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'Yancin Dan Adam a Burma

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Burma
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Hakkin dan adam a Myanmar a karkashin mulkin soja an dauki shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi munin duniya.[1][2] A cikin Shekara ta 2022,gidan yanci ta kimanta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Myanmar a kaso 9 daga cikin 100 (ba kyauta ba). [3]

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

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Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa ciki har da Human Rights Watch, [4]Afuwa ta ƙasa da kasa [5] da American Association for the Advancement of Science [6] sun sake rubutawa da kuma hukunta yaduwar take hakkin dan adam a Myanmar. Rahoton yancin na Duniya a shekarar 2011 na Freedom House ya lura cewa "Junta ta soja ta... hana kusan dukkanin hakkoki na asali; kuma ta aikata cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam ba tare da hukuntawa ba. " A cikin shekarata 2011 "kasar fiye da fursunonin siyasa 2,100 sun hada da kimanin mambobi 429 na NLD, masu nasara a zaben shekarar 1990. " A watan Yulin shekarar 2013, a cewar Kungiyar Taimako ga Fursunonin Siyasa, akwai kimanin fursunonin Siyaya 100 a cikin kurkuku na Burma.[7]

A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2012, Samantha Power, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama na Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ya rubuta a shafin yanar gizon Fadar White House kafin ziyarar Shugaban cewa "mummunar cin zarafin' yancin dan adam ga fararen hula a yankuna da yawa suna ci gaba, gami da mata da yara. " [8] Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira akai-akai [9] ga tsoffin gwamnatocin soja na Burma da su mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma a sanya wani ƙuduri don kawo karshen ci gaba da take hakkin dan adam na gaggawa na duniya "don kawo karshen matakan gaggawa na mulkin mallaka na duniya".

Aikin tilasta, fataucin mutane da aikin yara sun zama ruwan dare.[10] Har ila yau, rundunar sojin Burma ta shahara da yin amfani da tashin hankali na jima'i a matsayin kayan sarrafawa, gami da zargin fyade da sojoji suka yi da kuma karbar bayi na jima'i, aikin da ya ci gaba a shekarar 2012. [11][12] 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, kwamitin mambobi uku a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun gudanar da aikin gano gaskiyar. Wannan aikin an yi shi ne don "kafa gaskiyar da yanayin da ake zargi da cin zarafin bil'adama na baya-bayan nan da sojoji da jami'an tsaro suka yi, da cin zarafi, a Myanmar ... tare da tabbatar da cikakken lissafi ga masu aikata laifin da adalci ga wadanda abin ya shafa".[13]

Abin takaici, gwamnatin Myanmar ba ta yi aiki tare da Ofishin Binciken Gaskiya (FFM) ba. Ba su yarda da Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Myanmar a cikin ƙasar ba.[1] Abin da Ofishin Binciken Gaskiya ya gano kuma ya sanar da shi ne cewa jami'an tsaro a Myanmar sun aikata manyan keta dokar kasa da kasa "wanda ya ba da izinin binciken aikata laifuka da gurfanar da shi", wato laifuka a kan bil'adama, Laifukan yaki, da kisan kare dangi.[2]

sansanin Mae La, Lardin Tak, Thailand, daya daga cikin mafi girma daga cikin sansanonin UNHCR guda tara a Thailand inda sama da 'Yan gudun hijira 700,000, Masu neman mafaka, da marasa kasa suka tsere.[14]

Dangane da waɗannan da'awar, Gwamnatin Myanmar ta ɗauki matsayin cewa aikin FFM ba shi da alhaki kuma ba shi da tushe. A watan Satumbar Shekarar 2019, alal misali, U Kyaw Moe Tun, wakilin dindindin na Myanmar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, ya ba da tsokaci yayin Taron Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Geneva. U Kyaw Moe Tun ya ce "Mutanen Myanmar, waɗanda suka kasance tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin gwagwarmayarsu ta dogon lokaci don dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam, suna ƙara yin takaici da rashin daidaituwa da wasu bangarorin Majalisar Dinkinobho suka ɗauka game da Myanmar".

Aung San Suu Kyi ta jagoranci jam'iyyar adawa ta National League for Democracy wacce ta yi nasara a Babban zaben 1990. An ɗaure ta ko kuma a tsare ta a gida na tsawon shekaru 15 daga cikin shekaru 21 daga shekara ta 1990 zuwa shekarar 2010. A cikin shekarata 2021, Sojojin Myanmar sun daure ta a wani juyin mulki. Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekarar 2022, ana tsare ta a cikin kurkuku mai zaman kanta tana yin shekaru 17 bayan jerin fitina na sirri.

'Yanci na addini,' yancin' yan tsiraru, da rikice-rikicen cikin gida

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 An tattara shaidu wanda ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Burma ta yi alama da wasu kabilun tsiraru kamar Karen, Karenni da Shan don hallaka ko 'Burmisation'. Wannan, duk da haka, bai sami kulawa sosai daga al'ummomin duniya ba tun lokacin da ya fi rikitarwa da kai tsaye fiye da kisan kiyashi wanda ya faru a wurare kamar Rwanda. A cewar Afuwa ta ƙasa da kasa, Musulman Rohingya sun ci gaba da shan wahala a karkashin mulkin junta wanda ya mallaki Burma tun shekara ta 1978, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun gudu zuwa makwabciyar Bangladesh a sakamakon haka Rikicin da aka yi wa al'ummomin Kirista kamar Kachin ya karu tun lokacin da aka sake fara fada a watan Yunin shekarar 2011 a cikin Rikicin Kachin na Shekara ta 2011 da shekarar 2012.


A ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, a zaman 49 na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Michelle Bachelet ta bayyana cewa zalunci da jami'an tsaro suka yi da Tatmadaw ya haifar da rikice-rikicen da suka riga sun kasance a cikin kabilun da yawa. A cikin "babban rikici" da ke fuskantar samun dama ga 'yancin ɗan adam na asali a Myanmar bayan juyin mulkin a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2021, daruruwan kungiyoyin adawa da makamai yanzu sun kafa a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda ya haifar da "rashin hankali a yankunan da suka kasance masu kwanciyar hankali a baya".[15]

A cikin shekarata 2022, Freedom House ya kimanta 'yancin addini na Myanmar a matsayin 1 daga 4, yana mai lura da cewa kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da' yancin addini kuma ya amince da addinin Buddha, Kiristanci, Islama, Hindu da animism. Koyaya, wasu maganganun ƙiyayya da nuna bambanci na Musulmi sun karu da kafofin sada zumunta, cibiyoyin jihohi da manyan shafukan yanar gizo na labarai.

Tsanantawa ga Musulmai

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  Musulmai Rohingya sun fuskanci cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam daga gwamnatin Burma wacce ta ki amincewa da su a matsayin' yan ƙasa (duk da tsararraki na zama a kasar) kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta kori Rohingya da karfi kuma ta kawo wadanda ba Rohingya ba don maye gurbin su. Wannan manufofin ya haifar da korar kusan rabin yawan Rohingya daga Burma. [16] An kiyasta mutane 90,000 ne suka yi hijira a cikin tashin hankali na baya-bayan nan tsakanin Musulmai Rohingya da Buddha a yammacin Jihar Rakhine ta Burma. A sakamakon wannan manufofin an bayyana mutanen Rohingya a matsayin "daga cikin wadanda ba a so a duniya" da kuma "ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsiraru da aka fi tsanantawa a duniya".

Tun daga shekarar 1982 dokar 'yancin Rohingya an kwace su daga' yancin ƙasar Burma. A shekara ta 2012, wani tashin hankali ya tashi tsakanin 'yan Buddha na kabilanci na Rakhine da Musulmai na Rohingya, wanda ya bar mutane 78 da suka mutu, 87 da suka ji rauni, kuma dubban gidaje sun lalace. Har ila yau, ya kori mutane sama da 52,000. Ya zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2012, Gwamnatin Myanmar ba ta haɗa da ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta Rohingya ba - waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin Musulmai na Bengali marasa kasa daga Bangladesh tun shekara ta 1982 - a cikin jerin sunayen kabilun gwamnati sama da 130 sabili da haka gwamnati ta ce ba su da'awar zama ɗan ƙasar Myanmar.

Rikicin Jihar Rakhine na shekarar 2012

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Samfuri:Asia in topicRikicin Jihar Rakhine na shekara ta 2012 jerin rikice-rikice ne da ke gudana tsakanin Musulmai Rohingya da kabilun Rakhine a arewacin Jihar Rikhine, Myanmar . Rikicin ya zo ne bayan makonni na rikice-rikice na ɗarika kuma yawancin mutane a bangarorin biyu na rikici sun hukunta su.

Dalilin da ya haifar da tashin hankali ba a bayyane yake ba, tare da masu sharhi da yawa suna ambaton kisan Musulmai goma na Burmese da kabilun Rakhine bayan fyade da kisan yarinya mai shekaru 13 da Musulmai na Burmese suka yi. Dukkanin ƙauyuka an "ƙare su".[17] Fiye da gidaje ɗari uku da gine-ginen jama'a da yawa an rushe su. A cewar Tun Khin, Shugaban kungiyar Rohingya ta Burma (BROUK), a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni an kashe Rohingya 650, 1,200 sun ɓace, kuma fiye da 80,000 sun rasa muhallinsu. A cewar hukumomin Myanmar, tashin hankali, tsakanin 'yan Buddha na kabilanci da Musulmai na Rohingya, ya bar mutane 78 da suka mutu, 87 da suka ji rauni, kuma dubban gidaje sun lalace. Har ila yau, ya kori mutane sama da 52,000.

Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita da kuma tura sojoji a yankuna. A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, an ayyana dokar ta baci a Rakhine, wanda ya ba da damar sojoji su shiga cikin gudanarwar yankin. Sojojin Burma da 'yan sanda an zarge su da yin niyya ga Musulmai Rohingya ta hanyar kama jama'a da tashin hankali. Yawancin kungiyoyin 'yan majami'a da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar Burma don dimokuradiyya sun dauki matakai don toshe duk wani taimakon jin kai ga al'ummar Rohingya.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Afuwa na ƙasa da kasa ta zargi sojojin Burma da aikata laifukan yaki da sauran ta'addanci a Jihar Rakhine. Sojoji sun "kisan fararen hula da suka ji rauni a hare-haren da ba su nuna bambanci ba tun watan Janairun shekarar 2019", in ji Amnesty.[18] "Sabon ayyukan a Jihar Rakhine sun nuna wani soja marar tuba, wanda ba a sake fasalinsa ba kuma ba a iya lissafa shi ba yana tsoratar da fararen hula da kuma aikata laifuka a matsayin dabara ce da gangan", in ji Daraktan Yankin Amnesty na Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.

Ci gaba da tashin hankali

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A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, masu tayar da kayar baya a garin Thandwe na yammacin bakin teku sun ƙone gidaje biyu. Rikicin ya fara ne saboda jita-jita cewa wani musulmi ya yi wa wata yarinya mara shekaru fyade, ko kuma rikici tsakanin Rakhine da Musulmi trishaw. Musulmai uku sun ji rauni a cikin gobarar. An toshe hanyoyi a ciki da waje na garin kuma mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya ce 'yan sanda na Myanmar suna aiki don neman masu laifi.

A ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, gwamnatin Biden ta ayyana cewa sojojin Myanmar sun aikata kisan kare dangi a kan 'yan tsiraru Rohingya. Sakataren Harkokin Waje Antony Blinken ya bayyana cewa Amurka ta ga shaidar da ke nuna kyakkyawar niyyar hallaka Rohingya, tare da rahotanni na kisan kai, fyade, da ƙonewa.

A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2022, wani mai binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya rubuta laifukan yaki da sojojin Myanmar suka yi kuma ya fitar da hotuna masu ban tsoro na kisan gillar da ake zargi da shi a yankin Sagaing. A ranar 10 ga Mayu, an kama mutane 30 bayan wani hari na soja na Myanmar a Ƙauyen Mondaingbin, a Garin Ye-U. Akalla biyar daga cikinsu daga baya sun Bayyanawa sun mutu, hannayensu a ɗaure, an harbe su daga baya. Hotuna kalilan da Rediyon Free Asia (RFA) ya samu sun ba da hujja mai banƙyama game da aikin zalunci wanda ke ƙarfafa tsarin kashe-kashen da ke ɗauke da alamun ayyukan soja.[19]

Tsabtace kabilanci

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Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zargi Gwamnatin Myanmar da Tsabtace kabilanci [20] na yawan Rohingya da aikata laifuka da aka ba da izini na jihar kamar kisan gillar da ba a yi hukunci ba, Kisan kiyashi, [21] azabtarwa, fyade da kuma tilasta musu gudun hijira amma Myanmar ta musanta hakan. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

A watan Agustan shekarar 2017 an bayar da rahoton sabon kisan kiyashi da ƙone ƙauyukan Rohingya ta Sojojin Myanmar.[27][28][29][30][31] A cikin shekara ta 2020 Yanghee Lee, mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Myanmar, ya bayyana cewa an ƙarfafa Tatmadaw ta hanyar ƙarin iko da aka ba su a lokacin annobar coronavirus.

A cikin shekarata 2022, Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Amurka ya yanke shawarar cewa mambobin sojojin Burma sun aikata kisan kare dangi da laifuka a kan bil'adama a kan mutanen Rohingya. An kiyasta Rohingya miliyan 1.6 sun gudu zuwa Bangladesh, Thailand da Indiya; a ƙarshen shekarar 2022, UNHCR ta ba da rahoton cewa ana tsare kusan Rohingya 148,000 a sansanonin ƙaura a ƙasar.[32]

Bincike da Afuwa ta ƙasa da kasa ta jagoranta ya kammala cewa hare-haren da sojojin Myanmar suka yi a watan Maris / Afrilu, shekara ta 2020, sun kashe fararen hula ciki har da yara. A cewar shaidu, sojoji na Myanmar sun tsare fararen hula da gangan saboda zargin da ake yi da Sojojin Arakan. Sojoji sun azabtar da wadanda aka tsare kuma sun yi musu duka. An yanke Intanet sama da shekara guda a yankin da ke rikici. An hana fararen hula taimakon jin kai kan annobar COVID-19. Amnesty ta kuma bayar da rahoton lalacewa da ƙone ƙauyuka a cikin Rakhine da Chin State.[33]

Zarge-zargen kisan kare dangi da laifuka a kan mutanen Rohingya

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Mutanen Rohingya da suka rasa muhallinsu na Myanmar [34]

Mutanen Rohingya sun fuskanci cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam daga gwamnatin Burma wacce ta ki amincewa da su a matsayin' yan ƙasar Burma (duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun zauna a Burma sama da ƙarni uku) - an hana Rohingya zama ɗan ƙasar Burma tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta Shekarar 1982. Gwamnatin Burma ta yi ƙoƙari ta kori Rohingya da karfi kuma ta kawo wadanda ba Rohingya ba don maye gurbin su - wannan manufofin ya haifar da fitar da kusan rabin 800,000 Rohingya daga Burma, yayin da aka bayyana mutanen Rohingya a matsayin "daga cikin wadanda ba a so a duniya" [16] da kuma "ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsiraru da aka fi tsanantawa a duniya"

Ba a yarda Rohingya su yi tafiya ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, an hana su mallakar ƙasa, kuma ana buƙatar su sanya hannu kan alkawarin ba za su sami yara fiye da biyu ba. Ya zuwa watan Yulin Shekarar 2012, gwamnatin Myanmar ba ta haɗa da ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta Rohingya ba - an rarraba su a matsayin Musulmai na Bengali marasa kasa daga Bangladesh tun daga shekara ta 1982 - a cikin jerin sunayen kabilun gwamnati sama da 130 kuma, sabili da haka, gwamnati ta bayyana cewa ba su da'awar zama ɗan ƙasar Myanmar.

Tun lokacin da aka fara sauyin mulkin demokraɗiyya a shekara ta 2011, an ci gaba da tashin hankali yayin da aka kashe mutane 280 kuma aka tilasta wa 140,000 su gudu daga gidajensu a jihar Rakhine a shekara ta 2014. Wani wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoton a watan Maris na shekara ta 2013 cewa tashin hankali ya sake tashi tsakanin al'ummomin Buddha da Musulmi na Myanmar, tare da tashin hankali da ke yaduwa zuwa garuruwan da ke kusa da Yangon.

'Yanci na magana da' yancin siyasa

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Wani rahoto na Afuwa ta ƙasa da kasa na shekarar 2004 ya bayyana cewa, tsakanin shekara ta 1989 da Shekarar 2004, an daure fursunonin siyasa sama da 1,300 bayan shari'o'i marasa adalci. Fursunoni, ciki har da shugabannin National League for Democracy (NLD) Aung San Suu Kyi da U Tin Oo, "an hana su 'yancin su ba bisa ka'ida ba don ayyukan zaman lafiya waɗanda ba za a ɗauka la'akari da laifuka a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa ba", Amnesty International ta yi ikirarin.

Rahoton Freedom House ya lura cewa hukumomi suna bincika gidajen 'yan ƙasa, suna tsayar da wasiku, da kuma saka idanu kan tattaunawar tarho, kuma cewa mallaka da amfani da wayoyi, injunan fax, kwamfutoci, modems, da software suna da laifi.

A cewar Kungiyar Taimako don fursunonin siyasa (Burma), akwai fursunonin siyasa 1,547 [35] a Burma - adadin ya ninka sau biyu daga 1,100 a Shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2,123 a shekarar 2008. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, akwai fursunonin siyasa 176 a cikin kurkuku na Burma.

Ana iya tsare fursunonin siyasa a kan tuhume-tuhumen da ba su da alaƙa da siyasa, suna rikitar da shari'ar sakin su. Misali, 'yan sanda sun tsare memba na Sojojin Democrat na kasa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ƙasa Daw Bauk Ja saboda rashin kulawar likita a shekarar 2013, kodayake tsarewar ta danganta da mutuwar a shekara ta 2008, wanda dangin marigayin suka janye a shekarar 2010. Ta yi takarar zabe a shekara ta 2010 kuma ta yi yakin neman zabe a kan madatsar ruwan Myitsone kuma ta dauki Kamfanin Yuzana zuwa kotu don kwace ƙasar da ta yi a yankin Hukawng Valley na Jihar Kachin.[36]

'Yanci na' yan jarida

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Gwamnati ce ke kula da kafofin watsa labarai na Burma sosai. Jaridu, mujallu da sauran wallafe-wallafen suna gudana a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bayanai kuma suna fuskantar babban tantancewa kafin bugawa. 'Yan jarida suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako don sukar jami'an gwamnati, manufofi, ko ma bayar da rahoto game da zargi. An sauƙaƙa ƙuntatawa kan tantancewar kafofin watsa labarai a watan Agustan shekarar 2012 biyo bayan zanga-zangar da daruruwan masu zanga-zambe suka yi da riguna suna buƙatar gwamnati "Stop Killing the Press".[37]

Babban canji ya zo ne a cikin hanyar da kungiyoyin yada labarai ba za su sake gabatar da abubuwan da suke ciki ga kwamitin tantancewa ba kafin a buga su, duk da haka, kamar yadda wani edita a cikin 'yan jarida da ke gudun hijira Irrawaddy ya bayyana, wannan sabon "yanci" ya sa wasu' yan jarida na Burma su ga sabon doka kawai su ga ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar yanayin tantance kansu kamar yadda' yan jaridu "ana buƙatar tabbatar da su bi jagororin 16 don kare abubuwan da suka haifar da kasa guda uku - rashin rushewar Tarayyar, rashin hadin kai na kasa, ba da kuma ba su da kuma ba za su ba su ba su da ka' yan jaridar su ba su dace ba su ba.[37]

A ranar 3 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2018 kotun Myanmar ta yanke wa 'yan jarida biyu na Burma da ke aiki a Reuters hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku bisa zargin kare asirin jihar.[38] A watan Agustan shekarar 2019, kotun Myanmar ta yanke wa wani mai shirya fina-finai hukuncin shekara guda a kurkuku tare da aiki tuƙuru saboda sukar sojoji a Facebook.

An kama wani mai shirya fina-finai na Burma, Min Htin Ko Gyi, a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019 kuma an tuhume shi a hukumance a karkashin sashi na 505 (a) na Dokar Shari'a ta Myanmar a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2019, don ɗaurin kurkuku na shekara guda kan zargin sukar Sojojin Myanmar a cikin sakon Facebook. Min Htin Ko Gyi kuma ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Fim ta Dignity Film (HDFI) da kuma Human Rights, Human Dignity International Film Festival . Nicholas Bequelin Darakta na Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a Amnesty, ya yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kuma ya kira shi 'mummunan' la'akari da cututtukan kiwon lafiya masu tsanani da Min Htin Ko Gyi ke fama da su, daya daga cikinsu shine ciwon hanta wanda ke buƙatar magani na kwararru.[39]

A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2020, HRW ta bukaci gwamnatin Myanmar da ta kawo karshen rufe intanet na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya shafi fiye da mutane miliyan daya da ke zaune a yankin rikici. HRW ta ambaci ma'aikatan jin kai da ke nuna cewa wasu ƙauyuka ba su san annobar coronavirus ba, saboda rufe intanet da kuma saboda an hana ma'aikatan agaji shiga ƙauyuka.[40]

Hakkin yara

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A cewar Human Rights Watch, [41] daukar ma'aikata da satar yara cikin soja ya zama ruwan dare. An kiyasta 70,000 daga cikin sojoji 350,000-400,000 na kasar yara ne. Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni da yawa game da yawan aikin yara.

Yara sojoji

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Yara sojoji suna da kuma ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Sojojin Burma da kuma ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Burma. Jaridar Independent ta ruwaito a watan Yunin shekarar 2012 cewa "Ana sayar da yara a matsayin masu shiga soja a cikin sojojin Burma don kusan $ 40 da jaka na shinkafa ko gwangwani na man fetur. " Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Sakatare-Janar na Yara da Rikicin Makamai, Radhika Coomaraswamy, wanda ya sauka daga matsayinta mako guda bayan haka, ya sadu da wakilan Gwamnatin Myanmar a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2012 kuma ya bayyana cewa tana fatan sanya hannu kan shirin aiki zai "auniyar canji".

A watan Satumbar shekarar 2012 Sojojin Burma sun saki yara 42 kuma Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta sadu da wakilan gwamnati da Sojojin Independence na Kachin don tabbatar da sakin karin yara. A cewar Samantha Power, tawagar Amurka ta tayar da batun yara sojoji tare da gwamnati a watan Oktoban shekarar 2012. Koyaya, ba ta yi sharhi game da ci gaban gwamnati zuwa ga sake fasalin a wannan yanki ba.[42]

Kashewa da fyade da aka amince da shi

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Wani rahoto na shekarar 2002 da Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Shan da The Shan Women's Action Network, Lasisi don Rape, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan 173 da suka faru na fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i, wanda ya shafi 'yan mata da mata 625, waɗanda sojojin Tatmadaw (Sojojin Burma) suka aikata a Jihar Shan, galibi tsakanin shekara ta 1996 da Shekarar 2001. Marubutan sun lura cewa adadi na iya zama ƙasa da gaskiyar. A cewar rahoton, "tsarin soja na Burma yana ba da izinin dakarunta a hankali kuma a kan sikelin da ya yadu don yin fyade ba tare da hukuntawa ba don tsoratar da kuma mamaye kabilun Shan. " Bugu da ƙari, rahoton ya bayyana cewa "25% na fyade sun haifar da mutuwa, a wasu abubuwan da suka faru tare da gawawwakin da aka nuna wa al'ummomin yankin da gangan; an yi wa mata fyade a cikin sansanonin soja, kuma a wasu lokuta mata da aka yi wa masu tayar da alhakin cewa an yi wa masu zanga-zangar gwamnati rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade a lokuta ne da alhaken nan da yawa.

Wani rahoto na shekarar 2003 "Babu Matsayi Mai Tsaro: Sojojin Burma da Rape of Ethnic Women" na 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Duniya ya kara da rubuce-rubuce game da yaduwar amfani da fyade da sojojin Burma suka yi don zaluntar mata daga kabilun kabilun daban-daban guda biyar.

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar Amnesty International sun kuma bayar da rahoton azabtar da fursunoni akai-akai, gami da fursunonin siyasa.

Bautar da fataucin mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Asia in topicAna yin aikin tilastawa da fataucin mutane a Myanmar.[1] Fataucin mutane yana faruwa galibi ga matan da ba su da aikin yi kuma ba su da kuɗi kaɗan. Dillalai sun yaudare su da cewa akwai mafi kyawun dama da albashi a kasashen waje[2]. A cikin shekarata 2017, gwamnati ta ba da rahoton shari'o'in fataucin mutane 185. Gwamnatin Burma ba ta da wani yunƙuri na kawar da fataucin mutane. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa duka gwamnati da Tatmadaw suna da hannu a cikin jima'i da fataucin aiki.[3] Mata da 'yan mata daga dukkan kabilu da kuma baki sun sha fama da safarar jima'i a Myanmar. [4] Ana tilasta musu yin karuwanci, aure ko masu juna biyu.[4][5] Fataucin jima'i a Myanmar yana haifar da abubuwa kamar rikice-rikice na cikin gida, rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa, kwace filaye, [6] rashin kula da iyakoki, [7] [8] da takunkumin gwamnati game da ba da takaddun balaguro.[4]

Masana'antar cyber-scam a yankunan iyaka na Myanmar ta haɗa da fataucin mutane, tilasta aiki da sauran cin zarafi.[43] Yawancin cibiyoyin zamba suna cikin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon abokan hulɗa kamar Sojojin Tsaro na Yankin . [43] A watan Agustan shekarar 2023, wani rahoto daga Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya lura cewa akalla mutane 120,000 a Myanmar sun makale a cikin irin waɗannan cibiyoyin ta hanyar' yan bindiga.[44]

Kasuwancin kwayar halitta

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Sojojin sun mamaye Myanmar a shekarar 2021. Binciken shekara guda da CNN ta gudanar ya nuna cewa rabin yawan mutanen Myanmar miliyan 54 suna rayuwa a kasa da layin talauci. Wannan yana motsa da yawa daga cikinsu zuwa matakai masu tsananin gaske kamar cinikin gabobin kan layi. Wannan aikin da ba bisa ka'ida ba na sayar da gabobin su na iya samun su biyan kuɗi daidai da albashi na shekaru biyu. Mutane da yawa suna tallata gabobin da suke so su ba da gudummawa a kan kafofin sada zumunta, wannan tsari ne mara iyaka yayin da iyalai ke samun kansu a kan layi don cinikin gabobin su yayin da kudi ya ƙare.[45]   

Aiki

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Aikin tilasta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Kwadago, dubban maza, mata, yara da tsofaffi sun tilasta su yi aiki ba tare da son rai ba ta hanyar gwamnati. Mutanen da suka ƙi aiki na iya zama wadanda aka azabtar, fyade ko kisan kai. Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta ci gaba da kira Burma da ta kawo karshen aikin tilasta aiki tun daga shekarun 1960. A watan Yunin 2000, Taron ILO ya amince da ƙuduri da ke kira ga gwamnatoci da su dakatar da duk wata dangantaka da kasar da za ta iya taimaka wa junta don ci gaba da amfani da aikin tilas.

Hakkin tsara aiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An dakatar da kungiyoyin kwadago lokacin da Janar Ne Win ya zo mulki a shekarar 1962. A cikin shekara ta 2010, a cikin kira mai yawa don sake fasalin dokokin ma'aikata, an dauki matakin masana'antu ba bisa ka'ida ba a masana'antun tufafi da yawa a Rangoon, wanda ya haifar da damuwa a matakin gwamnati.[46] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa sabuwar doka ta ba da izini ga ƙungiyoyin kwadago.

Inganta haƙƙin aiki

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Gwamnatin Myanmar da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya, tare da Amurka, Japan da Denmark, sun kaddamar da wani shiri a shekarar 2014 don inganta ci gaban hakki da aiki a Myanmar.

Shari'ar da ta gabata da shari'o'in mutum

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Shekaru na 1990

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A cikin wata shari'a mai mahimmanci, wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kai karar kamfanin Unocal, wanda a baya aka sani da Union Oil of California kuma yanzu wani ɓangare na Chevron Corporation. Sun zargi cewa tun farkon shekarun 1990s, Unocal ya haɗu da masu mulkin kama karya a Burma don juya dubban 'yan ƙasa zuwa bayi masu kama da juna. Unocal, kafin a sayi shi, ya bayyana cewa ba su da ilimi ko alaƙa da waɗannan ayyukan da ake zargi duk da cewa ya ci gaba da aiki a Burma. An yi imanin cewa wannan shine karo na farko da aka gurfanar da kamfani na Amurka a kotun Amurka bisa la'akari da cewa kamfanin ya keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a wata ƙasa.

Shekarun 2000

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Rahoton yancin a Duniya na shekarar 2004 na Freedom House ya lura cewa "Junta ta yi mulki ta hanyar doka, tana kula da shari'a, tana hana duk hakkoki na asali, kuma tana cin zarafin bil'adama ba tare da hukunci ba. Jami'an soja suna riƙe da dukkan mukamai na majalisa, kuma jami'ai masu aiki ko masu ritaya suna riƙe da duk manyan mukamai a duk ma'aikatu. An ruwaito cin hanci da rashawa na hukuma yana da yawa a matakin mafi girma da na gida. "

Brad Adams, darektan sashen Human Rights Watch na Asiya, a cikin jawabin Shekarar 2004 ya bayyana halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar kamar yadda yake da ban tsoro: "Burma misali ne na littafin koyarwa na jihar 'yan sanda. Masu ba da labari da' yan leƙen asirin gwamnati suna ko'ina. Mutanen Burmese suna jin tsoron yin magana da baƙi sai dai a mafi yawan halaye saboda tsoron a kai su daga baya don yin tambayoyi ko mafi muni. Babu 'yancin magana, taro ko ƙungiya.[47]

Daga 2005 zuwa 2007 kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun gano cewa cin zarafi na 'yancin ɗan adam ya haɗa da rashi na shari'a mai zaman kanta, ƙuntatawa akan samun damar Intanet ta hanyar yin amfani da software, [1] [2] cewa tilasta yin aiki, fataucin bil'adama, da aikin yara sun kasance na kowa, [3] kuma an yi amfani da cin zarafin jima'i a matsayin kayan sarrafawa, ciki har da fyade na yau da kullum da kuma daukar nauyin bayin jima'i. Ƙungiya mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya ta mata ta kafu a gudun hijira, galibi a kan iyakar Thailand da Chiang Mai. Har ila yau, an ce ana ci gaba da fafutukar kare hakkin mata a duniya.[4]

A cikin sanarwar manema labarai a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2005 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ce shigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Burma tana da mahimmanci kuma ta lissafa miyagun ƙwayoyi, cin zarafin bil'adama da cin zarafin siyasa a matsayin manyan matsalolin da Majalisar Dinkinobho ke buƙatar magance su.[48]

A cewar masu kare hakkin dan adam da masu gabatar da hakkin dan adam (HRDP), a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2007, da yawa daga cikin mambobinta (Myint Aye, Maung Maung Lay, Tin Maung Oo da Yin Kyi) kusan mutane ɗari ne suka sadu da su karkashin jagorancin wani jami'in yankin, U Nyunt Oo, kuma suka buge su. Saboda harin, Myint Hlaing da Maung Maung Lay sun ji mummunan rauni kuma daga baya aka kwantar da su a asibiti. HRDP ta yi zargin cewa hukumomi sun amince da wannan harin kuma sun yi alkawarin daukar mataki na shari'a. An kafa Masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da masu gabatar da su a cikin shekarata 2002 don wayar da kan jama'ar Burma game da haƙƙin ɗanɗansu

Shekarun 2010

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Afrilun 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada wani mai shigar da kara na Amurka a matsayin shugaban wata tawaga mai zaman kanta da za ta binciki take hakkin bil adama a jihar Rakhine mai fama da rikici a Myanmar, da ke mai da hankali kan cin zarafin da aka yi wa Musulman Rohingya. Sai dai jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulkin Myanmar National League for Democracy ta ki amincewa da sabon tsarin binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[1]

Shekarun 2020

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2022, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam Michelle Bachelet ya fara ziyarar hukuma ta kwana hudu zuwa Bangladesh. Wannan ita ce ziyarar farko ta hukuma ta Babban Jami'in Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zuwa kasar. Ms. Bachelet za ta je Cox's Bazar inda za ta iya ziyartar sansanonin da ke kula da 'yan gudun hijira na Rohingya daga Myanmar kuma ta sadu da' yan gudun hijira.[49][50]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Myanmar
  • Tsayar da Intanet a Myanmar
  • 'Yancin mata a Myanmar
  • 'Yanci na addini a Myanmar
  • Hakkin LGBT a Myanmar
  • Laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin basasar Myanmar (2021-yanzu)
  • Burma VJ
  • Cibiyar Burma Prague

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "A Special Report to the 59th Session of the United Nations" (PDF). Geneva: Freedom House. 2003. pp. vii–7. ruled by one of the world's most repressive regimes.
  2. ↑ Howse, Robert; Jared M. Genser. "Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible With WTO Law?" (PDF). Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?: 166+. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010. repressive and abusive military regime
  3. ↑ "Myanmar: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House.
  4. ↑ Brad Adams. "Statement to the EU Development Committee". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2006.
  5. ↑ Brad Adams. "Amnesty International 2009 Report on Human Rights in Myanmar". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  6. ↑ "Satellite Images Verify Myanmar Forced Relocations, Mounting Military Presence". ScienceMode. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
  7. ↑ "Burma (Myanmar) (2011)". Freedom House. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  8. ↑ Samantha Power (9 November 2012). "Supporting Human Rights in Burma". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 20 November 2012 – via National Archives.
  9. ↑ "List of UN General Assembly Resolutions on Burma". Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  10. ↑ "Myanmar: 10th anniversary of military repression". Amnesty International. 7 August 1998. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
  11. ↑ "State of Terror report" (PDF). Women's League of Burma. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
  12. ↑ "Human Rights Watch World Report 2012, Burma". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  13. ↑ "Biographies of the members of the Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar". United Nations Human Rights Council.
  14. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Thailand". UNHCR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  15. ↑ "Human rights in Myanmar face 'profound crisis' – Bachelet". United Nation. 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named South East Asia pg. 342
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PhilInquirer
  18. ↑ "Amnesty accuses Burmese military of new abuses". 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  19. ↑ "Myanmar Military Atrocities Laid Bare in Gruesome Footage". Human Rights Watch. 4 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  20. ↑ "Gruesome New Details on The Ethnic Cleansing in Myanmar No One Is Talking About". Foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  21. ↑ McPherson, Poppy (8 May 2017). "'We must protect our country': extremist Buddhists target Mandalay's Muslims". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  22. ↑ "Myanmar may have killed 'thousands' of Rohingya Muslims". Abc.net.au. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  23. ↑ "Burma: Rohingya Recount Killings, Rape, and Arson". Hrw.org. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  24. ↑ "Burma: Government Forces Implicated in Killings and Rape". Hrw.org. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  25. ↑ "Suu Kyi denies Rohingya ethnic cleansing". Bbc.com. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  26. ↑ "In Myanmar's hidden region, media tour takes harrowing turn when soldiers aren't watching". Abc.net.au. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  27. ↑ "Women, children feared among scores dead in Myanmar village 'massacre'". Abc.net.au. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  28. ↑ "Rohingya children 'beheaded and burned alive' in Burma". Independent.co.uk. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  29. ↑ MacGregor, Fiona (2 September 2017). "Fears of mass atrocities against Rohingya civilians in Burma". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  30. ↑ "Rohingya villages 'burned by Burmese army' in crackdown on Muslim minority". Independent.co.uk. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  31. ↑ edition.cnn.com. "UV: At least 30,000 Rohingya trapped in Myanmar mountains without food". unv.is/. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named US2022
  33. ↑ "Myanmar: Indiscriminate airstrikes kill civilians as Rakhine conflict worsens". Human Rights Watch. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  34. ↑ "Trapped inside Myanmar's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition". The Guardian. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2015.[dead link]
  35. ↑ "List of Political Prisoners in Burma in 2008". Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  36. ↑ "Actions: No Political Prisoner Left Behind. Free Buak Ja". Burma Campaign UK. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Roughneen, Simon (15 August 2012). "MediaShift. In Burma, a Delicate Balance for New Freedoms of Speech". PBS. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  38. ↑ "The Crushing of the Free Press in Myanmar". 6 September 2018.
  39. ↑ "Myanmar: Filmmaker sentenced to one year in prison for Facebook post". Amnesty International. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  40. ↑ "Myanmar: End World's Longest Internet Shutdown". Human Rights Watch. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  41. ↑ "MY GUN WAS AS TALL AS ME" "My Gun Was as Tall as Me" : Child Soldiers in Burma], Human Rights Watch, October 2002, ISBN 1-56432-279-3
  42. ↑ Samantha Power (9 November 2012). "Supporting Human Rights in Burma". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 20 November 2012 – via National Archives.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Myanmar's cyber-scam industry limps on amid regional crackdown". Frontier Myanmar (in Turanci). 5 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  44. ↑ "#trending: Chinese netizens afraid of Southeast Asia travel after hit movie No More Bets shows human trafficking scams". Today (Singapore newspaper) (in Turanci). 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  45. ↑ Rebane, Teele (30 August 2024). "Myanmar's poorest are so desperate they're turning to social media to sell their kidneys". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  46. ↑ "Burma Rejects Labor Union Application". The Irrawaddy website. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  47. ↑ "Statement to the EU Development Committee (Human Rights Watch, 30-8-2004)". hrw.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  48. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IB
  49. ↑ "UN rights chief in Bangladesh, to visit Rohingya camps". The New Indian Express. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  50. ↑ "UN Human Rights Chief to visit Bangladesh, including Cox's Bazar, 14–17 August". OHCHR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-14 – via Press Release.

Haɗin waje

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Samfuri:Asia in topic 

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