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'Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Cuban suna karkashin binciken kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, wadanda ke zargin gwamnatin Cuba da aikata laifuka na cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a kan mutanen Cuba, gami da ɗaurin kurkuku da shari'o'i marasa adalci. [1] [2] Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kamar su Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch sun ja hankalin ayyukan ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma sanya mambobinta a matsayin fursunonin lamiri, kamar su Óscar Elías Biscet . Bugu da kari, an kirkiro Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba karkashin jagorancin tsoffin 'yan siyasa Václav Havel na Jamhuriyar Czech, José María Aznar na Spain da Patricio Aylwin na Chile don tallafawa ƙungiyar masu adawa da Cuba.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

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An bayyana damuwa game da yadda ake tafiyar da tsarin da ya dace. A cewar Human Rights Watch, ko da yake Cuba, a hukumance ba ta yarda da Allah ba har zuwa 1992, yanzu "ya ba da damar mafi girma don bayyana addini fiye da yadda aka yi a shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ta yarda da dama kungiyoyin agaji na addini suyi aiki, gwamnati har yanzu tana kula da cibiyoyi na addini, ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, da kuma daidaikun masu bi".[3] Censorship a Cuba ya kasance a tsakiyar korafe-korafe.[4][5] A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch daga shekara ta 2017 gwamnati ta ci gaba da dogaro da tsare-tsare na wucin gadi don tayar da masu sukar, masu gwagwarmaya masu zaman kansu, abokan adawar siyasa, da sauransu. Wannan rahoto ya kara da cewa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Sakamako ta Kasa ta Cuba, kungiya mai zaman kanta mai 'yancin dan adam wacce ba ta da izinin hukuma kuma saboda haka gwamnati ta dauke ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta sami rahotanni sama da 7,900 na tsare-tsare daga Janairu zuwa Agusta 2016. Wannan yana wakiltar matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata na tsare-tsare a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata.[6]

Rahoton shekara-shekara na Amnesty International na 2017-2018 ya kuma bayyana karin tsare-tsaren da ake yi ba bisa ka'ida ba, korar jami'an gwamnati na nuna wariya da cin zarafi a cikin sana'o'in dogaro da kai da nufin sanya su shiru suna suka. Dangane da duk wani ci gaba da aka samu a fannin ilimi, Amnesty International ta ruwaito cewa ci gaban ilimi ya lalace ta hanyar satar bayanai ta yanar gizo da kuma ta layi. Cuba ta kasance galibi a rufe ga masu sa ido na kare hakkin dan adam masu zaman kansu.[7]

Cuba jagora ce ta yanki a batutuwan kare hakkin mata.[8][9]

Tarihi

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A lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, limamin Bartolomé de las Casas ya ba da labarin zalunci ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. Jirgin da ya biyo baya na bayi na Afirka zuwa tsibirin, wanda ya dauki sama da shekaru 300, ya haifar da shiga tsakani na sojojin Birtaniya da kuma ƙuduri "don dakatar da waɗannan cin zarafin". Tun lokacin da Cuba ta sami 'yancin kai a 1902, kungiyoyi daban-daban, a cikin Cuba da kuma duniya, sun soki gwamnatocin Cuba da suka biyo baya saboda cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a tsibirin. A ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a Cuba, haƙƙin ɗan adam a tsibirin ya zama damuwa ta duniya. Bayan ziyarar da ya kai yankin a shekara ta 1898, Sanata Redfield Proctor na Amurka ya kiyasta cewa har zuwa 200,000 Cubans sun mutu daga yunwa da cututtuka a cikin "masu tsananin Mutanen Espanya", ainihin sansanonin taro.[10] Damuwa ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen samun goyon baya ga Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka a Amurka.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, da kuma bin dogon lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya, gwamnatin jari-hujja ta 1924-33 ta Gerardo Machado ta zama mai mulki. Machado ya tsawaita mulkinsa har sai da Fulgencio Batista ya jagoranci wani bore da ake kira Revolt of Sergeants, a matsayin wani bangare na juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Machado a shekara ta 1933. Batista kuma ya zama mai karfi bayan wasu shugabannin 'yan tsana har sai da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1940. A cewar Hugh Thomas, lokacin bayan Machado ya kasance alama ce ta cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa. gansterismo a ko'ina cikin tsibirin.

Daga 1940, Cuba tana da tsarin zaɓe na jam'iyyu da yawa har sai Fulgencio Batista (Shugaba daga 1940 zuwa 1944) ya yi juyin mulki tare da goyon bayan soja a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1952.

Don kwantar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin jama'a - wanda aka nuna daga baya ta hanyar tarzomar ɗalibai da zanga-zangar -Batista ya kafa tsauraran ra'ayi na kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da kuma yana amfani da Ofishin sa na Tattalin Arziki na Kwaminisanci don aiwatar da manyan tarzoma, azabtarwa da kisa ga jama'a. Wadannan kashe-kashen sun hauhawa a cikin 1957, yayin da ra'ayoyin gurguzu suka zama mafi tasiri. An kashe mutane da yawa, tare da kiyasin da aka kashe daga ɗaruruwa zuwa kusan mutane 20,000.[11][12][13]

A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1960, Sanata John F. Kennedy, a tsakiyar yakin neman zabensa na shugabancin Amurka, ya soki dangantakar Batista da gwamnatin Amurka kuma ya soki gwamnatin Eisenhower don tallafa masa:

Fulgencio Batista ya kashe 'yan Cuba 20,000 a cikin shekaru bakwai ... kuma ya mai da Demokradiyyar Cuba cikakkiyar 'yan sanda - yana lalata kowane 'yanci. Duk da haka taimakonmu ga gwamnatinsa, da rashin daidaiton manufofinmu, sun ba Batista damar kiran sunan Amurka don tallafawa mulkinsa na ta'addanci. Masu magana da yawun gwamnatin sun yaba wa Batista a bainar jama’a—suna yaba shi a matsayin babban abokin tarayya kuma abokin kirki—a lokacin da Batista ke kashe dubbai, yana lalata ’yancin kai na ƙarshe, da kuma sace ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli daga mutanen Cuba, kuma mun kasa matsa lamba don a yi zaɓe cikin ‘yanci. 

A cewar mujallar Time, "Yajin aikin ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci: "Tare da babba, Batista ya zagaya cikin gari da gaba gaɗi yayin da 'yan sandansa suka ci gaba da yin cikakken ikonsu. Sa’ad da wata motar sintiri ta yi ta rediyo cewa ta yi artabu da ’yan tawaye kuma tana da ‘mataccen mutum da fursuna’, ma’aikacin ya ba da umurni cewa: ‘Ku harbe shi.’ Da tsakar rana, 'yan sanda suka kutsa cikin wani gidan kwana, suka kama wasu samari uku wadanda su ne shugabanin kungiyar Action Catholic Action ta Cuba, wadanda ke tausayawa Castro. Bayan sa'o'i biyu aka mika gawarwakinsu da aka yi musu, azabtarwa da harsashi da aka yi wa 'yan uwa. Adadin wadanda suka mutu: 43. "

A shekara ta 1959, Fidel Castro da dakarunsa sun yi nasarar korar Batista daga mulki. A lokacin an sami sauye-sauye na asali a cikin tsarin shari'a da na siyasa. A cikin wannan lokacin riƙon ƙwarya an sami wasu damuwa game da tsarin da ya dace.

Kungiyar "Cuban National Reconciliation Movement", wata kungiya mai tushe a Amurka wacce ke da'awar yin aiki a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa kan al'ummar Cuban, ta yi cikakken bayani kan abin da ta yi imani da cewa suna da sarkakiya yayin nazarin 'yancin dan adam nan da nan bayan juyin juya hali. A cikin shekarun 1960, munanan tashe-tashen hankula da aka fi sani da Tawayen Escambray tsakanin gwamnatin Cuba da 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai na ci gaba da gudana, amma a farkon shekarun 1970 sun yi kasa a gwiwa. Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa suka bunkasa a shekarun 1970, lokaci mafi muni na danniya ya kare, wanda hakan ya sa tantancewar baya-bayan nan ba tare da wani bangare ba na lokacin. Har ila yau, yunkurin sulhun ya ba da misali da matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen tantance asusun cin zarafi da aka saba raba kan bangaranci. A cewar kungiyar, 'yan gudun hijirar Cuba wadanda galibi su ne suka fara yin Allah wadai da gwamnatin Cuba, galibi suna da akidar kyamar gurguzu da kuma keta hakkin da wasu gwamnatocin suka aikata, yayin da da yawa daga cikin masu lura da al'amura, ba su yi la'akari da ikirari na mutanen Cuban da abin ya shafa ba.

Bayan hawan mulki a shekara ta 1959, gwamnatin Fidel Castro ta gina ingantacciyar injuna na danniya, a cewar Human Rights Watch. [3]

Tun a farkon watan Satumbar 1959, an ga Vadim Kotchergin (ko Kochergin), wakilin KGB, a Cuba.[14] Jorge Luis Vasquez, dan kasar Cuban wanda aka daure shi a Gabashin Jamus, ya bayyana cewa 'yan sanda na sirri na Gabashin Jamus Stasi sun horar da ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Cuba (MININT).

Kashe-kashen siyasa

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An yi kimantawa daban-daban don tabbatar da yawan kisan gillar siyasa da aka gudanar a madadin gwamnatin Cuban tun bayan juyin juya halin. A cikin watanni biyu na farko na 1959, gwamnatin Castro ta kashe sama da jami'an Batista 300, tare da masanin tarihin Latin Amurka Thomas E. Skidmore ya ce an kashe mutane 550 a cikin watanni shida na farko na 1959. [15] A cikin wani labarin UPI na Afrilu 1961, hukumar ta bayyana cewa kimanin "700 sun mutu kafin 'yan wasan Castro' tsakanin 1959 da 1961. The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators ya tabbatar da cewa an yi kisa na siyasa 2,113 tsakanin shekarun 1958-67, yayin da masanin tarihin Burtaniya Hugh Thomas, ya bayyana a cikin bincikensa Cuba ko neman 'yanci [15] cewa "watakila" kashe-kashen 5,000 ya faru a shekarar 1970.[16][15]

Yawancin wadanda aka kashe kai tsaye bayan juyin juya halin 1959 'yan sanda ne,' yan siyasa da masu ba da labari ga mulkin Batista waɗanda aka zarge su da laifuka kamar azabtarwa da kisan kai, kuma shari'arsu ta jama'a da kisa sun sami goyon baya sosai tsakanin jama'ar Cuba. Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa wadanda aka kashe sun kasance masu laifi kamar yadda ake tuhuma, amma shari'arsu ba ta bi tsari da ya dace ba.[17] Gwamnatin Cuban ta tabbatar da irin wadannan matakan a kan dalilan cewa a Cuba, yin amfani da hukuncin kisa ga masu aikata laifukan yaki da sauransu sun bi irin wannan hanyar da Allies suka bi a baya a lokacin gwajin Nuremberg. Wasu malaman Cuban sun ci gaba da cewa idan gwamnati ba ta sanya dokoki masu tsanani a kan masu azabtarwa, 'yan ta'adda, da sauran masu laifi da gwamnatin Batista ta yi amfani da su ba, mutane da kansu za su dauki adalci a hannunsu.

An zargi sansanin tilasta aiki da cin zarafin fursunoni

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A shekara ta 1987, an gudanar da wani "Tribunal on Cuba" a birnin Paris domin gabatar da shaidar tsoffin fursunoni na tsarin hukunta laifukan Cuba ga kafafen yada labarai na duniya. Wata kungiyar yaki da gurguzu da Amurka ke daukar nauyin wannan taro mai suna Resistance International da "Coalition of Committees for the Rights of Man in Cuba". Shaidu da aka gabatar a kotun, a gaban wani komitin kasa da kasa, sun yi zargin cewa ana fuskantar azabtarwa a gidajen yarin Cuba da kuma “sansanoni masu wahala”. Azabawar ta kunshi duka, gwaje-gwajen halittu wadanda suka hada da hana abinci, tambayoyi na tashin hankali da yanayin rayuwa mara tsafta. Alkalin kotun ya amince da zargin kama shi ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanke hukunci ta hanyar kotun soja ba tare da jama'a ko mai kare shi ba; lokacin da fursunoni suka shafe a sansanonin aiki masu wahala ba tare da isasshen abinci, sutura ko kulawar likita ba; da kuma kame yaran da suka haura shekara tara. [<span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. Resistance International was a US-funded anti-communist organisation, making it an extremely biased source. (July 2021)">unreliable source</span>]

Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka

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Kodayake Cuba tana da alaƙa da siyasa da Tarayyar Soviet tun lokacin da Amurka ta yanke dangantaka da Cuba jim kadan bayan Firayim Minista Fidel Castro ya hau mulki a shekarar 1959, ƙananan zarge-zarge game da cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin kwakwalwa a wannan ƙasar sun fito kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1980.  : 74 Americas Watch da Amnesty International sun buga rahotanni waɗanda suka yi nuni da shari'o'in yiwuwar asibiti ba tare da izini ba da kuma kula da fursunonin siyasa.[18] : 75 Wadannan rahotanni sun shafi asibitin Gustavo Machin a Santiago na Cuba a kudu maso gabashin kasar da kuma babban asibitin mahaukaci a Havana.[18] : 75 A shekara ta 1977, an buga wani rahoto game da zargin cin zarafin ilimin kwakwalwa a Cuba a Amurka kuma ya gabatar da shari'o'in rashin kulawa a asibitocin kwakwalwa na Cuba wanda ya samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1970.[18] : 75 Yana gabatar da zarge-zarge masu tsanani waɗanda ke da'awar cewa fursunoni waɗanda suka ƙare a cikin unguwanni na asibitocin mahaukaci a Santiago de Cuba da Havana suna fuskantar hanyoyin rashin lafiya waɗanda suka haɗa da maganin lantarki ba tare da amfani da kayan kwantar da hankali ba ko anesthesia.[18] : 75 Aikace-aikacen da aka ruwaito na ECT a cikin unguwanni na shari'a yana da alama, aƙalla a yawancin shari'o'in da aka ambata, ba isasshen magani na asibiti ba ne don yanayin da aka gano fursunoni - a wasu lokuta ba a gano fursunonin ba.[18] : An bayyana yanayi 75 a cikin unguwanni na shari'a a cikin maganganu masu banƙyama kuma a bayyane suke da bambanci sosai da yanayin da ke cikin sauran sassan asibitocin mahaukaci waɗanda aka ce suna da kyau kuma na zamani.[18] : 75 :75

A watan Agustan 1981, an kama masanin tarihin Marxist Ariel Hidalgo kuma an zarge shi da "ta da tsarin zamantakewa, hadin kan kasa da kasa da kuma Jihar Socialist" kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. : 75 A watan Satumbar 1981, an kai shi daga hedikwatar tsaron jihar zuwa unguwar Carbó-Serviá (forensic) na asibitin Havana Psychiatric kuma ya zauna a can na makonni da yawa.[18] : 76 :76

Cuba ta zamani

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Matsalar siyasa

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Wani rahoto na 2009 na Human Rights Watch ya kammala cewa "Raúl Castro ya ci gaba da bindigar Cuba a wuri... tun lokacin da ɗan'uwansa Fidel Castro ya ba shi iko. " [19] Rahoton ya gano cewa "[yawan fursunonin siyasa da aka kama a ƙarƙashin Fidel suna ci gaba da lalacewa a kurkuku, kuma Raúl ya yi amfani da dokoki masu tsanani da gwaji na karya don ɗaure yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙarfin hali don yin amfani da hakkinsu na asali. "[s]

Gidan Freedom House da gwamnati Amurka ke tallafawa ya rarraba Cuba a matsayin "Ba Free ba", [20] kuma ya lura cewa "Cuba ita ce kadai ƙasa a cikin Amurka da ke yin jerin Freedom House na Mafi Girma: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma a Duniya don yaduwar cin zarafin 'yanci siyasa da' yanci na jama'a". [20] Rahoton Duniya na 2017 na Human Rights Watch ya rubuta cewa 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ɗauka suna ƙarƙashin kamfen ɗin lalata da kuma kamawa na son rai, kamar yadda masu fasaha da masana kimiyya suke buƙatar mafi girma.[6]

Jorge Luis García Pérez ya kai farmaki ga narkewar Cuban a matsayin mika wuya ga mulkin Castro

Wani rahoto na 1999 Human Rights Watch ya lura cewa babban alhakin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida shine saka idanu kan yawan mutanen Cuban don alamun rashin amincewa.[21] A cikin 1991 sabbin hanyoyin biyu don sa ido da sarrafawa na ciki sun fito. Shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci sun shirya tsarin tsaro da kariya (Sistema Unico de Vigilancia y Protección, SUVP). Brigades na Rapid Action (Brigadas de Acción Rapida, wanda kuma ake kira Brigades na Saurin Amsa, ko Brigadas de Respuesta Rápida) suna lura da sarrafa masu adawa.[21] Har ila yau, gwamnati "tana riƙe fayilolin ilimi da na aiki (expedientes escolares y laborales) ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, inda jami'ai ke yin rikodin ayyukan ko maganganun da za su iya ɗaukar aminci ga juyin juya halin. Kafin ci gaba zuwa sabuwar makaranta ko matsayi, dole ne a fara ɗaukar rikodin mutum a karɓa".[21]

Yunkurin adawa a Cuba tarin mutane ne da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, mafi yawansu suna aiki don girmama haƙƙin mutum a tsibirin.[22] Wasu daga cikin sanannun 'yan adawar Cuban sun hada da Ladies in White (masu karɓar Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought), Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy, Marta Beatriz Roque, da kuma wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Sakharov Oswaldo Payá, da Óscar Elías Biscet, da Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez".

A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Amurka ta sanar da cewa, Amurka za ta kakabawa Cuba sabbin takunkumai, sakamakon rashin kyawun bayanan da take da shi na kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma goyon bayan gwamnatin Venezuela. Musamman ma, ci gaba da tsare José Daniel Ferrer an bayyana shi a wata sanarwa ta daban wacce ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar. Ferrer wanda ke jagorantar kungiyar Patriotic Union of Cuba (UNPACU), gwamnatin Cuba na tsare a gidan yari kuma ba a bayyana inda yake ba.[23]

Censorship

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Cuba a hukumance ta amince da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa da aka lissafta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya a 1948. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji a cikin sanarwar ita ce dagewar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ra'ayi. A cewar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Cuba na shekarar 1992, an ba da damar fadin albarkacin baki "bisa manufofin al'ummar gurguzu" kuma an ba da izinin yin zane-zane "muddin abin da ke cikinsa bai saba wa juyin juya halin Musulunci ba".[24] Tsarin Mulki na Cuba na 2019 ya cire harshen.[25]

Matsayin Cuba ya kasance a kasan Index na 'yancin' yan jarida na 2008 wanda Reporters Without Borders (RWB) suka tattara. [4] An kira Cuba daya daga cikin kasashe goma da aka fi tantancewa a duniya ta Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida.[26]

A cewar Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida na Amurka, kafofin yada labarai a Cuba suna aiki ne a karkashin kulawar Sashen Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, wanda "ke haɓaka da daidaita dabarun farfaganda".[26]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa [waɗanda?] suka yi imanin cewa waɗannan labaran suna ba da ikon yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ga jihar. Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tantance cewa: "A bayyane yake cewa yin amfani da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a ƙarƙashin wannan labarin na Kundin Tsarin Mulki yana ƙarƙashin mahimman abubuwa guda biyu: a gefe guda, adanawa da ƙarfafa Jihar Kwaminisanci; a gefe guda kuma, buƙatar rufe duk wani zargi na ƙungiyar da ke mulki. " Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International ta tabbatar da cewa mallakar duniya ta kafofin watsa labarai tana nufin cewa an ƙuntata 'yancin faɗakar da' yanci. Don haka yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki an ƙuntata shi ta hanyar rashin hanyoyin sadarwa na jama'a da ke fadowa daga waje da ikon jihar. Human Rights ta ce: "Rashin amincewa da sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin aikin da ya dace, gwamnati ta musanta matsayin doka ga ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na cikin gida. Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna fuskantar tsangwama ta tsari, tare da gwamnati ta sanya cikas don hana su yin rubuce-rubuce game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam Watch da Amnesty International sun hana su aikawa da manufofin binciken gaskiya zuwa Cuba. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a duniya don hanawa da ke aiki ga ƙungiyoyin sadarwa na Red Cross na Cuba. Tallafin kudi da wakilcin shari'a ana bayar da su ne ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje a matsayin wani ɓangare na Cibiyar sadarwa ta Cuba ta EU . [27] 

An fara yunkurin tsari da tsarin bayar da rahoto wanda gwamnati ba ta amince da shi ba a shekarar 1993. Ƙoƙarin neman kamfanin dillancin labarai mai zaman kansa, wanda ba a tantance shi ba, ya jagoranci jagorancin mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Christian Democratic Movement Jesús Permuy . [28] Ya fara ne a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar a matsayin membobin Civic Democratic Action, ƙungiyar laima ta kusan ƙungiyoyin adawa na Castro ashirin, sun kafa kawance tare da Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Cuban Mai Zaman Kanta. [28] Ƙoƙarin ya gaza.

Rahoton Reporters Without Borders na Oktoba 2006 ya gano cewa amfani da Intanet yana da matukar ƙuntatawa kuma ana sa ido sosai. Samun dama yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da izinin gwamnati kuma ana rarraba kayan aiki. Ana kula da imel.[29]

Ana korar 'yan jaridar kasashen waje bisa tsari daga Cuba, misali. An kori fitattun 'yan jaridar Gazeta Wyborcza, Anna Bikont da Seweryn Blumsztahn a shekara ta 2005.[30]

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa "an hana 'yancin taro sosai a Cuba, kuma an haramta masu adawa da siyasa daga haɗuwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi. " A shekara ta 2006, Amnesty ta bayyana cewa ""Dukkanin' yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ƙwararru da ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a yau a Cuba a waje da hukuma na kayan aikin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da gwamnati ke sarrafawa an hana su samun matsayin doka. Wannan sau da yawa yana sanya mutane da ke cikin haɗari ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fuskantar tsangwama, tsoratar ko tuhumar laifi don ayyukan da ke nuna ikon yin amfani da ƙungiyoyi na asali na ƙungiyoyi na ƙa' yanci na ƙungiyoyi.

Hukumomin Cuban sun amince da cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa guda ɗaya kawai, Central de Trabajadores de Cuba (CTC). Gwamnati a fili ta haramta kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu, ana cin zarafi da tsare masu fafutuka, sannan an daure shugabannin kungiyoyin da suka yi yunkurin cin gashin kansu. Ba a amince da ‘yancin yajin aiki a doka ba.[31]

Jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2001 an yi ƙoƙari Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas da wasu daga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kirista, da ke aiki a matsayin Varela Project, don samun plebiscite na ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cuba wanda ya ba da damar ɗan ƙasa. Idan gwamnati ta karbe ta kuma ta amince da kuri’ar jama’a, da gyare-gyaren za su kafa abubuwa kamar ‘yancin yin tarayya, ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ’yancin yada labarai, da kuma fara sana’o’i masu zaman kansu. Majalisar dokokin kasar ta ki amincewa da koken kuma a martanin da aka yi an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama don nuna goyon bayan gurguzu ta zama wani tsari na din-din-din na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, wanda gwamnati ta yi ikirarin amincewa da kashi 99% na masu jefa kuri'a.

Wani muhimmin aiki shi ne kafa Majalisar don Bunkasa Al'umma. Majalisar don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Cuba wani haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙungiyoyin fararen hula masu zaman kansu 365 tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na "samar da al'adun dimokuradiyya", "haɓaka motsin zamantakewa", ƙarfafa ƙungiyar Majalisar, sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ta yin amfani da duk hanyoyin da ake da su don yaƙar talauci da neman inganta yanayin rayuwar al'umma, haɓaka ilimi na gaskiya game da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar jama'a da tarihin zamantakewar Cuba, a duk tarihin tattalin arziki na Cuba, a cikin dukan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Cuba, da ci gaban tattalin arziki. kariya da kiyaye albarkatun kasa da muhallin halittu, da inganta al'adu na gaskiya kan 'yancin aiki. Majalisar ta yi taron farko a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005.

Hukuncin kisa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cuba ta sanya dokar hana yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1999. Duk da haka, an yi bangaranci lokacin da, a shekara ta 2003, an kashe mutane uku daga cikin gungun mutane goma saboda fashin jirgin ruwa. Masu garkuwar dai na yunkurin isa Florida ne, amma man fetur ya kare daga rabin hanyar da suka nufa. Bayan tsayuwar kwanaki biyu, jirgin ruwan ya samu rakiyar kwale-kwalen da ke tsaron gabar tekun zuwa wata tashar ruwa ta Kuba, da alama don mai; a lokacin da masu garkuwa da mutane suka fara tsalle-tsalle a sassan jirgin, sai dai hukumomin kasar sun fatattaki maharan tare da samun galaba a kansu. An yanke wa wasu maza hudu hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma sauran mata ukun da abin ya shafa sun samu zaman gidan yari na shekaru 1-5.

Ayyukan ƙin yarda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Amnesty International sun daɗe suna sukar abin da hukumomin Cuba suka kira "Actos de repudiation" (actos de rebudio). Wadannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne lokacin da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa suka yi amfani da maganganu, suka tsoratar da kuma wani lokacin da suka kai hari da kuma jefa duwatsu da sauran abubuwa a gidajen Cubans waɗanda ake la'akari da masu adawa da juyin juya hali. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna zargin cewa ana aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ne tare da hadin gwiwa tare da jami'an tsaro kuma wani lokacin sun haɗa da Kwamitocin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin ko Brigades na Saurin Juya Hanyar.

Shahararrun fursunonin lamiri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • A shekara ta 1960, an yanke wa Armando Valladares hukunci kan zargin sanya bama-bamai a wuraren jama'a kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru talatin a kurkuku.[32] Shi da magoya bayansa sun yi jayayya cewa bai taɓa kasancewa cikin 'yan sanda na Batista ba kamar yadda magoya bayan Castro suka yi zargin, kuma cewa ɗaurinsa sakamakon adawa ne da gwamnatin Castro. Valladares ya yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da shi kuma an kunyata shi yayin da yake yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin kurkuku; ya yi iccirarin cewa masu gadi sun hana shi ruwa har sai ya zama mai hauka, kuma sun ci gaba da yin fitsari a bakinsa da fuskarsa. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana buƙatar amfani da keken guragu bayan yajin aikin yunwa mafi tsawo. Gwamnatin Cuban ta musanta duka ikirarin, kuma ta ba da shaidar bidiyo ga Regis Debray na Valladares tsaye da tafiya. An saki Valladares daga kurkuku bayan ya yi shekaru ashirin da biyu na hukuncinsa, saboda wani bangare na ceto na Shugaban Faransa François Mitterrand. Marubucin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya David Horowitz tun daga lokacin ya kira Valladares "Jam'in 'Yancin Dan Adam".
  • A shekara ta 1973, an tura marubucin gay Reinaldo Arenas zuwa kurkuku bayan an tuhume shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci da 'rashin jituwa' da kuma bugawa a kasashen waje don kauce wa tantancewa a Cuba. Ya tsere daga kurkuku kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya bar Cuba ta hanyar jefa kansa daga bakin teku a kan bututun ciki na taya. Yunkurin ya gaza kuma an sake kama shi a kusa da Lenin Park kuma an ɗaure shi a kurkuku a sanannen El Morro Castle tare da masu kisan kai da masu fyade. Bayan ya tsere daga Cuba a cikin 1980 Mariel Boatlift, Arenas ya bayyana mummunan abin da ya jimre a karkashin gwamnatin Cuban a cikin tarihin kansa Antes que anochezca (1992), fassarar Turanci Before Night Falls (1993).
  • A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 1998, kotun Havana ta yanke wa Reynaldo Alfaro García, memba na Jam'iyyar Democratic Solidarity, hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku saboda "yaduwar farfagandar abokan gaba" da kuma "rashin jita-jita".
  • Desi Mendoza, wani likitan Cuban, an daure shi saboda yin maganganun da ke sukar martani na Cuba ga annobar cutar dengue a Santiago na Cuba wanda ya yi zargin ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. An kori Dokta Mendoza daga aikinsa a asibitin Cuban shekaru uku da suka gabata don kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Daga baya aka sake shi saboda rashin lafiya, dangane da barin kasar.[33][34]
  • Óscar Elías Biscet, likita, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 25 saboda rashin tashin hankali, amma adawa da Castro.
  • A farkon shekara ta 2003, an daure mutane da yawa, ciki har da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu ɗakin karatu da sauran abokan adawar gwamnatin Castro bayan gajeren gwaji, tare da wasu hukuncin da ya wuce shekaru 20, a kan zargin karɓar kuɗi daga Amurka don aiwatar da ayyukan adawa da gwamnati.
  • Wani rahoto na Amnesty International, CUBA: 'yanci na asali har yanzu ana kai musu hari, ya yi kira ga "kotu na Cuba da su saki duk fursunonin lamiri nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba" da kuma "kaddamar da duk dokokin da ke hana' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, taro da tarayya, da kuma dakatar da duk ayyukan don tayar da masu adawa, 'yan jarida, da masu kare hakkin dan adam".
  • An ruwaito cewa an saki Jorge Luis García Pérez daga kurkuku a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 bayan ya cika cikakken hukuncinsa na shekaru 17 da kwanaki 34 saboda, yana da shekaru 25, ya yi ihu da Fidel Castro. An yanke wa García Antúnez hukunci na sabotage bayan hukumomi sun zarge shi da ƙone gonakin sukari, sabotage, yada "farfagandar abokan gaba", da kasancewa cikin mallakar makami ba bisa ka'ida ba.[35]
  • Dokta Ariel Ruiz Urquiola, wanda Amnesty International ta ayyana "wani fursuna na lamiri" kuma ta bukaci a sake shi "nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba".
  • A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2020, Mataki na 19, Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani ta Yakin da Zaman Lafiya da Amnesty International ta bukaci gwamnatin Cuba da ta saki fursuna na lamiri da kuma ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, Roberto Quiñones Haces. Bayan shari'ar a watan Agustan 2019 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda saboda juriya da rashin biyayya game da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa.[36]

Tafiya da ƙaura

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, an soke duk takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da sarrafawa da gwamnatin Cuba ta sanya.[37] Tun daga wannan ranar, kowane ɗan ƙasar Cuba, tare da fasfo mai inganci, na iya barin ƙasar ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa ta gudanarwa da gwamnati ta ɗora. Dalibai suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga makarantarsu, ma'aikata daga ma'aikatansu. Dukansu suna karkashin ikon gwamnati. Bukatun biza ga 'yan ƙasar Cuban sun fi ƙuntatawa na shigarwa ta gudanarwa da hukumomin wasu jihohin da aka sanya wa' yan ƙasar Cuba sau da yawa suna haɗa (a keta haƙƙin ɗan adam) waɗannan buƙatun tabbatar da izini don tafiya (ƙasashen Schengen EU). Wasu daga cikin buƙatun ƙasashe na uku kamar isar kuɗi na kuɗi da alaƙar kuɗi da ƙasar (dukiya, samun kudin shiga) ba za su iya cika su Cubans ba saboda yanayin tattalin arzikin wurin. 'Yan Cuba kaɗan ne ke da (tabbatar) kuɗin shiga don nuna za su iya biyan kuɗin tafiya da zama. Yawancin suna buƙatar mai tallafawa. A cikin 2014, 'yan ƙasar Cuba suna da ba tare da biza ko biza ba a lokacin isowa ƙasashe da yankuna 61, wanda ke matsayin fasfo na Cuban na 69 a duniya. Mutanen da ke riƙe da ƴan ƙasar Spain biyu da na Cuba a yanzu an ba su izinin tafiya cikin walwala, ta yin amfani da fasfo ɗin su na Sipaniya a madadin biza ga ƙasashen da ke buƙatar bizar fasfo ɗin Cuban. Haka kuma, tun daga wannan ranar, gwamnatin Cuba ta tsawaita wa'adin lokacin da aka ba da izini a kasashen waje daga watanni 11 zuwa 24, wanda ya baiwa Cuban da suka dawo cikin wa'adin watanni 24 su ci gaba da rike matsayinsu da fa'idar "Mazaunin Cikin Gida na Cuba". Idan ɗan ƙasar ya kasance daga Cuba sama da watanni 24, to matsayinsa zai canza zuwa "Mazaunin Cuban na waje" kuma zai rasa gata a ciki. Ta wannan sauyi, babu wani abu kamar balaguron "ba bisa ka'ida" ko "mara izini" ba, don haka mutanen da suka bar Cuba ta hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba (kwale-kwale da dai sauransu) ba sa keta dokar Cuban, don haka ba za a iya tsare su ko ɗaure su ba.

Kafin Janairu 13, 2013, 'yan ƙasar Cuba ba za su iya tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje ba, barin ko komawa Cuba ba tare da samun izinin hukuma ba tare da neman fasfo da izinin tafiye-tafiye na gwamnati, wanda sau da yawa aka hana shi.[38] Balaguron balaguro ba tare da izini ba a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka. Ya zama ruwan dare, a wancan lokacin, cewa wasu ƴan ƙasar da aka ba izinin yin balaguro (musamman ma’aikatan lafiya da sauran ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga ƙasar) ba a ba su izinin ɗaukar yaransu zuwa ƙasashen waje ba. A yayin da likitocin Cuban suka sauya sheka zuwa Amurka idan aka tura su zuwa wani "aiki" daga Cuba zuwa kowace ƙasa, ba za a bari duk yaran da aka bari a baya su shiga cikin iyayensu da suka sauya sheka ba na tsawon shekaru goma, ko da sun sami takardar visa ta waje, kuma ko da kuwa shekarun su.[38] An ba da izinin shugaban adawar Castro Oswaldo Payá ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje don karɓar Kyautar Sakharov, amma Ladies in White ba ta yi ba.

Daga 1959 zuwa 1993, wasu Cubans miliyan 1.2 (kimanin 10% na yawan jama'a na yanzu) sun bar tsibirin zuwa Amurka, [39] sau da yawa ta hanyar ruwa a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa da rafts masu rauni. A cikin shekarun farko, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda za su iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya-Cuba na biyu sun tafi Spain. Bayan lokaci an ƙyale Yahudawan Cuba da dama su yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila bayan shawarwarin da ba su dace ba; akasarin Yahudawa 10,000 ko fiye da suka kasance a Cuba a 1959 sun fice. Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, 'yan Cuba da yawa a yanzu suna zama a ƙasashe dabam-dabam, wasu sun ƙare a ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai. Yawancin Cuban suna zaune a Mexico da Kanada.

At times the exodus was tolerated by the Cuban government as a "release valve"; at other times the government has impeded it. Some Cubans left for economic reasons and some for political ones. Others emigrated by way of the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, which is blocked on the Cuban (land) side by barbed-wired fences and land mines.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span>]

A shekara ta 1995 gwamnatin Amurka ta kulla yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Cuba don warware rikicin ƙaura da ya haifar da Mariel Boatlift na 1980, lokacin da Castro ya buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ga duk wanda ke son tafiya. Sakamakon shawarwarin dai shi ne yarjejeniyar da a karkashinta aka bukaci Amurka ta ba da biza 20,000 a duk shekara ga bakin haure na Cuba. Ba a cika cika wannan adadin ba; Gwamnatin Bush ta ki amincewa da wannan doka, inda ta bayar da biza 505 ga Cuban a cikin watanni shida na farkon shekarar 2003. Ta kuma toshe wasu 'yan Cuban da ke da biza.

Ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1994, Cubans 72 sun yi ƙoƙari su bar tsibirin a kan wani jirgin ruwa na yakin duniya na biyu mai suna 13 de Marzo. A wani yunƙurin da sojojin ruwan Cuba suka yi na dakatar da jirgin, an aike da jiragen sintiri domin su tare tug ɗin. Ma’aikatan jirgin da wadanda suka tsira da ransu sun ruwaito cewa, jiragen ruwan Cuban sun yi kaca-kaca da jirgin tare da fesa ma fasinjojin nasa da rowan wuta mai tsananin zafi, inda suka mamaye da yawa daga cikin jirgin.[40]

Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka sun ba da rahoton cewa, tsagaitawar da aka yi a manyan tekuna, an kwatanta ta da tashin hankali ne da hukumomi da kuma mutuwar bakin haure. A cewar hukumomin guda, an kai mutanen Cuban zuwa Amurka a cikin kwale-kwale masu sauri ta hanyar wasu masu aikata laifukan da suka kware a safarar mutane, tsoffin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi, da ke kudancin Florida, wadanda a yanzu ke ganin haramtattun mutane fiye da kwayoyi. Wadannan masu laifin suna karbar dala dubu 8 zuwa 12 ga kowane mutum, tare da cika kananan jiragen ruwa. Yawancin waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ƙaura mutane ne da ke da dangi a Amurka, wasu waɗanda ba su cancanci a ɗauke su a matsayin baƙi na doka ba a Amurka, ko waɗanda ba sa son jiran lokacinsu a cikin adadin shekara-shekara, wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙaura don baƙi na doka. [41]

Since November 1966, the Cuban Tun daga Nuwamba 1966, Dokar Daidaita Kuba ta ba da izinin zama ta atomatik ga kusan duk Cuban da suka isa bisa doka ko ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan shekara ɗaya da kwana ɗaya a Amurka. Babu wani baƙo daga wata ƙasa da ke da wannan gata. Takaddama kan wannan manufa ta ta'allaka ne kan asarar masana kimiyar Cuba, kwararru, masu fasaha da sauran kwararrun mutane, amma kuma ta haifar da fargabar rikicin kaura.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span>]

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2005 wanda ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Satumba, Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa ta tsayar da Cubans 2,712 a teku, fiye da ninki biyu na 1,225 da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2004 [41] Adadin na 2005 shine na uku mafi girma na Cubans da aka tsayar a cikin Florida madaidaiciya a cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata. An bayar da rahoton mafi girma a 1993 tare da 3,656 da 1994 lokacin da sama da 'yan Cuba 30,000 suka yi hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda abin da ake kira rikicin ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe biyu.[41]

Yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta 1994 da 1995 da aka sanya hannu tsakanin Havana da Washington, kuma wanda ya fito ne saboda rikicin a watan Agustan 1994, har yanzu yana aiki. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi sun tilasta wa Amurka ta mayar da duk wadanda hukumomin Amurka suka tsayar a teku zuwa Cuba, ban da lokuta inda za'a iya tabbatar da tsanantawa ta siyasa don tabbatar da gudun hijira a Amurka.[42]

The accords were designed to discourage those who would consider emigrating illegally by sea but the Bush administration has not complied with Washington's part of the agreements.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span>] Although the Coast Guard says that only 2.5 percent of the Cubans intercepted are granted political asylum, the public understanding, the public perception in Cuba and among the Cuban community in Miami, is not the same. And since that is not the perception, more and more people continue to illegally leave the island by sea causing fatal consequences. According to studies carried out by Cuban experts on the island, it is estimated that at least 15 percent of those that attempt to cross the sea die before reaching the US.[41]

Koyaya, alkaluman waɗanda suka tsere daga wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ko Caribbean na asali sun kwatanta daidai da na Cuba. A cikin kasafin kudi na 2005, 3,612 Dominicans aka tsince a kan manyan tekuna yunƙurin zuwa Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba (900 fiye da Cuban da aka kama) kuma a cikin 2004, Haiti 3,229 kuma an karbo (2,000 fiye da 1,225 Cubans na shekarar kasafin kuɗi). Jaridar O Globo ta kasar Brazil ta buga labarin kan bakin haure ba bisa ka’ida ba a Amurka, inda ta nakalto majiyoyin hukuma, inda ta yi nuni da cewa, a zangon farko na shekarar 2005, an dakatar da ‘yan kasar Brazil 27,396 daga ketare iyakokin Amurka ba bisa ka’ida ba, matsakaita 4,556 a kowane wata da 152 a rana. A cikin 2004, jimlar baƙi 1,160,000, an dakatar da su lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga Amurka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kashi 93 daga cikinsu (kusan 1,080,000) 'yan Mexico ne.[41]

Ilimi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ilimi a Cuba kyauta ne a kowane mataki kuma Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke jagoranta. A cikin 1961 gwamnati ta ba da izini ga duk cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu kuma ta gabatar da tsarin ilimi na jihar.

Kula da lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Cuban tana aiki a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa kuma tana ɗaukar cikakken alhakin kasafin kuɗi da gudanarwa don kula da lafiyar 'yan ƙasa. Gwamnati ta haramta duk wani zaɓi mai zaman kansa ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa. A shekara ta 1976, an tsara shirin kiwon lafiya na Cuba a cikin Mataki na 50 na kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ce, "Kowane mutum yana da ''yancin lafiya da kulawa". Kula da lafiya a Cuba ma kyauta ne, kodayake ƙalubalen sun haɗa da ƙananan albashi ga likitoci, wuraren da ba su da kyau, samar da kayan aiki mara kyau, da kuma yawan rashin magunguna masu mahimmanci. [43][44]

Koyaya, babu haƙƙin sirri, ko yardar mai haƙuri, ko haƙƙin yin zanga-zanga ko gurfanar da likita ko asibiti saboda rashin aiki.[45] Yawancin mutanen Cuba suna gunaguni game da siyasa a cikin maganin kiwon lafiya da yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya.[45]

[45] Bayan shafe watanni tara a dakunan shan magani na Cuban, masanin ilimin ɗan adam Katherine Hirschfeld ya rubuta "Ƙara fahimtar da na yi game da aikata laifin Cuba na rashin amincewa ya haifar da wata tambaya mai tayar da hankali: har zuwa wane irin kyakkyawan yanayin kasa da kasa game da tsarin kula da lafiyar Cuban da al'adar jihar na murkushe 'yan adawa da kuma tsoratarwa a boye ko kuma daure shi zai zama masu suka?"

Ana sa ran likitocin iyali su adana rikodin "haɗin siyasa" na marasa lafiya. Kula da annobar cututtuka ya zama tare da kula da siyasa.[46]

'Yanci na addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Juyin Juya Halin Cuba, ayyukan Cocin Roman Katolika sun iyakance sosai kuma a cikin 1961 an kwace duk dukiyar da kungiyoyin addinai ke riƙe ba tare da diyya ba.[47] An kori daruruwan malamai, ciki har da bishop, daga kasar har abada. Shugabannin Cuban sun kasance mai musun wanzuwar Allah har zuwa 1992 lokacin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta amince da ba da damar mabiya addini su shiga jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1998, Paparoma John Paul II ya ziyarci tsibirin kuma an ba shi izinin gudanar da manyan taro na waje kuma an ba da Visa ga firistoci goma sha tara na kasashen waje da suka zauna a kasar. Bugu da kari, wasu kungiyoyin addinai a Cuba kamar al'ummar Yahudawa yanzu an ba su izinin gudanar da ayyukan jama'a da shigo da kayan addini da abinci na kosher don Idin Ƙetarewa, da kuma karɓar malamai da sauran baƙi na addini daga ƙasashen waje. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, Cuba ta yi bikin bude Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a Havana a wani bikin da Raúl Castro, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Esteban Lazo, Shugaban Majalisar Ricardo Alarcón, da sauran mutane suka halarta.[48] Jaridar Cuban ta lura cewa babban cocin shine na farko a cikin Latin Amurka.[48]

A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Cuba a matsayin 3 daga 4, yana lura da cewa' yancin addini ya inganta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

Wani rahoto na 2023 ya gano cewa an tattara bayanan keta 'yancin addini fiye da ninki biyu daga 272 a 2021 zuwa 657 a 2022.[49]

'Yancin mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cuba ta kasance mai tseren gaba a yankin a cikin 'yancin mata. Game da haƙƙin haihuwa, matan Cuban suna da izinin haihuwa har zuwa shekaru biyu da kuma samun damar zubar da ciki kyauta.[50]

Mata suna jagorantar kusan kashi 50% na gidaje a Cuba. Kashi sittin cikin dari na masu sana'a na Cuba mata ne.[50] Mata na Cuban suma suna da babban wakilci a kasar, tare da mata da ke riƙe da kashi 48.9% na kujerun majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Cuban.

Tortura

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

.

Dangantakar launin fata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Esteban Morales Dominguez ya yi nuni ga wariyar launin fata da aka kafa a cikin littafinsa Kalubale na Matsalar launin fata a Cuba (Fundación Fernando Ortiz). Siyasar kabilanci a Cuba bayan juyin-juya hali ta tattauna siyasar kabilanci da ta mamaye Cuban kwaminisanci.

Enrique Patterson, a rubuce a cikin Miami Herald, ya bayyana tseren a matsayin "bom na zamantakewa" kuma ya ce, "Idan gwamnatin Cuba ta ba da izinin baƙar fata na Cuba su shirya da kuma tayar da matsalolinsu kafin [masu hukuma] ... mulkin kama karya zai faɗi". Carlos Moore, wanda ya rubuta da yawa game da batun, ya ce "Akwai barazanar da ba a bayyana ba, baƙi a Cuba sun san cewa duk lokacin da kuka tayar da tseren a Cuba, kuna zuwa kurkuku. Saboda haka, gwagwarmaya a Cuba ta bambanta. Ba za a iya samun yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama ba. " [51] Za ku sami baƙar fata 10,000 da suka mutu nan take. " Ya ce sabuwar tsara ta baƙar fata na Cuba suna kallon siyasa ta wata hanya.[51] 

Jorge Luis García Pérez, sanannen ɗan adam na Afro-Cuban da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya wanda aka ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru 17, a cikin wata hira da aka yi da Directorio Democrático Cubano na Florida [52] ya ce "Hukumomin ƙasarmu ba su taɓa yarda da cewa baƙar fata ya yi adawa da juyin juya halin ba. A lokacin shari'ar, launi na fata ya kara tsananta halin da ake ciki. Daga baya lokacin da masu gadi suka wulakanta ni a kurkuku, koyaushe suna kirana da baƙar fata".[52]

Duk da wadannan shingen duk da haka, ana yaba wa Cuba sau da yawa saboda ci gaban juyin juya halin Cuba a fannonin daidaiton launin fata. A lokacin jagorancinsa, Castro ya soke wariyar launin fata a cikin kasuwanci da wuraren jama'a yayin da yake gabatar da sauye-sauye na daidaito a fannoni kamar aiki, albashi, tsaro na zamantakewa, da ilimi. Adadin wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare ya fi girma a tsakanin baƙi fiye da tsakanin fararen fata a Cuba, yayin da akasin haka gaskiya ne a duka Brazil da Amurka.[53] A fannin tsammanin rayuwa, tsammanin rayuwa na wadanda ba fararen fata na Cuba sun kasance shekara guda kawai fiye da na fararen fata; tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance daidai ga dukkan kabilun. Wani alama mai karfi na jin daɗin jama'a, wanda ke da alaƙa da samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya (kamar yadda aka nuna, musamman, a cikin mutuwar jarirai), abinci mai gina jiki da ilimi, gibin tseren Cuban a cikin tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance ƙasa da waɗanda aka samu a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci masu wadata kamar Brazil (kimanin shekaru 6.7) da Amurka (kimani shekaru 6.3) a wannan lokacin.[53] Saboda wadannan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa yawan mutanen Afro Cuban shine mafi yawan baƙar fata da ke rayuwa a duniya.[54] A fannin jagorancin kasa har yanzu ana iya ganin abubuwan da suka faru kafin juyin juya halin lokacin da suka zo ga batun launi, tare da Afro Cubans har yanzu ba su cimma daidaito ba idan ya zo ga wakilci. Duk da haka, an gabatar da gyare-gyare tun a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da Castro "ya yi aiki don kara yawan wakilan siyasa na Afro-Cuban, tare da kashi na Black membobin Majalisar Jiha da ke fadada daga 12.9% a 1976 zuwa 25.8% ta 2003".[55]

Black Spring

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Cuba ta kama mutane da yawa (ciki har da 'yan jarida da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam), kuma ta tuhume su da tayar da kayar baya saboda zargin hadin gwiwar da suka yi da James Cason, shugaban Sashen Harkokin Amurka a Havana. [56] An yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru 15 zuwa 28. A cikin duka, an ba mutane 75 dogon hukunci na matsakaicin shekaru 17 kowannensu. Daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci sun hada da Raúl Rivero, Marta Beatriz Roque, da Oscar Elías Biscet . Amnesty International ta bayyana gwajin a matsayin "da sauri kuma a bayyane ba daidai ba".[57]

Ministan harkokin wajen Cuba Felipe Pérez Roque ya musanta wadannan zarge-zargen, ya kuma mai da martani: "Cuba na da 'yancin kare kanta da kuma aiwatar da hukunci kamar yadda sauran kasashe ke yi, kamar yadda Amurka ke hukunta wadanda suka hada kai da wata kasar waje domin yi wa jama'arsu da yankunansu barna".[58]

A yayin shari'ar, an gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa wadanda ake tuhuma sun karbi kudade daga Sashen Bukatun Amurka. Jami'an Cuban sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar wannan tallafin ita ce zagon ƙasa ga ƙasar Cuba, da kawo cikas ga tsarin cikin gida, da kuma lalata tattalin arzikin Cuban. A nasa bangaren, Cason ya musanta bayar da kudade ga kowa a Cuba.

A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2004, gwamnatin Cuba ta saki uku daga cikin wadanda aka kama a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003: Oscar Espinosa Chepe, Marcelo López, da Margarito Broche . Wannan aikin ya biyo bayan ganawa tsakanin jakadan Spain da ministan harkokin waje na Cuba. A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa an sake wasu masu adawa hudu: Raúl Rivero, Osvaldo Alfonso Valdés, Edel José García da Jorge Olivera An sake wasu fursunoni bakwai a baya saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya.

Hakkin LGBT a Cuba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakkokin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, maza biyu, da masu canza jinsi a Cuba sun sami bunkasuwa a tsawon lokaci, daga wariyar da ake nunawa a mafi yawan karni na 20 zuwa abin da yanzu ake la'akari da wasu manufofin LGBT masu ci gaba a Latin Amurka.

Nuna bambanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dubban masu luwadi, Shaidun Jehobah, masu ƙin yarda da lamiri, da masu adawa an tilasta su gudanar da aikin soja na tilas a cikin shekarun 1960 a sansanonin UMAP, inda suke ƙarƙashin "sake koyarwa" siyasa. Kwamandojin soja sun zalunta fursunoni. Carlos Alberto Montaner ya ce "An kafa sansanonin tilasta aiki tare da sauri don "gyara" irin wannan karkatarwa ... Magana da jiki, aske kawuna, aiki daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana, hammocks, datti, karancin abinci ... sansanonin sun kara cikawa yayin da hanyoyin kamawa suka zama masu dacewa. " [46]  

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda "tsarkakewar zamantakewar jama'a", gwamnatin Castro ta yi iƙirarin tsaftace fasahar "masu cin zarafin sodomitic" da kuma "masu rawa marasa lafiya". Bugu da ƙari, an kulle maza masu dogon gashi kuma an yanke gashin su.[59]

An ruwaito Castro sau ɗaya ya tabbatar da cewa, "a cikin ƙasar, babu masu luwadi", kafin ya yi iƙirarin a 1992 cewa luwadi "halayyar ɗan adam ce ta halitta wacce dole ne a girmama ta kawai". Wani tushe ya ba da rahoton Castro kamar yadda ya yi tir da "maricones" ("Fagots") a matsayin " wakilai na mulkin mallaka". Castro ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa "kada a ba da izinin 'yan luwadi a cikin mukamai inda za su iya yin tasiri ga matasa".

Gyara na karni na 21

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cuba ta yi gyare-gyare a karni na 21, [60] musamman ta hanyar nasarar raba gardama ta Dokar Iyali ta 2022.

A shekara ta 2003, Carlos Sanchez na Ƙungiyar Lesbian da Gay ta Duniya ya ba da rahoto game da matsayin 'yan luwadi a Cuba wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Cuba ba ta sanya wani hukunci na doka ga' yan 'yan lu'u-lu'u masu lu'u a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [61] Tun daga shekara ta 2005 tiyata na sake fasalin jima'i ga masu canza launin fata kyauta ne a karkashin doka, kuma gwamnati ce ke biyan su.[62] Har ila yau, Havana yanzu tana da yanayin "mai rai da kuzari" gay da lesbian.

A wata hira da ya yi da jaridar Mexico ta La Jornada a shekara ta 2010, Sakataren Farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Cuba, Fidel Castro, ya kira tsananta wa 'yan luwadi yayin da yake kan mulki "babban zalunci, rashin adalci!" Da yake ɗaukar alhakin tsanantawa, ya ce, "Idan kowa yana da alhakin, ni ne ... Muna da matsaloli masu yawa, matsalolin rayuwa ko mutuwa. A cikin waɗannan lokutan ban iya magance wannan al'amari [na 'yan luwadi ba]. Na sami kaina cikin nutsewa, musamman, a cikin Rikicin Oktoba, a cikin yakin, a cikin tambayoyin siyasa. " Castro da kansa ya yi amanna cewa mugunyar da ake yi wa 'yan luwadi a Cuba ya samo asali ne daga halin da kasar ta kasance kafin juyin juya hali game da luwadi". 

Mariela Castro, 'yar Sakatariyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta farko Raúl Castro, ta yi ta kokarin neman 'yancin 'yan madigo tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Cuban da ke kula da ilimin jima'i da ta ke jagoranta. Mariela ta ce mahaifinta ya goyi bayan shirin nata, yana mai cewa mahaifinta ya shawo kan kyamarsa ta farko don tallafa wa 'yarsa.

Sashe na raba gardama na Dokar Iyali ta 2022 ya halatta auren jinsi guda da tallafi ta iyaye masu jinsi guda. Cuba yanzu tana da ɗaya daga cikin matsayi mafi ci gaba game da haƙƙin LGBT na tsakanin ƙasashen Latin Amurka.[63]

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun bayan juyin juya halin Cuban dai an sha tafka muhawara da muhawara a kan hakkin dan Adam na kasar Cuba a hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Zai zama abin walƙiya mai maimaitawa a bayan fage na duniya mai ƙarfi a lokacin yakin cacar baki da kuma cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Ƙoƙarin da aka shirya da kuma ci gaba da yunkurin kasa da kasa da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Cuba suka ƙaddamar (misali Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Miami, [64] UNIDAD Cubana, [65] Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista ta Cuba, da sauransu) da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kamar Human Rights Watch) sun shiga UNHRC kuma za su zama ci gaba a Geneva. Wadannan kungiyoyi wani lokacin suna wakiltar nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi Cuban daban-daban, kamar 'yancin addini (misali ƙungiyoyin Kirista-Democrat, jam'iyyun, da kungiyoyi) [66] [67] da ilimi (misali Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya), [68] [69] waɗanda suka haɗu a kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wani karfi mai tasiri wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo tare da yin aiki da kuma jagorantar kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuban na kasa da kasa, musamman a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya kasance mai fafutuka kuma shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy . [70] Bayanan Miami Herald game da Cuban Christian Democrat Movement ya bayyana cewa Permuy ya jagoranci dabarun diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa don kiran cin zarafin bil'adama na gwamnatin Castro da aiki tare da wasu gwamnatocin Kirista-Democratic don hana goyon bayan kasa da kasa har sai an yi canje-canje na gwamnati don magance cin zarafin dan adam. Kodayake kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na hadin gwiwar da ke jagorantar kungiyar ta NGO ga Cuba da farko ya yi gwagwarmaya don samun karfin gwiwa a cikin UNHRC, tasirin su ya karu a hankali, musamman yayin da manyan kungiyoyi suka sami Matsayi na Ba da Shawara wanda ya fadada albarkatun su da fallasa su a can.[71] Wani muhimmin canji a cikin wadannan kokarin ya zo ne a shekarar 1984 lokacin da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Permuy ta samu nasarar yin kira ga a cire wakilin diflomasiyyar Cuba, Luis Sola Vila, daga wani babban kwamiti na Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a maye gurbinsa da wakilin daga Ireland, abokin tarayya na Kirista-Democratic a adawar gwamnatin Castro. [72] Wani muhimmin lokaci ya zo ne a shekarar 1987 lokacin da Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ya nada Armando Valladares, tsohon fursunonin siyasa na Cuban na shekaru 22, a matsayin jakadan Amurka a hukumar. A shekara ta 1992, an sami canji mai yawa a Geneva yayin da wakilan UNHRC suka sauya daga kin amincewa da farko, sannan rashin kulawa da kuma rungumar kokarin diflomasiyya na ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Castro.

Tun daga shekara ta 1990, Amurka kanta ta gabatar da ƙuduri daban-daban ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekara-shekara da ke sukar rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Cuba. An bayyana shawarwarin da rashin jituwa na diflomasiyya a matsayin "kusan shekara-shekara". Yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tsakanin kasashe na Latin Amurka ba ta fito ba. An zartar da ƙudurin 1990-1997, amma an ƙi su a cikin 1998.[73] Ƙoƙarin da Amurka ta yi na gaba sun yi nasara ta hanyar ƙarancin ƙuri'a. A Amurka, wasu gwamnatoci suna goyon bayan zargi, wasu suna adawa da shi, suna ganin shi a matsayin magudi na mummunar batun kare hakkin dan adam don inganta ware tsibirin da kuma tabbatar da takunkumin da ya gabata.[74] Kasashen Tarayyar Turai sun kada kuri'a a duniya a kan Cuba tun 1990, kodayake an nemi cewa ƙudurin ya kamata ya ƙunshi nassoshi game da mummunan tasirin takunkumin tattalin arziki.

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Daraktan Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Cuba (Directorio)
  • Gidauniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba
  • Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba
  • Majalisar 'Yancin Cuba
  • Masu adawa da Cuba
  • Mata a Fararen

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Naƙasasshiyar a Cuba
  • sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay
  • Sebastian Arcos Bergnes
  • Darsi Ferrer Ramírez
  • 'Yan fursunonin siyasa na Cuba yajin aikin yunwa na 2010

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cuba". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  2. ↑ "Everything you need to know about human rights in Cuba". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Cuba's repressive machinery". Human Rights Watch. 1999.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Press Freedom Index 2008" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
  5. ↑ "Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Cuba". Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017.
  7. ↑ "Cuba 2017/2018". Amnesty International.
  8. ↑ "Cuban women cite gender challenges as they push to open businesses". NBC News (in Turanci). 2022-01-06. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  9. ↑ "Country Fact Sheet | UN Women Data Hub". data.unwomen.org. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  10. ↑ "Harvard Rhetorical Society". Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
  11. ↑ Invisible Latin America, by Samuel Shapiro, Ayer Publishing, 1963, ISBN 0-8369-2521-1, pg 77. "All told, Batista's second dictatorship cost the Cuban people some 20,000 dead"
  12. ↑ The World Guide 1997/98: A View from the South, by University of Texas, 1997, ISBN 1-869847-43-1, pg 209. "Batista engineered yet another coup, establishing a dictatorial regime, which was responsible for the death of 20,000 Cubans."
  13. ↑ The Third World in Perspective, by H.A. Reitsma & J.M.G. Kleinpenning, ISBN 0-8476-7450-9, pg 344. "Under Batista at least 20,000 people were put to death."
  14. ↑ "El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales". Cuban American National Foundation. November 7, 2005. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-08. (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists)

    "... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls". users.erols.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  16. ↑ "Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Hugh Thomas". longitudebooks.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  17. ↑ "The Resurrection of Che Guevara". nova.wpunj.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Medicine betrayed
  19. ↑ "New Castro, Same Cuba: Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era". Human Rights Watch. 2009-11-18. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Cuba". Freedom House. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION". Human Rights Watch. 1999.
  22. ↑ "Report 2004 | Cuba". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007.
  23. ↑ "US Levies New Sanctions on Cuba Over Human Rights, Venezuela". Voice of America. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  24. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992". University of Minnesota Human Right Library. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Cuba's Constitution of 2019" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "10 most censored countries". The Committee to Protect Journalists.
  27. ↑ "Direct aid to the persecuted". People in Need.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The Miami Herald
  29. ↑ Voeux, Claire; Pain, Julien (October 2006). "Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
  30. ↑ "CUBA". Committee to Protect Journalists (in Turanci). 2005-05-20. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  31. ↑ "2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba". U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  32. ↑ "And when will Miami's terrorist nest be cleared out?". Granma Internacional. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  33. ↑ "MEDICAL LETTER WRITING ACTION | Dr Desi MENDOZA Rivero | CUBA". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2006-04-15. Retrieved 2005-09-26.
  34. ↑ "Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program". AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. 17 June 2013.
  35. ↑ "Insufficient medical care for Jorge Luis García Pérez". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on January 12, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Cuba: Government must release journalist and prisoner of conscience Roberto Quiñones Haces". Amnesty International. 2 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  37. ↑ "Reforma migratoria también favorece a los militantes cubanos". El Nuevo Diario. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cuba". Human Rights Watch. 31 December 2005.
  39. ↑ "Arquivo.pt". Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  40. ↑ Amnesty International (June 30, 1997). "Cuba: The sinking of the "13 de Marzo" Tugboat on 13 July 1994". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 "Washington's Weapon to Create a Migratory Crisis". AINSamfuri:Fix-span. February 2006. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013.
  42. ↑ "8/28/00: Fact Sheet: Cuba-U.S. Migration Accord". 1997-2001.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  43. ↑ "Why an American went to Cuba for cancer care". BBC News. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  44. ↑ The Committee Office, House of Commons (28 March 2001). "Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan". Select Committee on Health. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Hirschfeld, Katherine (July 2007). "Re-examining the Cuban Health Care System: Towards a Qualitative Critique" (PDF). Cuban Affairs. 2 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-17. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hirschfeld-since1898
  47. ↑ Crahan, Margaret E. (1979). "Salvation through Christ or Marx: Religion in Revolutionary Cuba". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 21 (1): 156–184. doi:10.2307/165694. ISSN 0022-1937. JSTOR 165694.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana". 20 Oct. 2008. Retrieved 14 Apr. 2009. Cuban News Agency. "Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana". Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  49. ↑ "Cuba: Documented religious freedom violations more than double in 2022". www.csw.org.uk.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named barrier
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Cuban former political prisoner Jorge Luis García Perez Antúnez: I felt death was very close several times". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "A Lesson From Cuba on Race" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  54. ↑ "Fidel Castro's Legacy On Race Relations In Cuba And Abroad". NPR.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  55. ↑ Glassman, Naomi (2021-03-07). "Revolutionary Racism : Afro‑Cubans in an Era of Economic Change". Centre tricontinental (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  56. ↑ San Martin, Nancy (20 March 2003). "35 Cuban dissidents arrested". The Miami Herald.
  57. ↑ "Welcome to Amnesty International USA's Online Action Center!". Amnesty International USA. Archived from the original on 2004-04-27. Retrieved 2004-05-04.
  58. ↑ "Cuba Responds to Rough Lies on 75 Imprisoned Mercenaries". Archived from the original on 2005-01-08. Retrieved 2004-09-21.
  59. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lumsden
  60. ↑ Israel, Esteban (2006-07-03). "Castro's niece fights for new revolution". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22.
  61. ↑ "Carlos Sanchez, ILGA LAC rep tells us about his cuban experience". Archived from the original on 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2006-03-27.
  62. ↑ "HEALTH-CUBA: Free Sex Change Operations Approved". Inter Press Service. June 6, 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12.
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  64. ↑ Sam Verdeja, Guillermo Martinez, Cubans, an Epic Journey: The Struggle of Exiles for Truth and Freedom (2012). p. 241, ISBN 1935806203.
  65. ↑ "Emergency intervention of world leaders urged in favor of Cuban political prisoners". www.cubdest.org. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  66. ↑ "United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/INF.1" (PDF). United Nations. 9 March 1995. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  67. ↑ "United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/MISC.2" (PDF). United Nations. 10 February 1995. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  68. ↑ "Commission begins consideration of rights of indigenous peoples; Press Release HR/CN/733". United Nations. April 12, 1996.
  69. ↑ "Commission on Human Rights; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Forty-Eighth Session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/Misc.1" (PDF). 9 August 1996. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  70. ↑ Hamilton, Robert (2018-10-01). "Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy". Miami's Community News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  71. ↑ "Congressional Record House Articles". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
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  73. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Herald
  74. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named coha-OAS-UNHRC
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