Kungiyar ta EU ta shafe shekaru da dama tana sa ido kan ci gaban kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kamar yadda fitar da wasu bayanai da aka yi a bainar jama'a da suka yi Allah wadai da kasashen da suka aikata laifuka. Daya daga cikin bayanan farko ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kungiyar EU ta yi wa gwamnatin kasar Sin bincike a bainar jama'a kan hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kasar Kirista guda tara.[44] Duk da sabon salo na yin aiki tare da sa ido kan hakkin dan Adam na gabashin Asiya, za a iya gane gagarumin kokarin da kungiyar EU ta yi dangane da tashe-tashen hankula da ke faruwa a lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin. A watan Fabrairun 2020, EU ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa Chen Mingguo na kasar Sin ne ke da alhakin "kare ba bisa ka'ida ba da wulakanci da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Uighur da mutanen wasu tsiraru musulmi, da kuma keta hakkinsu na addini ko akida".[45] Baya ga waɗannan zarge-zarge, Tarayyar Turai ta shirya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da kuma daskarewa a cikin iyakokin aiki na Xinjiang, don haka yana nuna aiwatar da takunkumi na manufofi a fuskar take hakkin dan adam na Gabashin Asiya.

Muhimman keta haƙƙin ɗan adam

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2005 tashin hankali na Andijan

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Cocin Andijan

Rikicin kare hakkin dan adam na Andijan na 2005 ya faru ne a Uzbekistan kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan farar hula a tarihin baya-bayan nan, ganin mutuwar farar hula da aka kiyasta tsakanin 200 da sama da 1500. Wannan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga rashin son gwamnati ta saki 'yan kasuwa 23 na cikin gida waɗanda aka tuhume su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsattsa ra'ayi da rabuwa. Wani karamin rukuni na 'yan bindiga ya taru a waje da kurkuku inda ake tsare da wadannan' yan kasuwa kuma ya fitar da su da sassafe, ya kashe masu tsaron kurkuku da yawa kuma ya kama jami'an gwamnati daban-daban.[46] 'Yan ƙasa na Uzbek sun tafi kan tituna don tallafawa wannan hutun kurkuku, suna mamaye Babar Square don nuna rashin amincewa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, tsarin shari'a mara adalci, da sauransu. Sojojin gwamnati sun toshe dukkan hanyoyi zuwa filin da fatan za su iya shawo kan zanga-zangar,[47] amma da yawa sun wuce sojojin da ƙafa kuma sun shiga zanga-zambe. Akwai rahotanni na farko na musayar bindiga tsakanin fararen hula da sojoji, amma masu zanga-zangar a Babar Square ba su hana su ba kuma sun kasance a wuri ɗaya. Tsakanin karfe 5 na yamma zuwa 6 na yamma, gwamnati ta fara babban hari a kan Babar Square ba tare da wani gargadi ba. Sojojin Uzbek sun yi amfani da bindigogi, bindigogi masu kai hari, da masu dauke da makamai (APCs) a kan fararen hula masu zanga-zangar, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a kan maza, mata, da yara. Daga baya an samu rahotanni game da sojoji da ke kashe fararen hula da suka ji rauni da kuma motsa daruruwan gawawwakin cikin kaburbura.[48] Duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta dauki mataki ne kawai a kan kungiyoyin ta'addanci da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin zanga-zangar, Uzbekistan ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani na kasa da kasa bayan kisan kiyashi na Andijan.

Kisan kare dangi na Khmer Rouge

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'Yan gurguzu na Cambodia ne suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi na Khmer Rouge tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979. Wannan kungiya ta siyasa ta kasance tana kara yawan al'ummarta sannu a hankali yayin da kungiyoyi irin su Viet Cong da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam ke rike da makamai a lokaci guda. Bayan nasarar Khmer Rouge a yakin basasar Cambodia a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ta fara kisan gilla da zai addabi kasashen na tsawon rabin shekaru masu zuwa. An yi kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu a rikicin Khmer Rouge ya kai tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 3, inda a kalla rabin wadannan kisa na da alaka da siyasa. Wadanda ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na siyasa ba sun mutu ko dai daga mummunan yanayin aiki ko azabtarwa ta hanyar kisa. Gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta aiwatar da manufofinta na injiniyan zamantakewa sosai, yawancinsu sun mai da hankali kan nishaɗin al'ummar manoma.[49] Wannan mayar da hankali ya haifar da korar jama'ar garuruwan Cambodia da yawa daga baya kuma an tilastawa jama'ar birane yin tattaki zuwa yankunan karkara domin yin aikin noma (yawanci shinkafa). Bugu da ƙari, Khmer Rouge ya sa ran samar da shinkafa a kowace hekta zuwa sau uku daga ton 1 zuwa 3; Wannan tsammanin bai yi la'akari da babban rashin aiki da aka haifar ba ta hanyar sanya jama'ar gari cikin ayyukan yi na karkara.[50] Yawan jama'ar birni ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don cimma burin Khmer Rouge kuma an kashe da yawa a matsayin masu zagon ƙasa na tattalin arziki (wanda aka lakafta shi saboda yawan samar da su). An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da farko da bindigogi, amma sakamakon karancin albarusai, matasan Cambodia suna dauke da manyan makamai da kuma tilasta musu aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan makiya Khmer Rouge. An gano kimanin kaburbura 20,000 tun bayan faduwar Khmer Rouge a shekarar 1979. A shekarar 2014, shugabannin Khmer Rouge Nuon Chea da Khieu Samphan sun fuskanci hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama.[51]

Kisan kiyashi na Daoxian

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Mao Zedong, shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, ganawa da Richard Nixon, Shugaban Amurka

Kisan Daoxian ya faru ne a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu na kasar Sin, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 66 tsakanin ranekun 13 ga watan Agusta zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1967. Wadanda aka yi wa kisan kiyashi ana zargin makiya ne na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP). Yawanci, jami'an CCP na gida da masu goyon bayan juyin juya hali sun aiwatar da kame ba bisa ka'ida ba; Wadanda aka kama kuma daga baya wasu jami'an CCP na gida ko kuma 'yan bindiga suka kashe su sun sami ɗan gajeren shari'a, rashin adalci inda waɗanda ke yanke hukunci su ne mutanen da suka ba da umarnin kama su da kansu. An kashe wadanda aka kashe ta hanyoyi da dama, da suka hada da harbe-harbe, duka, da yanke kawunansu. Kungiyoyin da ke da alhakin kashe-kashen sun samu karin albashi da kuma inganta rayuwar su. Yayin da CCP ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba, ba ta dauki wani matakin dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba har sai da korafe-korafe da dama daga wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Daoxian ya kai matakin gwamnati. An kawo karshen kashe-kashen ne biyo bayan tura runduna ta 47 ta Soji amma ba a taba hukunta wadanda suka aikata kisan ba.[52][53]

Cin zarafin kisan kiyashi a Bangladesh

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Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh na 1971 ya ga mambobin Sojojin Pakistan da masu goyon bayansu sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata 200,000 da 400,000 fyade a cikin yunkurin kashe kabilanci. Shugabannin soji na Pakistan sun ayyana mayakan 'yanci na Bengali a matsayin "Hindu" kuma cewa matansu kawai ganimar yaki ce ga sojoji su yi amfani da su kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.[54] An tsare mata a sansanoni na musamman inda aka yi musu fyade akai-akai ta hanyar juyawa na sojojin Pakistan; waɗannan mata za su iya tserewa daga sansanonin ne kawai ta hanyar rataye kansu da gashin kansu - aikin da ya haifar da sojoji su aske kawunan dukkan fursunonin sansanin. Wadanda ba a yi musu fyade ba za a yi musu fyaɗe, a kashe su,[55] kuma a yi musu bulala a cikin al'aura. Yayinda sojojin Pakistan suka yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan fyade na tsari daga kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa sun buga rahotanni ko labaru game da wannan fyade na kisan kare dangi; Pakistan daga baya ta sami babban zargi na duniya, suna tsawata musu saboda ayyukansu. Duk da yake sojojin Pakistan suna jayayya cewa babu fiye da 'yan daruruwan shari'o'in fyade, wadanda kawai ayyukan sojoji ne masu karkatarwa, mai yiwuwa ne cewa sojoji sun karɓi manufofin da za su iya kashe mutanen Bengali.

Dubi kuma

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Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Lau, Mimi (2017-07-09). "How China buys the silence of the world's human rights critics". CNBC. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  2. ↑ Bell, Daniel A. (2000). East meets West : human rights and democracy in East Asia ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 344.
  3. ↑ Kumar, Ravindra (2004), Mahatma Gandhi at the Close of Twentieth Century, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., p. 168, ISBN 978-81-261-1736-9, retrieved December 2, 2007.
  4. ↑ Jones, Sidney (1995). "Regional Institutions for Protecting Human Rights in Asia". Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). 89: 475–480. doi:10.1017/S0272503700085074. JSTOR 25658967.
  5. ↑ "Human Rights Declarations in Asia-Pacific". Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  6. ↑ Lee, Yen Nee (June 16, 2020). "Conviction of Philippine journalist points to 'orchestrated attempt' to silence Duterte critics". CNBC.
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  8. ↑ "World Report 2010: Rights Trends in Indonesia". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  9. ↑ "Indonesia: New Arrests for Peaceful Political Expression". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 3 May 2020.[permanent dead link]
  10. ↑ "Afghanistan". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  11. ↑ "Raped, then Assaulted by the Afghan Justice System". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  12. ↑ "UN: WHO Condemns 'Virginity Tests'". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  13. ↑ "World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Kyrgyzstan". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  14. ↑ "World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Kazakhstan". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  15. 1 2 "World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Bangladesh". Human Rights Watch. 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  16. ↑ "Arsenic in drinking water". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  17. ↑ Howard, Guy (2003). Arsenic, Drinking-water and Health Risks Substitution in Arsenic Mitigation: a Discussion Paper (PDF). World Health Organization (Report). Retrieved 2019-01-05.
  18. ↑ "Arsenic in drinking water". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  19. 1 2 Arora, Vishal. "Bhutan's Human Rights Record Defies 'Happiness' Claim". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  20. ↑ "World Report 2018: Rights Trends in India". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
  21. ↑ "Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (in Turanci). 2014-01-14. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  22. 1 2 "World Report 2010: Rights Trends in Pakistan". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  23. ↑ "Observations on the State of Indigenous Rights in the Russian Federation Prepared for the 44th Session of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council" (PDF). Apr 4, 2023.
  24. ↑ "Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Russian North: Main Challenges and Prospects for Future Development". Retrieved May 18, 2024.
  25. ↑ "New Report Highlights Indigenous Rights Violations in Russia". July 11, 2019.
  26. ↑ "Overview: Human Rights in Japan – hurights1". www.hurights.or.jp. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  27. 1 2 "World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Japan". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  28. ↑ "World Report 2018: Rights Trends in South Korea". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  29. ↑ "Mongolia 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  30. ↑ Mongolia Human Rights Report 2016. US State Department, Mongolia Human Rights Report 2016.
  31. ↑ "World Report 2018: Rights Trends in North Korea". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  32. ↑ "North Korea | Amnesty International". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  33. 1 2 3 "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". www.un.org (in Turanci). 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  34. ↑ "Human rights violations endemic in South Asia". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). 28 February 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  35. ↑ "ASEAN Human Rights Declaration UMA". ASEAN | One Vision One Identity One Community (in Turanci). 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  36. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":9".
  37. ↑ "Human rights violations endemic in South Asia". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). 28 February 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 "National Human Rights Institutions | CESR". www.cesr.org (in Turanci). 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  39. 1 2 3 "Association for Human Rights in Central Asia". ahrca.eu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  40. ↑ AHRCA. "Key human rights concerns in Uzbekistan". ahrca.eu (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  41. ↑ "JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf". lib.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  42. ↑ "Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  43. ↑ "EU adopts a global human rights sanctions regime". Council of the European Union (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  44. ↑ "Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union regarding the recent executions of nine persons in Xinjiang" (PDF). Council of the European Union (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  45. ↑ "West sanctions China over Xinjiang abuses, Beijing hits back at EU". Reuters (in Turanci). 22 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  46. ↑ Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Warsaw. 20 June 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  47. ↑ Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  48. ↑ "How the Andijan killings unfolded" (in Turanci). 2005-05-17. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  49. ↑ Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). Genocide and International Justice (in Turanci). Infobase Publishing. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-0-8160-7310-8.
  50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":12".
  51. ↑ Kiernan, Ben (1997). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79 (in Turanci). Yale University Press. pp. 31–158, 251–310. ISBN 978-0-300-09649-1.
  52. ↑ "The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, 1966–1976" Archived 2019-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
  53. ↑ Song Yongyi (25 March 2009), "The Dao County Massacre of 1967", Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, ISSN 1961-9898, archived from the original on 26 July 2010, retrieved 9 September 2023CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  54. ↑ Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi 1998, p. 208.
  55. ↑ Arens, Jenneke (2010). "Genocide in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh". In Samuel Totten; Robert K. Hitchcock (eds.). Genocide of Indigenous Peoples. Transaction. ISBN 978-1-4128-1495-9. p. 128.
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