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'Yancin Dan Adam a Estonia

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Estonia
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Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Estonia an amince da kamar yadda gwamnati ke mutunta gaba ɗaya.  Duk da haka, akwai damuwa a wasu wurare, kamar yanayin tsare mutane, yin amfani da karfi da 'yan sanda ya wuce kima, da cin zarafin yara.   An rarraba Estonia a matsayin dimokuradiyya maras kyau, tare da matsakaicin sirri[5] da ci gaban ɗan adam a Turai.[6]  An ba wa ɗaiɗai tabbacin a takarda ainihin haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki, ayyukan majalisa, da yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda gwamnatin Estoniya ta amince da su.  Tun daga 2025, Estonia ta kasance matsayi na 2 a duniya ta 'yancin ɗan jarida[1]

Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa na kasa da kasa, kamar su Human Rights Watch, [2] Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai [3] a 1993 da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [4] a 2008 sun sami ƙananan batutuwa ko alamu na cin zarafin bil'adama ko nuna bambanci a kan kabilanci, yayin da wasu, kamar Amnesty International a cikin 2009, sun nuna damuwa game da baƙi, da kuma game da 'yan tsirarun Russophone, waɗanda "suna fama da rashin aikin yi kusan sau biyu fiye da tsakanin' yan kabilanci".[5]

Tarihi

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Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na ɗan adam na Estoniya da haƙƙoƙin gama kai don wanzuwa a matsayin ƙabila, ana cin zarafi akai-akai tsawon ƙarni takwas tun lokacin yaƙin Crusades na Arewa da Baltic Jamus, wanda ƙarni biyu na mulkin mallaka na Rasha ya biyo baya kuma ya ƙare da rabin karni na mamayar Soviet.  Kundin tsarin mulkin Estonia na farko na 1920 ya haɗa da tsare-tsaren kare hakkin jama'a da na siyasa waɗanda su ne ma'auni na ranar.  Doka ta 1925 akan 'yancin cin gashin kai na al'adu wata sabuwar doka ce wacce ta tanadi kare haƙƙoƙin gama gari ga ƴan ƙasar da ba na Estoniya ba..

Estonia a cikin tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa

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Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta gabatar da hukunce-hukunce 23 a cikin shari'o'in da aka kawo wa Estonia (tun daga shekara ta 2001); a cikin shariʼo'i 19, ta sami akalla keta yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ko ladabi. A shekara ta 2001, Estonia ta ba da gayyatar tsayawa ga Hanyar Musamman ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Kasancewa cikin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam

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Babban Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kasancewar Estonia Babban yarjejeniyar CoE[6] Kasancewar Estonia
Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata Shigarwa a cikin 1991 Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1996
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa Shigarwa a cikin 1991 Yarjejeniya 1 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1996
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko (ICCPR) Shigarwa a cikin 1991 Yarjejeniya ta 4 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1996
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu (ICCPR) Shigarwa a shekara ta 2004 Yarjejeniya ta 6 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1998
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu Shigarwa a cikin 1991 Yarjejeniya ta 7 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1996
Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata Shigarwa a cikin 1991 Yarjejeniya ta 12 (ECHR) An sanya hannu a cikin 2000
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CEDAW) Ba a sanya hannu ba Yarjejeniya ta 13 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa Shigarwa a cikin 1991 Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai Ba a sanya hannu ba
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CAT) An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2006 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1988 (ESC) Ba a sanya hannu ba
Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara Shigarwa a cikin 1991 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1995 (ESC) Ba a sanya hannu ba
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigawar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (CRC) An sanya hannu a shekara ta 2003 Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai da aka sake fasalin An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2000
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da sayar da yara, karuwanci na yara da hotunan batsa na yara (CRC-OP-SC) An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004 Yarjejeniyar Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa da Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko Hukunci An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1996
Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da ke ƙaura da Iyalansu Ba a sanya hannu ba Yarjejeniyar Turai don Yankin ko Harsunan Ƙananan Ba a sanya hannu ba
Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa An sanya hannu a cikin 2007 Yarjejeniyar Tsarin don Kare Ƙananan Ƙasa An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1997
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CRPD) Ba a sanya hannu ba Yarjejeniyar kan Aiki game da Cin Hanci da Mutane An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2015

Takardun baya-bayan nan a cikin hanyoyin bayar da rahoto

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Jikin kwararru Rahoton Jiha Takardar jikin kwararru
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam 2018 2019
Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu 2017 2019
Kwamitin kan kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata 2019 2014
Kwamitin Yaki da Torture 2011 2013
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara . 2017
Kwamitin kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata 2015 2016[7]
Kwamitin Turai kan 'Yancin Jama'a 2020 2019-2020
Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa Ba a hango ba 2019
Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na FCNM 2019 2015
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da wariyar launin fata da rashin haƙuri Ba a hango ba 2015
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin nakasassu 2015[8] 2021[9]

Bayani daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam

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Amnesty International

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Kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta ce ‘yan tsiraru masu ilimin harshe na fuskantar wariya a bangarori da dama, musamman ta fuskar ayyukan yi da ilimi.  Bakin hauren sun fuskanci cin zarafi daga jami'an jihar da kuma hare-haren kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.  An yi watsi da binciken laifukan da ake zargin 'yan sanda na amfani da karfi fiye da kima.  Har ila yau, ‘yan sandan tsaron Estoniya, Kaitsepolitsei, ta yi zargin cewa, hukumar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Legal Information Center for Human Rights (LICHR), ta yi ikirarin cewa, wani yunkuri ne na bata sunan kungiyar da kuma bata aikinta..[5]

Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam

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A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch, 1993, kungiyar ba ta sami tsari ba, mummunar cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam a fannin zama ɗan ƙasa. Wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba ne a Estonia an tabbatar da hakkoki na asali a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Estonia. Koyaya, akwai wasu matsaloli game da nasarar haɗin gwiwar wasu waɗanda suka kasance Mazauna dindindin a lokacin da Estonia ta sami 'yancin kai.[2]

Gidan 'Yanci

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A cewar Freedom House, Estonia tana da haƙƙin siyasa da 'yanci na jama'a. Ana ba wa Jam'iyyun siyasa damar shirya su da yardar rai kuma zaɓen ya kasance kyauta da adalci. Ana girmama damar jama'a ga bayanan gwamnati kuma ƙasar tana da 'yancin' yan jarida, kodayake rahoton 2007 ya tattauna hukumomin tsaro na Kaitsepolitsei na Estonia a matsayin' yan sanda na siyasa na ƙasar. Hakanan ana girmama 'yancin addini a cikin doka da kuma aiki. Ana ɗaukar Cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin ƙaramin matsala a Estonia. shari'a tana da 'yanci kuma gabaɗaya ba ta da tsangwama daga gwamnati.[10] Ya zuwa 2023, Freedom House ya lissafa Estonia a matsayin 94 daga cikin 100 a Freedom in the World . [11]

Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

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Rahoton na 2008 na mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan wariyar launin fata ga Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura da kasancewar siyasa da hukumomin jihar Estoniya suke yi don yakar kalaman wariyar launin fata da wariya a Estonia.  A cewar rahoton, wakilan al'ummomin da ke magana da Rasha a Estonia sun ga mafi mahimmancin nau'i na wariya a Estonia ba kabilanci ba ne, amma a maimakon harshe (Para. 56).  Wakilin rahoton ya bayyana shawarwari da dama da suka hada da karfafawa shugabar shari'a karfi, samar da damar ba da izinin zama dan kasa ga mutanen da ba a bayyana ba da kuma sanya manufofin harshe batun muhawara don fayyace dabarun da suka fi nuna halayen al'umma masu harsuna da yawa (paras. 89-92). [4]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata

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Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata (CERD) yana nazarin rahotanni na yau da kullun na kasashe membobin kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da Dukkanin Nuna bambanci tsakanin kabilanci. A cikin abubuwan da suka kammala a shekarar 2010 kwamitin ya lura da wasu fannoni masu kyau, kuma ya nuna damuwa kuma ya ba da shawarwari game da bin Estonia da yarjejeniyar. Damuwa da aka ambata a cikin rahoton sun haɗa da: rashin kariya ga 'yan tsiraru daga maganganun ƙiyayya; dalilin launin fata na laifuka ba ya zama Yanayi mai tsanani; mai da hankali sosai ga harshen Estonian a cikin jihar Shirye-shiryen Haɗin kai; amfani da tsarin azabtarwa don inganta harshen Estonian; ƙuntatawa na amfani da harshen' yan tsiraru a cikin Ayyukan jama'a; ƙarancin wakilci ƙiraru a rayuwar siyasa; ci gaba da yawan mutanen da ba a ƙarancin zama ɗan ƙasa ba a ƙayyadadden ƙasa, da sauransu.[12]

Sauran cibiyoyin

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A cewar Cliohres, Cibiyar Nazarin Turai da aka shirya ta ƙungiyar jami'o'i 45 ta wallafa zargin cin zarafin bil'adama na mutanen da ke magana da Rasha a Estonia ya zama uzuri na ƙoƙarin kulle yankin a cikin tasirin Rasha. Kokarin Moscow na cin gajiyar siyasa a kan batun 'yan tsiraru na Russophone a Estonia sun yi nasara yayin da Kremlin ya yi amfani da kowane taron kasa da kasa inda aka gabatar da ikirarin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Estonia.

Taron Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [13] Ci Gaban da Canji ya tattauna halin da Estonia da Latvia ke ciki a cikin 2005.

James Hughes, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka daga Kwalejin Triniti, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Latvia da Estonia jihohin ne "sun kama su da kabilun da aka kama", suna amfani da "tsarin tsarin siyasa mai zurfi na nuna bambanci" a kan al'ummarsu masu magana da harshen Russophone. Ya ambaci "ginshiƙai" guda uku na nuna bambanci: ƙin zama ɗan ƙasa, amfani da harshe, da haƙƙin shiga, kuma da'awar nuna bambanci ya ƙuntata ta hanyar "dogaro da tattalin arziki akan aikin Russophone".

Nils Muiznieks, ɗan siyasan Latvian, tsohon ministan Haɗin Kai, ya yi iƙirarin, "Hughes ya ba da ƙaddara mai sauƙi game da rikitarwa na manufofin 'yan tsiraru da alaƙar kabilanci a Estonia da Latvia".[14]

Dukkanin Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE) a Estonia da Babban Kwamishinan OSCE a kan 'yan tsiraru na kasa sun bayyana a 1993 cewa ba za su iya samun tsarin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ko cin zarafi a Estonia ba.[3]

A cewar Rahoton Hakkin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Estonia gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan ƙasa da manyan' yan asalin Rasha. Koyaya, akwai matsaloli tare da amfani da karfi na 'yan sanda, yanayin da ke cikin tsare-tsare da kuma tsawon lokacin da aka tsare-tsaren kafin shari'a. Har ila yau, akwai matsaloli a cikin tashin hankali na gida, rashin daidaito na Albashi na mata, cin zarafin yara, da fataucin mata da yara.[15]

A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Rasha, kamar yadda a shekara ta 2011, kimantawar da Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayar kan haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya nuna batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu tsanani, musamman a fagen haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa, don kasancewa ba a warware su ba a Estonia.[16]

Bincike da ya shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam

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Binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin 1993 da 1997 ya gano 'yan kabilar Rasha da ke zaune a cikin jihohin Baltic gabaɗaya ba su ga kansu a matsayin masu barazana ko fama da " wariyar launin fata" ko wariyar launin fatar kamar yadda gwamnatin Rasha ke jayayya da ita ba; binciken Burtaniya a 1993 ya nuna cewa "mafi yawan' yan kabilar Rasha ba su la'akari da halin da suke ciki ba, mai wahala ko kuma sun sami kashi 69% na masu magana da Rasha ba su yarda da ra'ayin cewa ana bi da su ba, yayin da mummunan ra'ayi, yayin da su a cikin binciken Rasha a 1995 ya sami kashi 8% kawai na masu magana.[17]

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2008 game da kabilun Rasha 500 da Hukumar Kare Hakki ta Tarayyar Turai ta gudanar, kashi 59% na waɗanda aka yi tambaya sun nuna nuna nuna bambancin kabilanci kamar yadda ya yadu sosai a kasar. 27% sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami nuna bambanci bisa ga asalin kabilansu a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata, gami da 17% a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata (idan aka kwatanta da 4-5% a Lithuania da Latvia.) Nuna bambanci a wurin aiki ya zama yadu, tare da 72% na mahalarta zaben suna cewa asalin kabilanci daban zai hana ci gaba. Kashi 39% sun ce sun fuskanci nuna bambanci a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata yayin neman aiki, gami da kashi 16% a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata - mafi girman adadin a duk ƙasashen da aka bincika. 10% sun tabbatar da cewa suna guje wa wasu wurare, kamar shaguna ko gidajen cin abinci saboda sun yi imanin cewa za su sami mummunar kulawa saboda asalin kabilansu.[18]

Koyaya wani sakamakon binciken a cikin 2008 ya gano kashi 3% kawai na kabilun Rashawa sun ce sun fuskanci ƙiyayya ko rashin adalci a kai a kai saboda kabilansu, kuma kashi 9% a wasu lokuta; kashi 1% sun bayyana cewa an yi musu laifi akai-akai bisa ga kabilansu yayin da kashi 7% a wasu lokuta. Wannan binciken ya gano cewa yayin da yawancin masu amsa ba su fuskanci nuna bambanci da kansu ba, duk da haka suna da imani cewa matakin nuna bambanci yana da girma.

Cibiyar Turai don Matsalar Ƙananan Ƙasa ta bincika yadda Estonia ke bi da 'yan tsiraru na Russophone. A ƙarshe, cibiyar ta bayyana cewa duk kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun yarda cewa ba za a iya lura da wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke magana da Rasha ba kuma suna yabon kokarin da aka yi har zuwa yanzu a cikin gyare-gyare ga dokokin kan ilimi, harshe da matsayin wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, duk da haka har yanzu batun yawan irin waɗannan wadanda ba' yan ƙasa ba ne.[19] Ya zuwa 2 ga Satumba, 2009, 102,466, ko 7.5% na yawan mutanen Estonia sun kasance wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, sun sauka daga 32% a 1992 da 12% a 2003 .[20][21] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005 an gudanar da bincike tsakanin mazauna da ba a tantance su ba. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa kashi 61% na waɗannan mazauna suna son zama ɗan ƙasar Estonia, kashi 13% na zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha da kashi 6% na zama ɗan ƙasa na wata ƙasa. 17% na masu amsa ba su da sha'awar samun kowane ɗan ƙasa kwata-kwata. An gano cewa da ya fi girma, mai yiwuwa ba ya son samun ɗan ƙasa. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa masu amsawa waɗanda aka haifa a Estonia sun fi son samun 'yancin Estonia (73%), fiye da waɗanda ba a haife su a Estonia ba (kasa da 50%). [20]

Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin kasa shine fa'idar riƙe matsayin doka mai rikitarwa ga rayuwar yau da kullun; a gefe guda yana da sauƙi ga baƙi ba tare da 'yancin Estonia ba su koma Rasha yayin da a gefe guda rashin' yan ƙasa ba ya haifar da matsala ga zama a Estonia; binciken da aka yi a cikin 2008 ya gano cewa kashi 72% na masu amsawa na kabilun Rasha sun ambaci sauƙin tafiya zuwa Rasha a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da mutane ba sa neman' yancin Estonia kuma kashi 75% sun bayyana cewa gaskiyar rashin' yan asalin Estonia ba ya hana rayuwarsu wani dalili

Ana gudanar da bincike da yawa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a kowace shekara ta ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗanɗano na Estonia, misali Cibiyar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa ta Estonia.

Aiki

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Kashi 72% na kabilun Rasha 500 da aka yi tambaya sun yi imanin cewa kabilun kabilanci daban-daban suna hana ci gaban wurin aiki.[18] Jami'an gwamnatin Rasha da 'yan majalisa sun sake maimaita waɗannan zarge-zarge a cikin forums daban-daban. Irin waɗannan da'awar sun zama mafi yawa a lokacin rashin jituwa na siyasa tsakanin Rasha da waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun ragu lokacin da aka warware rashin jituwa.[22][23]

Dangane da binciken da TIES ta yi a shekara ta 2008, wani aikin da Jami'ar Amsterdam ta tsara, 38.9% na Rasha da 25.2% na masu amsawa na Estonia suna tunanin cewa "Russians suna fuskantar ƙiyayya ko rashin adalci saboda kabilansu" a aiki "wani lokaci", "a kai a kai", ko "sau da yawa". 51.4% na Rasha da 50.4% na masu amsawa na Estonia suma suna tunanin cewa Rashawa suna fuskantar nuna bambancin kabilanci neman aiki.[24] Wannan rahoto ya ce kashi 40% na Estonians da kashi 44% na Rasha suna tunanin cewa "ya fi wuya" ko "ya fi wahala" ga Rashawa su sami aiki, idan aka kwatanta da Estonians. 10% na Estonians da 15% na Rashawa, a gefe guda, sun yi imanin cewa "mai sauƙi ne", ko "mai sauƙi" ga Rashawa su sami aiki.[25]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 ta hanyar Cibiyar Tsaro ta Turai ta Tsayayya da wariyar launin fata ya gano cewa kashi 17.1% na kabilun da ba na Estonia ba sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami iyakancewa ga hakkinsu ko kuma lalacewar kulawa a wurin aiki a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata saboda asalin kabilansu.[26]

Amnesty ta lura a cikin wani rahoto na shekara ta 2006 cewa mambobin 'yan tsiraru masu Magana da Rasha a Estonia suna jin daɗin iyakantaccen haƙƙin harshe da' yan tsiraru, kuma galibi suna samun kansu a ware su daga kasuwar aiki da tsarin ilimi.[27] Manufofin nuna bambanci na Estonia sun haifar da "matakan rashin aikin yi tsakanin 'yan tsirarun harsuna masu magana da Rasha. Wannan kuma ya kara ba da gudummawa ga warewar jama'a da rashin tsaro ga wasu cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam. A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa daga wannan rukuni suna hana su jin daɗin haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (yancin ESC). "[27]

Charles Kroncke da Kenneth Smith a cikin wata kasida ta 1999 da aka buga a cikin mujallar Economics of Transition suna jayayya cewa yayin da babu nuna bambanci na kabilanci a 1989, halin da ake ciki a 1994 ya bambanta gaba ɗaya. A cewar labarin, akwai shaidar nuna bambanci ga kabilun Rasha a kasuwar ma'aikata ta Estonia ta 1994. Shaidar da aka bincika a cikin labarin ta kuma nuna cewa ikon yaren Estonia ba ya shafar albashi sosai. Kroncke da Smith sun kuma nuna gaskiyar ban mamaki, cewa 'yan kabilar Rasha da aka haifa a Estonia sun bayyana sun fi muni fiye da' yan kabilar Rasha.[28] Wani binciken da Kristian Leping da Ott Toomet suka yi daga baya da aka buga a cikin 2008 a cikin Journal of Comparative Economics ya ba da rahoton cewa rashin iya magana da harshen Estonian da kuma rarrabe hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da tsarin makaranta, maimakon kabilanci, a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa ake ganin gibin albashi tsakanin masu magana da Estonian da wadanda ba Estonian ba.[29]

Ilimi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun lokacin da aka dawo da 'yancin kai a shekarar 1991, Estonia ta kasance tana tallafawa makarantun firamare na yaren Rasha, cikakke da sakandare tare da makarantun yaren Estonia, tare da sake fasalin nan gaba da aka shirya tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 amma an jinkirta shi akai-akai. An fara shirin sake fasalin ne a cikin shekara ta 2007. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2022 Riigikogu ta amince da wani shiri na cikakken sauyawa zuwa ilimin harshen Estonian, wanda aka fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 12 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar. Canjin zuwa cikakken ilimin harshen Estonian ya fara ne a shekarar 2024. [30][31]

Dangane da jadawalin, kashi 60% na dukkan batutuwa na maki 10, 11 da 12 za a koyar da su a cikin Estonian a shekara ta 2011 a duk makarantun da ke da tallafin gwamnati. Dukkanin makarantun da ke da tallafin gwamnati sun riga sun koyar da wallafe-wallafen Estonia a cikin Estonian tun daga shekarar ilimi ta 2007/2008. Gwamnati ta sami ikon ba da izini da kari ga wasu makarantun da ke da tallafin gwamnati a kan shari'a-da-harkokin shari'a.

A cikin shekara ta 2007/2008, makarantun Rasha 49 (79%) suna koyar da kiɗa a cikin Estonian, makarantun Rasha 30 (48%) suna koyarwa da Nazarin Jama'a a cikin Estanian kuma makarantun Rasha 17 (27%) sun koyar da batutuwan sauyawa a cikin Estatian.[32]

Amnesty International ta ba da shawarar cewa hukumomi su ba da ƙarin tallafi ga malamai da isasshen albarkatu ga ɗaliban da za a buƙaci su maye gurbin Rasha da Estonian a matsayin yarensu na koyarwa da koyarwa; maye gurbin Rasha da Estonian kamar yarensu na ilmantarwa don samun nasarar gudanar da wannan canjin.[27]

Bisa ga binciken da TIES ta yi a shekara ta 2008, kashi 50 cikin 100 na masu ba da amsa na 'yan kabilar Rasha suna tunanin cewa, "Sakamakon [makarantar 2007] sake fasalin ilimi ga matasan Rasha zai kara tsananta" "gaskiya ne" ko "madaidaicin gaskiya".  Har ila yau, rahoton ya lura cewa "kaso mafi girma na 'yan Estoniya sun kammala karatun sakandare, yayin da Rashawa suka fi kammala karatun sakandare kawai. A lokaci guda, babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan Estoniya da na Rasha na nasara a makaranta dangane da raguwar rates daga asali da sakandare.""[33]

Kabilanci da aikata laifuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa a cikin rahoton 2008 game da Estonia ya lura cewa "kimanin kashi 33 cikin dari na yawan fursunoni sun hada da marasa kasa, yayin da suke wakiltar kusan kashi 8 cikin dari na jama'ar gaba ɗaya". Kwamitin ya kira wannan wakilci "maras daidaituwa", kuma ya bukaci Estonia da ta dauki ƙarin matakai don kare haƙƙin waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba da mazauna marasa ƙasa. A shekara ta 2008, kusan kashi 78% na wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba 'yan kabilar Rasha ne; kasa da kashi 3% na' yan kabilar Estonia. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, kusan kashi 60% na yawan mutanen Rasha ba 'yan ƙasa ba ne, kashi 40 cikin dari ba su da ƙasa.[34][35]

Magani da Romawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Majalisar Turai ta bayyana a shekara ta 2006 cewa "Al'ummar Roma a Estonia ta sha wahala sosai ta hanyar rashin aikin yi da nuna bambanci a fagen ilimi. " [36] Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a baya ta gudanar da sa ido sosai kan Estonia a shekara ta 2000 kuma ta kammala cewa babu wata shaida cewa waɗannan 'yan tsiraru suna ƙarƙashin nuna bambanci.

Abin da ya faru a daren tagulla

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Kungiyoyi da yawa sun yi sharhi game da abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da abin da ya faru na Bronze Night. An nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da masu zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda suka yi. A lokacin tashin hankali na watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 a Tallinn, wasu 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da karfi mai yawa a kan masu zanga-zangar. An bude shari'o'i takwas a kan jami'ai, inda aka sauke tuhuma a cikin shida, kuma biyu suna jiran a ƙarshen shekara.[10] Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya (FIDH) - hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam 155 - ta bukaci hukumomin Estonia da su bincika duk ayyukan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin dare. Kungiyar ta yi kira ga hukumomin Estonia da su "kawar da duk wani aikin nuna bambanci ga 'yan tsiraru masu magana da Rasha, wanda ya zama kusan kashi 30% na yawan mutanen Estonia, da kuma daidaitawa a kowane yanayi tare da tanadin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci. " FIDH da LHRC sun kuma yi Allah wadai da ayyukan lalata da masu zanga-zangar suka yi a Tallinn, da kuma toshe ofishin jakadancin Estonia a Moscow.[37]

Cinikin mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  A cewar CIA World Factbook, "Estonia wata tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma makoma ga mata da aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci, kuma ga maza da mata da ke fuskantar yanayin aikin tilastawa".  Estonia kuma "ba ta cika cika ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin kawar da fataucin ba, kasancewar ita kaɗai ce ƙasa ta EU ba tare da takamaiman dokar fataucin ba..[38]

Amfani da yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mai ba da rahoto na musamman mai zaman kansa Najat Maalla M'jid na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce Estonia ta dauki matakai masu kyau don kare yara daga cin zarafi, kodayake masanin kare hakkin dan adam ya yi sharhi cewa "matasa suna cikin haɗari kuma ana buƙatar ci gaba da yin tsaro daga hukumomi".

Jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jima'i na ɗan luwaɗi, wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Tarayyar Soviet, an halatta shi a Estonia a shekarar 1992. shekarun yarda shine shekaru 16 [39] kuma an daidaita shi ga jima'i na ɗan luwaɗi da jima'i a shekara ta 2001. Estonia ta halatta haɗin gwiwar jama'a ga ma'aurata masu jinsi guda tare da dokar da majalisar ta amince da ita a shekarar 2014. Aure na jinsi ɗaya ya kasance doka a Estonia tun daga 1 ga Janairu 2024. [40]

Matsayi na kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Index na Dimokuradiyya, 2008: 37 daga cikin 167
  • Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2023: 8 daga cikin 173. [1]
  • Sakamakon 'yancin Intanet: 13 (2009), 10 (2011), 10 (2012), 9 (2013), da 94 (2023) [11][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]
  • Worldwide Privacy Index, 2007: 13 daga cikin 37. [41]
  • Ƙididdigar Ingancin Rayuwa ta Duniya, 2005: 68 daga cikin 111.
  • Human Development Index, 2010: 34 daga cikin 169. [42]
  • Freedom in the World, 2008: Sakamakon haƙƙin siyasa: 1 da 'Yancin Jama'a: 1 (1 kasancewa mafi kyauta, 7 mafi ƙarancin kyauta). [43][10]
  • Rahoton Cin Hanci da rashawa na Duniya, 2007: 24 daga cikin 163.[44]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 "Estonia | RSF". rsf.org (in Turanci). 2025-05-02. Retrieved 2025-07-06.
  2. 1 2 "Integrating Estonia's Non-Citizen Minority". Human rights watch. 1993. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  3. 1 2 Max van der Stoel (1993-04-23). "CSCE Communication No. 124" (PDF). OSCE (named CSCE before 1995). pp. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-05-15. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  4. 1 2 "Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/7/19/Add.2 17 March 2008 Original: ENGLISH, HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Seventh session Agenda item 9: RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED FORMS OF INTOLERANCE, FOLLOW-UP TO AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION - Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Doudou Diène, Addendum, MISSION TO ESTONIA" (PDF). Documents on Estonia. United Nations Human Rights Council. 2008-02-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2014. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  5. 1 2 "Amnesty International Report 2009". Amnesty International. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  6. ↑ "CoE human rights treaties". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
  7. ↑ "concluding Comments". Archived from the original on 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  8. ↑ "WHO MiNDbank - Estonia: Initial State Party report to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2015)". extranet.who.int. Archived from the original on 2024-12-07. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  9. ↑ UN Treaty Body Database (5 May 2021). "CRPD/C/EST/CO/1".
  10. 1 2 3 "Map of Freedom 2008". Freedom House. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  11. 1 2 "Estonia: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  12. ↑ "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Estonia" (PDF). UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
  13. ↑ "About us". Archived from the original on 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  14. ↑ "Development and Transition: Rejoinder to James Hughes". Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  15. ↑ "2008 Human Rights Report: Estonia". United States Department of State. 2009-02-25. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  16. ↑ О рекомендациях Комитета ООН по экономическим, социальным и культурным правам в связи с рассмотрением правозащитной ситуации в Эстонии МИД России, 08.12.2011(in Russian)
  17. ↑ Mark A. Cichock (2007). "Interdependence and manipulation in the Russian-Baltic relationship: 1993–97". Journal of Baltic Studies. 30 (2): 89–116. doi:10.1080/01629779900000011.
  18. 1 2 "European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey" (PDF). European Union Fundamental Rights Agency. 2009-12-09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  19. ↑ van Elsuwege, Peter. "Russian-speaking minorities in Estonia and Latvia: problems of integration at the threshold of the European Union" (PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27.
  20. 1 2 "Estonia Today: Citizenship : Fact Sheet September 2009" (PDF). 2009-09-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2009-09-22. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ↑ "Government to develop activities to decrease the number of non-citizens". Archived from the original on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  22. ↑ "Russia and the Baltic States: Not a Case of "Flawed" History". Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  23. ↑ "Law Assembly": "The policy of discrimination of the national minorities in Latvia and Estonia". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  24. ↑ "Estonian country report by TIES - page 91". Archived from the original on 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  25. ↑ "Estonian country report by TIES - page 56". Archived from the original on 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  26. ↑ "Responding to Racism in Estonia" (PDF). European Network Against Racism. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  27. 1 2 3 "Document — Estonia: Linguistic minorities in Estonia: Discrimination must end". Amnesty International. 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  28. ↑ Kroncke, Charles; Smith, Kenneth (1999). "The wage effects of ethnicity in Estonia". Economics of Transition. 7 (1): 179–199. doi:10.1111/1468-0351.00009.
  29. ↑ Leping, Kristian; Toomet, Ott (2008). "Emerging ethnic wage gap: Estonia during political and economic transition". Journal of Comparative Economics. 36 (4): 599–619. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2008.08.002.
  30. ↑ Ministry of Education and Research (9 August 2024). "Transition to Estonian-language education". hm.ee. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  31. ↑ Riigi Teataja (12 December 2022). "Põhikooli- ja gümnaasiumiseaduse ning teiste seaduste muutmise seadus (eestikeelsele õppele üleminek)". riigiteataja.ee. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  32. ↑ "EAEA - Russian language in Estonian education". Archived from the original on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  33. ↑ "Estonian country report by TIES - page 43". Archived from the original on 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  34. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, 2002". Archived from the original on 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  35. ↑ "MAR | Data | Assessment for Russians in Estonia". Cidcm.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  36. ↑ "Council of Europe: Reports on racism in Estonia, Lithuania, Romania and Spain".
  37. ↑ "Estonia must investigate human rights violations committed during riots in Tallinn". International Federation for Human Rights. 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  38. ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  39. ↑ ERR, ERR | (2022-05-18). "Estonia approves law raising age of sexual consent to 16". ERR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  40. ↑ "Same-sex marriage now legal in Estonia". Eesti Rahvusringhääling (in Turanci). 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  41. ↑ "The 2007 International Privacy Ranking". Privacy International. 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  42. ↑ "2010 Human development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. January 2010. pp. 148–151. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  43. ↑ "Country Report 2008 Edition". Freedom House. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  44. ↑ "Global Corruption Report 2007". Transparency International. 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-09-03. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  1. ↑ out of 100
  2. ↑ a score of 1 is most free and 100 least free
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