'Yancin Dan Adam a Bolivia
Kundin tsarin mulkin Bolivia da dokokinta a fasahance sun tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama, amma a aikace waɗannan haƙƙoƙin galibi ba a mutunta su da kuma tilasta su. "Sakamakon take hakkin har abada da gwamnatin Bolivia ta yi wa jama'arta," a cewar gidauniyar ci gaba mai dorewa, "ya haifar da rashin jin dadi da fushi a duk fadin kasar.".[1]
Babban matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasar, a cewar rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2010, shine "kisan kai da azabtarwa da jami'an tsaro suka yi; mawuyacin yanayin kurkuku; zarge-zargen kamawa da tsare-tsare; rashin tasiri, mai nauyi, da cin hanci da rashawa; kafofin watsa labarai 'yanci da rashi na 'yanci' yanci; cin hanci-zarin yara; aikin tilasta wa masu aiki; da tilasta wa Morales kare yanayin aiki a cikin sashin hakar ma'adinai.[2] Barazanar samun 'yancin shari'a, tashin hankali ga mata, da aikin yara wasu manyan damuwa ne. Game da rahoton The Economist mai kwanan wata 1 ga Disamba, 2017, a watan Fabrairun 2016 shugaban hagu na Bolivia, Evo Morales, ya tambayi masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar raba gardama ko ya kamata a ba shi damar tsayawa takara a karo na huɗu a cikin 2019. Sun ce a'a. Amma a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba a wannan shekarar kotun kundin tsarin mulki ta kasar ta ba shi abin da masu jefa kuri'a ba za su iya ba da umarnin cewa wani sashi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki da ke iyakance shugabanni (da sauran jami'an da aka zaba kai tsaye) zuwa wa'adi biyu.
Rahoton na 2001 na kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa ya yaba da sabbin dokoki da sauran kokarin da gwamnatin Bolivia ke yi na inganta hakkin dan Adam; amma rahoton ya kuma nuna damuwa game da "ci gaba da korafe-korafen azabtarwa da sauran cin zarafi, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci, wanda ke haifar da mutuwa a lokuta da dama, a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da a gidajen yari da kuma barikokin soji"; "rashin hukunci da aka yi wa take hakkin dan Adam ... sakamakon rashin gudanar da duk wani bincike na korafe-korafe da kuma tafiyar hawainiya da gazawar irin wannan binciken"; rashin aiwatar da dokokin da ke kafa iyakar lokacin tsarewa; yanayin gidan yari; “matakan ladabtarwa” da ake yi wa sojoji a wasu lokutan; “Yin amfani da karfi da bindigogi da ‘yan sanda da sojoji suka yi wajen murkushe zanga-zangar da ba ta dace ba; cin zarafin masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama; da komawa Peru na 'yan gudun hijira "ba tare da bin ka'idodin tsari ba.
'Yancin asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake dokar Bolivia ta tabbatar da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnati da kafofin watsa labarai ba ta da kyau, kuma an tuhumi gwamnati da "yin aiki da aka tsara don ƙuntata kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu ko kuma karfafa tantance kansu". Duk da yake akwai kafofin watsa labarai da yawa da ke aiki ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba, gami da yawa waɗanda ke sukar gwamnati, mutanen da ke zaune a wasu yankunan karkara ba su da tushen labarai sai rediyo na gwamnati. Har ila yau, zagi jami'an gwamnati laifi ne wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru uku; Kotun Labarai mai zaman kanta tana da ikon hukunta 'yan jarida. Wani rahoto na 2010 na Freedom House ya bayyana 'yan jaridar Bolivia a matsayin "yanci" kuma yana ƙara zama marasa 'yanci. A shekara ta 2010, akwai shari'o'i 60 na rahoton tashin hankali na jiki ko barazanar magana da aka yi wa 'yan jarida 111.[2]
Wani rukuni na mutanen da ke rufe fuska sun shiga gidan rediyo na ɗan jarida Fernando Vidal a watan Oktoba na 2012 yayin da yake cikin iska kuma sun ƙone shi, a bayyane yake a matsayin fansa ga sukar da Vidal ya yi wa masu safarar mutane da / ko jami'an gwamnati.[3]
Duk da dukkan kalubalen da ake fuskanta a Bolivia, Human Rights Watch ya bayyana kasar a matsayin mai jin daɗin "muhawara ta jama'a, tare da kafofin watsa labarai masu mahimmanci da masu goyon bayan gwamnati," kodayake ya yarda cewa yanayin ƙasa "yana da rikici a siyasa".[4]
''Yan Bolivia suna jin daɗin shiga Intanet kyauta, 'yancin ilimi, 'yancin yin taro, da 'yancin yin addini. Haka kuma suna da ’yancin yin tafiya a cikin ƙasa, da ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen waje, da ’yancin yin ƙaura da komawa gida. A aikace, duk da haka, masu zanga-zangar suna yawan yin motsi a cikin ƙasar da wahala ta hanyar toshe manyan tituna. Har ila yau, kasancewar yawancin 'yan Bolivia ba su da takaddun shaida ya sa ya yi musu wahala samun fasfo.
Zaben kyauta ne kuma yana da adalci, kodayake gaskiyar da aka ambata a sama cewa yawancin Bolivians ba su da takardun shaida na iya hana su jefa kuri'a.
Duk da yake ana iya azabtar da cin hanci da rashawa, yana faruwa akai-akai a duk rassan gwamnatin Bolivia.
Dokar Bolivia ba ta samar da damar jama'a ga bayanan gwamnati ba.[2]
'Yancin siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yan Bolivia suna jin daɗin yin zabe a cikin zaɓen siyasa na yau da kullun da kuma taruwa don zanga-zangar siyasa. Sau da yawa, duk da haka, zanga-zangar siyasa sun koma cikin tashin hankali, kuma sojoji da 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da matakan tashin hankali don dawo da tsari. jam'iyyun siyasa na Bolivia sun fito ne daga hannun dama zuwa hagu, kuma ba a hana 'yan ƙasa shiga jam'iyyar siyasa da suka zaɓa ba.
Hakkin ma'aikata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin ma'aikata a cikin kamfanoni tare da ma'aikata 20 ko fiye ana ba su izinin yin aiki, idan mafi yawan ma'aikata suna so su kasance cikin ƙungiyar kwadago, kodayake wannan haƙƙin ba koyaushe ake girmamawa a aikace ba. Dole ne membobin kwamitin kungiyoyin kwadago su zama 'yan asalin ƙasar Bolivia, kuma ba a yarda da kungiyoyin kwadoro su shiga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ba. Kafin yajin aiki, dole ne ƙungiyoyin kwadago su nemi sulhu na hukuma; Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati na iya tilasta ma'aikata su shiga sasantawa don kammala yajin aiki.
Ba a yarda ma’aikatan gwamnati su yi yajin aikin ba, kodayake wasu sun yi hakan ba tare da an hukunta su ba. Wasu kungiyoyin kwadagon suna da alakar gwamnati kuma suna aiki a karkashin matsin lamba na gwamnati. Gabaɗaya magana, ma'aikatan Bolivia suna da iyakacin haƙƙin yin ciniki tare ba tare da sa hannun gwamnati ba. Akwai Kotun Ma'aikata ta ƙasa da ke magance wariyar launin fata, amma ana iya ɗaukar fiye da shekara guda kafin ta yanke hukunci, wanda lokacin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen ba su da amfani.
Kodayake aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, yara da yawa da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin bayi ne. Duk da yake yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, a aikace Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ba ta tilasta wannan doka, kuma yara da yawa suna aiki a hakar ma'adinai da sauran sana'o'i masu haɗari. Karuwanci na yara ya zama ruwan dare, kuma al'adar gargajiya da aka sani da "criadito," inda iyalai na asali ke sayar da yaransu ga iyalai masu arziki don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gida, ya yadu, duk da haramtacciyar doka.
Akwai mafi karancin albashi, amma yana da ƙarancin gaske, kuma mutane da yawa suna samun ƙasa da haka. Akwai dokoki da ke saita matsakaicin mako na aiki da kuma kafa wasu irin waɗannan iyakoki, amma ba a aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata ba. Yawancin Bolivians sun mutu saboda yanayin aiki mara kyau, musamman a cikin ma'adinai da kuma gine-gine.[2]
Cin zarafin mata da yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cin zarafin mata da yara ya yadu kuma sau da yawa ba a bayar da rahoto a Bolivia ba. Rikicin iyali, lokacin da aka ruwaito, yana haifar da 'yan kwanaki kawai a kurkuku da karamin tarar. Gwamnatin Bolivia, tare da hadin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana aiki don hana cin zarafin mata da yara na Bolivia a cikin Bolivia da kasashen waje. Hukuncin fyade ya zama mafi tsanani a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wadanda aka yanke musu hukuncin fyade, gami da fyade na doka, suna fuskantar lokaci mai yawa a kurkuku. Koyaya, wanda aka azabtar dole ne ya gabatar da tuhuma don fyade ya zama laifi.
'Yancin mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A karkashin dokar Bolivia, mata suna jin daɗin daidaito, amma mata da yawa ba su san abin da hakkinsu suke ba kuma, a aikace, galibi ana bi da su a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na biyu. Rape da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata sun yadu. Cibiyar Bayanai da Ci gaban Mata (CIDEM) ta ce kashi 70 cikin 100 na matan Bolivia suna fama da cin zarafin wasu nau'o'i. Ana iya hukunta fyade ta hanyar shekaru 20 a kurkuku; fyade da tilasta wa babba, har zuwa shekaru 10. A cikin 2013, Bolivia ta zartar da sabuwar dokar cin zarafin gida, wacce ta haramta nau'o'in cin zarafin mata da yawa, gami da fyade a aure.[5] Sau da yawa ana hana mata na karkara hakkinsu na gado, kuma ana hana mata a wurin aiki damar samun albashi daidai. A karkashin dokar Bolivia, rabin 'yan takara a zaben birni dole ne mata su kasance.[2]
Cin zarafin mata a Bolivia "yana yaduwa kuma ba a bayar da rahoto ba ko kuma ba a hukunta shi ba," a cewar Gidauniyar Ci Gaban Ci gaba. "Mutumin mata, tattalin arziki, da haƙƙin zamantakewa sun fi ƙasa, suna iyakance ikon su na zama wakilai don canjin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. " [6] Wani rahoto na 2008 na Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga Mata ya yi kira ga hukumomin Bolivia "don ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da cikakken aiwatar da dokokin da ke akwai game da daidaiton jinsi, "don daidaita hanyoyin sake dubawa" na dokokinta tare da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da Dukkanin nuna bambanci a kan Mata, da kuma "don soke duk dokokin farar hula da hanawa da tanadin mata, gami da hanawa ga tabbatar da nuna bambancin farar hula"
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma yi kira ga Bolivia da ta dauki mataki don inganta ci gaban mata a cikin al'umma, don yaki da bambancin jinsi, don shawo kan kafa dabi'un jima'i da nuna bambanci na gargajiya, da kuma yaki da cin zarafin jima'i. Ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa Bolivia "ta tabbatar da cewa duk manufofi da shirye-shiryen kawar da talauci sun haɗa da hangen nesa na jinsi kuma a bayyane suke magance yanayin tsari da kuma nau'ikan talauci da mata ke fuskanta, musamman mata da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, 'yan asalin mata, tsofaffi mata da mata masu nakasa. " Har ila yau, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar Bolivia "ƙarfafa kokarin ta aiwatar da shirye-tafiye masu inganci a duk fadin kasa a fannonin ilimi na aiki, ƙwarewa da horar da samar da samun kudin shiga, gami da samar da tsarin samar da tsarin kula da kayan aikin zamantakewa, a matsayin hanyar kula da matakan kiwon lafiya na mata na asali, a matsayin mata.
Hakkin yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaran da aka haifa a Bolivia, ban da wadanda aka haifa ga jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje, 'yan asalin Bolivia ne, kamar yadda yara da ke da akalla iyaye daya na Bolivia.
Cin zarafin yara na jiki da na baki ya zama ruwan dare a makarantun Bolivia. Yara tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 16 waɗanda aka yi imanin sun aikata laifi ba su da damar yin shari'a kuma a maimakon haka ana iya tsare su har abada a cibiyoyin musamman bisa umarnin ma'aikacin zamantakewa. Dubban yara suna zaune a kan titunan birni. Har ila yau, akwai yara masu karuwanci da yawa, da yara da yawa waɗanda ake fataucin su zuwa wasu ƙasashe don yin aikin tilas. Wani rahoto na 2008 na Pastoral de Movilidad Humana ya nuna cewa kowane wata kusan yara goma a kudancin Bolivia "sun ɓace kuma ana zaton wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. " Mai kare yara da matasa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ake tuhuma da kare haƙƙin yara, tana da ofisoshi 194 a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Bolivia ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.[2]
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara, a cikin wani rahoto na 2009, ya yi kira ga Bolivia da ta "yi duk matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa ana bi da yara a matsayin masu haƙƙin mallaka". Musamman ta nemi hukumomin Bolivia da su magance "ƙananan shekarun doka da ba daidai ba don yin aure," da kuma cin zarafin yara (ciki har da cin zarafin 'yan sanda), yawan yara da ke zaune ba tare da iyaye ko masu kulawa ba, da kuma gazawar tsarin shari'ar yara. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa Bolivia "ta kafa mai kula da yara ko dai daban ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na ofishin mai kula da mata (Defensor del Pueblo) " kuma tabbatar da cewa irin wannan mai kula da "ya dace da ka'idodin Paris. " Kwamitin ya kuma ambaci wasu matsaloli da yawa da ke shafar yara na Bolivia, kamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yanayin yara da ke zaune a kurkuku tare da iyayensu fursunoni, "yancin yara su yi wasa," aikin yara, da sace yara.
Cinikin mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin tattalin arziki ya haifar da fataucin mutane da aikin yara a Bolivia. Sau da yawa ana fataucin yara don aiki.
Karuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Karuwanci doka ce a Bolivia, amma ana ɗaukar mata da yawa na Bolivia ba tare da son ransu ba zuwa wasu ƙasashe kuma an tilasta su yin aiki a karuwanci don karamin diyya.
'Yancin nakasassu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nuna bambanci ga nakasassu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba. Dokar kan nakasassu ta buƙaci duk gine-ginen jama'a da masu zaman kansu su kasance masu iya shiga cikin keken guragu; akwai Kwamitin Kasa na nakasassu wanda ake tuhuma da kare haƙƙin nakasassu.[2]
Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan jama'ar Bolivia, an hana su haƙƙin ƙasa saboda mallakar ƙasarsu ta gargajiya a ƙarƙashin tsarin "ayllu". Kodayake dokar Bolivia ta buƙaci cewa a gyara laifuffuka ga mutane da kungiyoyin da suka taɓa mallakar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin, rashin adalci a wannan gaba har yanzu yana da yawa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar ba su da isasshen wakilci a cikin gwamnati kuma suna fama da rashin aikin yi.[2]
Amnesty International ta koka a cikin wani rahoto na 2012 cewa hukumomin Bolivia sun yanke shawara game da gina babbar hanyar da ke fadin yankin Isiboro Sécure Indigenous Territory da National Park (Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Secure, TIPNIS) ba tare da tuntuɓar 'yan asalin da ke zaune a can ba. Wannan rashin shawarwari ya haifar da rikice-rikice da rikice, tare da wasu 'yan asalin da ke goyon bayan hanya da wasu ke adawa da ita, kuma gwamnati ta sauya shirye-shiryenta fiye da sau ɗaya.[7]
Human Rights Watch ta nemi Bolivia a cikin 2011 don tabbatar da "bincike mai sauri, mai zurfi, da rashin son kai" game da zargin 'yan sanda da ke cin zarafin masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a kusa da Yucomo a ranar 25 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar. Wani rahoto daga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Rigakafin Nuna Bambanci, wanda aka bayar a wannan shekarar, ya yi kira ga Bolivia da ta dauki hanyoyin gaggawa don tabbatar da cewa mutanen Guaraní suna iya amfani da hakkinsu, gami da hakkinsu na dawo da ƙasashen kakanninsu.[8]
Dangane da kundin tsarin mulki da doka na Bolivia, an kafa "gundumomi na asali" guda bakwai na musamman don kara yawan shiga 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin siyasar ƙasa.[2]
'Yancin masu neman mafaka da' yan gudun hijira
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bolivia tana ba da kariya ga 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, kodayake yawan irin waɗannan mutane a cikin ƙasar ba su da yawa.[2]
Hakkin rukuni na 'yan tsiraru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin mulkin Bolivia ya haramta nuna bambanci na launin fata, kuma Dokar Anti-Racism ta 2010 tana buƙatar azabtar da nuna bambanci da harshen wariyar launin fata, amma a zahiri akwai nuna bambanci mai yawa na launin fata a duk waɗannan dalilai, tare da ƙananan 'yan tsiraru na baƙar fata na ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin matsanancin zalunci da zalunci. [9] Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Rigakafin Nuna Bambanci na launin fata, a cikin wani rahoto na Maris 2011, ya yi kira ga Bolivia da ta kara kokarin ta na yaki da nuna bambancin launin fata.[8]
Hakkin LGBT
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Bolivia ta haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga yanayin jima'i, kuma ana ba da izinin masu canza launin fata su canza sunansu da jinsi bisa doka. A aikace, duk da haka, nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT ya yadu. Akwai kungiyoyin kare hakkin LGBT, kuma zanga-zangar kare hakkin gay da kuma zanga-zanga na alfahari da gay suna faruwa tare da amincewar hukuma kuma 'yan sanda suna kare su.[9]
'Yancin mutanen da aka kama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kodayake irin wannan kamawa yana faruwa. A karkashin doka, fursunoni suna da damar fuskantar alƙali a cikin awanni 24, kodayake ba koyaushe ana girmama wannan haƙƙin ba. Yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma ba za su iya samun lauya ba kuma wadatar masu kare jama'a ba ta isa ba. Kodayake dokar Bolivia ta haramta lokacin da ba a yi shari'a ba wanda ya wuce watanni 18, ya zama ruwan dare ga lokutan tsare-tsare kafin a yi shariʼa ya fi wannan lokaci. A kan umarnin ma'aikacin zamantakewa, ana iya gudanar da yara tsakanin 11 zuwa 16 har abada a cibiyoyin musamman ba tare da sake dubawa na shari'a ba. Kodayake an haramta azabtarwa a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki da doka na Bolivia, jami'an tsaro suna shiga cikinta akai-akai, kuma azabtarwa ga irin waɗannan keta doka ba ta da yawa.[9]
'Yancin mutane a shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayyana bangaren shari'a na Bolivia a matsayin "mai cin hanci da rashawa, mai yawa, kuma ya raunana ta hanyar gurbi a mafi girman matakansa. " Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, Kotun Koli ta Bolivia tana da shari'o'i 8,000, gami da shari'ar da ta fara zuwa shekara ta 2003, kuma Majalisar Shari'a, wacce ake tuhumar da kulawar shari'a, tana da babban koma baya. Tsarin shari'ar soja yana "guje wa hukunce-hukuncen da za su kunyata sojoji".
A hukumance, wadanda ake tuhuma suna jin daɗin haƙƙin a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin Bolivia don yin shari'a da sauri, ga lauya, don aiwatar da shi, da kuma daukaka kara. A aikace, ana keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sau da yawa. Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (IACHR) ta ruwaito a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, cewa "kashi 55 cikin dari na kananan hukumomi ne kawai ke da alƙalai, kashi 23 cikin dari na masu binciken gwamnati, da kashi 3 cikin dari na kare jama'a".
Idan ya zo ga matsayin 'yan sanda da shari'a, yawancin Bolivia, a zahiri, duk ba bisa doka ba ne. Kodayake kundin tsarin mulkin Bolivia ya haramta hukuncin kisa, a wurare da yawa rashin ingantaccen aikin 'yan sanda da tsarin kotu mai aiki sosai yana haifar da abin da ake kira "adalci na al'umma" - a wasu kalmomi, 'yan zanga-zangar da ke ɗaukar doka a hannunsu kuma suna kashe masu aikata laifuka. A shekara ta 2010, akwai kimanin irin waɗannan shari'o'i 15. Ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar 2010 ya haɗa da kamawa da kashe 'yan sanda huɗu a garin Uncia waɗanda aka ruwaito sun shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa da kisan kai; wani shari'a a wannan shekarar ya haɗa da binne' yan'uwa uku da rai a garin Tapacari dangane da rikici na gida game da layin dukiya.[9]
Gidauniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam, a cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta 2008, ta bayyana a fili cewa lynchings da sauran "ayyukan zalunci kamar ratayewa, gicciye, dutse, binnewa da rai, da ƙonewa," wanda 'yan zanga-zangar suka aikata a Bolivia da sunan "adalci na al'umma," ba za a iya la'akari da halattaccen ayyukan adalci ba, kuma sun yi gargadi cewa ana ci gaba da irin waɗannan ayyukan taron. Da yake lura da cewa Shugaba Evo Morales ya "yi ikirarin cewa kungiyoyin da ba su da izini ya kamata su yi amfani da adalci na al'umma" kuma ya goyi bayan "haskakawa a matsayin hanyar 'alamu' na ba da adalci na jama'a," HRF ya bayyana cewa matsayin Morales "ba zai yiwu ba a cikin hasken tabbacin da aka tsara a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Bolivia" [10]
'Yancin fursunoni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fursunoni na Bolivia sun cika da cunkoson jama'a, sun lalace, da rashin bin doka da oda, kuma kayan abinci da kula da lafiya kusan ba su isa ba. Gabaɗaya, jami'an gidan yari ne kawai ke kula da "bangaren tsaro na waje" na waɗannan cibiyoyin, yayin da cikin gida ke ƙarƙashin ikon fursunonin da kansu, tare da fursunonin ke jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyoyi daga bayan gidajen kurkuku. Ana samun tashe-tashen hankula a gidajen yarin Bolivia da suka hada da fursunoni da jami'an gidan yari, kuma cin hanci da rashawa daga bangaren masu gadi da masu gadi ya yadu. Fursunonin da ke da kyau za su iya shirya don ingantacciyar yanayin rayuwa, ƙarin ƙa'idodin ziyartar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, gajeriyar wa'adin kurkuku, da canjawa zuwa mafi kyawun gidajen yari. An san wasu fursunoni suna fama da cututtuka irin su tarin fuka. Fursunonin suna iya samun kwaya da barasa akai-akai, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da yara azaman masu jigilar kwayoyi. Galibi ana ɗaure masu laifin tare da manya, kuma aƙalla a kurkuku maza da mata suna tsare tare. A karkashin dokar Bolivia, ma'aurata da yara masu shekaru shida an yarda su zauna tare da iyaye a kurkuku, amma a aikace yara masu shekaru 12 suna yin haka. Fursunonin suna da 'yancin yin korafi game da cin zarafi da ake yi musu, amma ba kasafai suke yin hakan ba saboda tsoron daukar fansa[9]
- ↑ "Human Rights Issues in Bolivia". The Foundation for Sustainable Deployment. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 "2010 Human Rights Report: Bolivia". US Department of State. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
- ↑ "Media Centre". Amnesty International. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
- ↑ "Human Rights in Bolivia". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
- ↑ "New Law Mandates Harsh Penalties and Broad Services to Address Violence Against Woman in Bolivia | ANDEAN INFORMATION NETWORK" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ↑ "Human Rights Opportunities in Bolivia". Foundation for Sustainable Development. Retrieved January 17, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Governments must stop imposing development projects on Indigenous peoples' territories". Amnesty International. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Bolivia: Investigate Crackdown on Protesters". Human Rights Watch. 29 September 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "2010 Human Rights Report: Bolivia".
- ↑ "Lynching, Communal Justice, and Bolivia's New Constitution". Human Rights Foundation. Archived from the original on August 13, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2013.