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'Yancin Dan Adam a Costa Rica

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Costa Rica galibi ana daukar ta daya daga cikin kasashe mafi kyau a Latin Amurka wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.[1] Ya shiga cikin kirkirar ka'idojin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa.[2] Costa Rica ta sanya hannu, kuma ta tabbatar da, yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa game da haƙƙoƙi, gami da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1948 kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNDHR). [2] Costa Rica ta ci sama da ma'anar duniya don haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta sami matsayi mafi girma a duniya.[3] Matsayinta na talauci yana zaune a 18.6%, ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a yankunan Latin Amurka.[3] Hakkin dan adam a Costa Rica galibi ya samo asali ne daga UNDHR, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Costa Rican da Tsarin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Amurka.

Hakkin mata, yara da 'yan gudun hijira duk an tabbatar da su a Costa Rica. [4] Hakkin LGBT ya inganta sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, misali tare da halatta auren jinsi guda a cikin 2020. [5][6]

Tushen 'Yancin Dan Adam

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Tsarin Mulki na Costa Rica

Tsarin Mulki na Costa Rica

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An kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Costa Rica a cikin 1949. Ya ƙunshi Matakai 177 da ke nuna ka'idoji da ka'idojin da dole ne 'yan Costa Rica su bi, yayin da suke tsara hakkinsu.[7] Kafin shekara ta 1989, kotuna ba su yi amfani da kundin tsarin mulki ba.[8] Wannan ya canza tare da kirkirar Kotun Tsarin Mulki (Sala IV) a cikin 1989. [8] Babban rawar da kotun ke takawa ita ce kare haƙƙin tsarin mulki.[8]

'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya

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Costa Rica ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da tarurruka da yawa na kasa da kasa, sanarwa da Yarjejeniyoyi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam.[2] Yarjejeniyoyi suna da doka, yayin da sanarwa da yarjejeniyoyi suna haifar da halin kirki, duk da haka, sanarwa sau da yawa suna samun matsayin Dokar al'ada ta duniya a tsawon lokaci.

Wasu daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da Costa Rica ta tabbatar sun hada da: [2]

Tsarin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Amurka

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A shekara ta 1959 an kafa Tsarin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Amurka don mayar da martani ga keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Latin Amurka.[1][9] Tsarin ya kunshi Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kotun Inter-American na'Yancin Dan adam. [1] [10] An kafa kotun ne bayan kwamiti, tana aiki tun shekara ta 1979. [9][11] Ana iya ba da rahoton lokuta na keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ƙungiyoyin biyu.[11] Hakanan ƙungiyoyi biyu na iya sanya matakan gaggawa ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari.[11] Manufar tsarin ita ce ta rage girman take hakkin dan adam a cikin Latin Amurka. Shawarwarin da tsarin ya yi suna da ɗaurewa.[1]

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka ta kafa ta kasashe 35 na Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS). [11] Ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun lauyoyi marasa jam'iyya. Babban ayyukanta shine saka idanu kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, karɓar korafe-korafe game da keta doka da ziyartar ƙasashe da wuraren da aka ambata rahotanni suka faru.[11] Har ila yau, hukumar tana gudanar da ayyukan ingantawa, gami da bugawa rahotanni na haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda jama'a da shirye-shiryen ilimi ke da shi.[12][11]

A halin yanzu, kasashe mambobi 20 na jihohin OAS sun yarda da ikon Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka.[11] Akwai alƙalai masu zaman kansu guda bakwai a kotun, waɗanda aka zaba ta hanyar Babban Taron OAS. [9] Suna yanke shawara kan shari'o'in keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.[10] Ana iya gabatar da shari'o'in da aka kawo a kan kasashe membobin OAS a gaban kotun.[11] Dole ne a kai karar kotun ta wata jiha wacce memba ce ta OAS da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka.[11]

Muhimman Yankuna na 'Yancin Dan Adam

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'Yancin Mata

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Laura Chinchilla Miranda, mace ta farko da ta zama shugaban kasar Costa Rica

A halin yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a nuna bambanci ga mata a Costa Rica, kasar da ke da tarihi ta mai da hankali sosai kan inganta daidaito tsakanin jinsi; kundin tsarin mulki ya yi alkawarin daidaito.[1] Har yanzu akwai bambancin iko, duk da haka ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[13] Costa Rica ta kasance ta uku a cikin kasashe masu tasowa don daidaito tsakanin jinsi.[1] Aure yawanci ana yarda da shi, bisa ga soyayya, tare da saki na doka kuma yawanci yana son mata dangane da rarraba dukiya da kula da yara.

Ana ba da ilimi na firamare da sakandare kyauta ga dukan mata a Costa Rica. Hakanan ana iya samun ilimi na jami'a mai zaman kansa da na jama'a.[14] Yawan karatu da rubutu tsakanin maza da mata suna zaune daidai da kashi 96%.[14] Saboda samun damar samun ilimi, tare da bukatar tattalin arziki, mata yanzu suna da kusan kashi 36% na ma'aikata, galibi a masana'antun masana'antu.[14] Har yanzu mata suna da alaƙa da cinikin kasuwanci da masana'antun kimiyya, duk da cewa mata yanzu suna iya sarrafawa da mallakar dukiya, kamar dukiya da dukiya.[13] Rashin daidaito na albashi ya ci gaba, maza suna samun, a matsakaita, 23.6% fiye da wannan aikin.[14]

Costa Rica tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman matakan wakilcin siyasa na mata a duniya.[1] Mata suna da kusan kashi 34% na kujerun kasa a majalisa da kashi 47% na kujeru na gari. Shugaban mata na farko shine Laura Chinchilla Miranda a cikin 2010 . [13] Mata a halin yanzu suna riƙe da mukamai na farko da na biyu na mataimakin shugaban kasa.[14] An sami 'yancin mata na jefa kuri'a a shekarar 1948 tare da kirkirar kundin tsarin mulki.[1][14]

An ba da rahoton kulawar kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa a matsayin na musamman a Costa Rica, duka mace-macen mata da jarirai sun yi ƙasa kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen duniya. An yarda da rigakafin hana haihuwa, 80% na mata sama da 18 suna amfani da wani nau'i. Zubar da ciki, laifi ne na laifi, sai dai a lokuta da rayuwar mahaifiyar ta kasance cikin haɗari. Kotun tsarin mulki ta Costa Rica ta dakatar da hadi a cikin Vitro a cikin 2000 saboda an yi imani da cewa ya keta “rayayyar rayuwa” a karkashin tsarin mulki, tauye hakkin dan tayi na rayuwa. An soke wannan a cikin 2012 ta Kotun Inter-American Court of Human Rights wadda ta ayyana dokar ta keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na sirri, kafa iyali da kuma 'yancin kai na haifuwa. Daga ƙarshe, Costa Rica ta ɗage haramcin, tare da ƙuntatawa mai tsanani[1]

'Yancin' Yan Gudun Hijira

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Costa Rica a tarihi ta kasance sananne wajen kiyayewa da aiwatar da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira, bisa ga aikinta ga yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1967 kan 'yan gudun hijira, yawan shigar da ita. Costa Rica ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi 'yancin 'yan gudun hijira. Har ila yau Costa Rica tana halartar taron kasa da kasa kan 'yan gudun hijira na Amurka ta tsakiya.] Manufofin 'yan gudun hijirar Costa Rica sun kasance a bayyane kuma suna karɓa, kodayake hakan ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. [15]

A cikin 1979 sama da 'yan gudun hijira 150,000 sun gudu zuwa Costa Rica, galibi daga Nicaragua, tare da ƙananan lambobi sun zo daga El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras da Panama, galibi suna gujewa danniya ta siyasa.  Musamman ma, Costa Rica ta amince da 'yancin yin aiki, wanda aka nuna a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.] Wannan ya ragu zuwa wani mataki ta hanyar kwararar baƙi marasa izini, waɗanda aka fi sani da "baƙi";  mummunan kyama a kusa da 'yan gudun hijira ya tashi, wani bangare saboda karuwar aikata laifuka da rage yawan ayyukan da ake samu ga 'yan Costa Rica.  A sakamakon haka, ƙuntatawa akan aiki ya taso, irin su Mataki na 13 na Dokar Ma'aikata na Costa Rica wanda ya nuna cewa duk wani aikin aiki dole ne ya zama 90% Costa Rican.   Haƙƙin ɗan gudun hijira na yin aiki ya ragu.  Baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba galibi suna samun aikin yi fiye da 'yan gudun hijira.[16]

Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na farko sun kasance, kuma sun kasance, masu sauƙi ga 'yan gudun hijira, suna tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga kiwon lafiya.[16] Wannan saboda ba a buƙatar takardu a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya.[16] Wannan kulawa mai sauƙi ta kiwon lafiya ta samo asali ne daga tsoron cewa 'yan gudun hijira suna kawo cututtuka waɗanda za su shafi Costa Ricans idan ba a kula da su ba.[16] Hakanan ana ba da ilimi ga 'yan gudun hijira saboda kasancewa haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma Kyakkyawan waje da yake da shi a kan al'ummar Costa Rican.[16]

Hawan baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya sa haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira ya faɗi yayin da mummunan kunya ya karu.[16] A sakamakon haka, Costa Rica ta koma daga kasancewa a buɗewa da maraba da 'yan gudun hijira, zuwa al'umma mai tsayayya da kasancewarsu.[4]

Canje-canje na doka a watan Nuwamba 2022 a karkashin Shugaba Rodrigo Chaves sun gabatar da sabbin kalubale. Dokar da ta kafa ka'idojin 'yan gudun hijira na kasar yanzu ta sanya manyan shingen aiki ga masu neman mafaka, gami da hana aikin kai da kuma buƙatar tayin aiki don bayar da izinin aiki.[17] Wadannan matakan sun nuna gagarumin canji daga dokokin da suka gabata waɗanda suka sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwar 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka a cikin kasuwar aiki.

Wannan dokar ta baya-bayan nan ta haifar da damuwa game da tasirin da take da shi a kan ikon Costa Rica na amsawa yadda ya kamata ga rikicin 'yan gudun hijira, wanda zai iya lalata tarihinta na ci gaba da manufofin' yan gudun hijira da kuma shafar hakkoki da jin daɗin masu neman mafaka a cikin iyakokinta.[17]

'Yancin LGBT

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Advances in LGBT rights in the past few decades in Costa Rica have been met with significant contention.[8] Whilst homosexuality was decriminalised in the 19th Century, discrimination against homosexuals, a legal practice, remains prevalent.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>] This can in part be attributed to the continued influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Costa Rica, citizens more socially conservative.[18]

A tarihi, haƙƙin LGBT sun kasance marasa kulawa.[8] Harin 'yan sanda da hare-hare kan mutanen LGBT a cikin dukiyar jama'a da masu zaman kansu sun kasance masu yawa.[18][8] Nuna bambanci a fagen sana'a ma sananne ne, ana korar mutane da yawa ko kuma ana cin zarafi saboda asalin jima'i.[18] Kula da lafiyar Cutar kanjamau ya kasance kadan saboda lalacewar da ke kewaye da shi.[8] Wannan ya karfafa ta hanyar Binciken ra'ayi na kasa na 1999 wanda ya gano kashi 80% na Costa Ricans waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa luwadi "ba zai yiwu ba".[8]

A cikin 1990 Ministan Gwamnati Desanti ya sanya haramtacciyar mata na kasashen waje da ke tafiya kadai, tare da gajeren gashi ko saka wando, daga shiga Costa Rica, idan sun kasance a can don shiga taron kasa na Lesbians, wanda aka sani da "Encuentro"; ba har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ba ne Kotun Koli ta Costa Rica ta yanke hukuncin cewa an tsara haƙƙin mutanen LGBT zuwa taron zaman lafiya a cikin kundin tsarin mulki.

Sauran misalai na nuna bambanci sun haɗa da Luis Fishman wanda ya haramta mutane da ke nuna kansu a matsayin LGBT kamar yadda suke aiki a kan 'yan sanda a 1993. [8] A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s masu yawon bude ido na LGBT zuwa Costa Rica an lakafta su a matsayin masu yawon shakatawa na jima'i waɗanda Eduardo Leon-Paez bai maraba da su a ƙasar ba.[8] A cikin shekara ta 2007, Mario Nunez ya gabatar da lissafin da zai hana mutanen LGBT da ma'aurata masu jinsi guda daga kula da yara. Kudin bai wuce ba.[18] A shekara ta 2008, Kotun Koli ta haramta wa 'ɗan luwaɗi ziyartar matansu a kurkuku, hukuncin ya sauya a shekara ta 2011.[18] Yunkurin girman kai na LGBT na farko ya faru ne a shekara ta 2004, ya sadu da juriya mai yawa.[18]

Duk da wannan tsayin daka, tun daga 2010 an sami ci gaba sosai a haƙƙoƙin LGBT, wanda lauya Yashin Castrillo ya sauƙaƙa a 2013 lokacin da aka hana shi auren abokin zamansa[1].  Castrillo ya yi hamayya da wannan sosai, inda ya kawo batun a cikin haske, galibi ta hanyar iƙirarinsa na cewa ka'idodin iyali, waɗanda ke hana ma'auratan aure aure, sun saba wa Mataki na 28, 33 da 39 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Costa Rica.  A cikin 2010, al'ummar LGBT sun sami wakilcin siyasa tare da zaɓen mataimakiyar tarayya Carmen Munoz, ta sauƙaƙe haɓaka haƙƙin LGBT na doka.]  A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta Costa Rica ta yanke hukuncin cewa haramcin auren jinsi ya keta haƙƙin mutanen LGBT, kasancewar nuna wariya da rashin bin ka'ida.  Sakamakon haka, auren ɗan luwaɗi ya zama doka a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2020. Hakanan ana iya danganta wannan halatta ga matsayin IACHR, wanda aka fallasa a cikin 2016, wanda ya ba da fifiko kan mahimmancin haƙƙin LGBT, musamman haƙƙin aure.[5]

Oscar Arias Sanchez, shugaban Costa Rica daga 1986-1990 da 2006-2010

Costa Rica ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin yara (UNCRC) a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1990, ma'ana an tilasta ta doka ta tabbatar da abubuwan da ta ƙunshi.[19][20] Shugaban Costa Rica a shekara ta 2009, Oscar Arias Sanchez, ya bayyana cewa wannan taron 'ya canza tsararraki', ganin manyan ci gaban haƙƙin yara a duk fadin gundumar.[19] Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a cikin wannan yarjejeniya sune haƙƙin yaro ga rayuwa, 'yancin faɗar kai, girmama ra'ayoyinsu da rashin nuna bambanci a kowane tushe na jiki ko tunani.[21][22] Ci gaban da aka gani a Costa Rica sun kasance galibi a fannonin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, rashin nuna bambanci da girmamawa.[19]

An ci gaba da ingantawa tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da Manufofin Jama'a don Yara da Matasa 2009-2021 a cikin 2009. Shugaba Sanchez, ministocinsa, Majalisar Kasa kan Ayyukan Kula da Yara da Yara, tare da mataimaki daga babban rukuni na yara ne suka kirkirar wannan Manufar.[23] Manufar tana da niyyar sake jaddada UNCRC don ci gaba da tabbatarwa da cimma dukkan hakkokin yaro, mai da hankali kan kungiyoyin da ba su da rauni da waɗanda aka ware waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin, takamaiman kariya da taimako.[23] Halitta wannan manufofin yana ƙarfafa jajircewar Costa Rica don inganta yanayin yara a duk faɗin ƙasar. [23] [19]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Morgan, Lynn M. (2019). "'Human Life Is Inviolable': Costa Rica's Human Rights Crucible". Medical Anthropology. 38 (6): 493–507. doi:10.1080/01459740.2018.1510394. PMID 30299172. S2CID 52941535.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Ratifications for Costa Rica". International Labour Organization. n.d. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  3. 1 2 (Timothy R. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. 1 2 Fernández, Gastón; Narváez, León (1987). "Refugees and Human Rights in Costa Rica: The Mariel Cubans". International Migration Review. 21 (2): 406–415. doi:10.1177/019791838702100209. JSTOR 2546323. S2CID 147136620.
  5. 1 2 Dittrich, Boris (4 April 2018). "Marriage Equality, Transgender Rights Might Be on the Horizon in Costa Rica". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  6. ↑ "LGBT Rights in Costa Rica". Equaldex. n.d. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Embassy1961".
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wilson, Bruce M. (2007). "Claiming Individual Rights Through a Constitutional Court: The Example of Gays in Costa Rica". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 5 (2): 242–257. doi:10.1093/icon/mom010. S2CID 145804317.
  9. 1 2 3 Shaver, Lea (2010). "The Inter-American Human Rights System: An Effective Institution for Regional Rights Protection?". Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 9 (4): 639–676. S2CID 153342810.
  10. 1 2 Engstrom, Par; Hillebrecht, Courtney (2018). "Institutional Change and the Inter-American Human Rights System". The International Journal of Human Rights. 22 (9): 1111–1122. doi:10.1080/13642987.2018.1534786. S2CID 150241616.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Inter-American Human Rights System". International Justice Resource Center. n.d. Archived from the original on 2025-03-20. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  12. ↑ Abi-Mershed, Elizabeth (17 September 2018). "Human Rights Treaty Bodies in the Field: The Inter-American Regional System and Sessions Away from Headquarters". Universal Rights Group. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  13. 1 2 3 Rico (26 December 2013). "Shift of Traditional Role of Women in Costa Rica". Q Costa Rica. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "WTP2010".
  15. ↑ Moreno Jimenez, Rebeca (27 November 2015). "5 Information Challenges for Refugees in Costa Rica". UNHCR Innovation Service. UNHCR. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wiley, James (1995). "Undocumented Aliens and Recognized Refugees: The Right to Work in Costa Rica". International Migration Review. 29 (2): 423–440. doi:10.2307/2546788. JSTOR 2546788. S2CID 147471161.
  17. 1 2 "Asylum Seekers in Costa Rica Struggle to Survive as New Decree Restricts Access to Work". Refugees International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Rico201307".
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Children of Costa Rica". Humanium. n.d. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  20. ↑ "Ratification Status for Costa Rica". UN Treaty Body Database. OHCHR. n.d. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  21. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of the Child". OHCHR. n.d. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  22. ↑ "The Convention on the Rights of the Child". Advocate for Children and Young People. n.d. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  23. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "UNICEF2009".
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