'Yancin Dan Adam a Haiti
 'Yancin Dan Adam a Haiti | ||||
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human rights by country or territory (en)  | ||||
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| Ƙasa | Haiti | |||
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na Tsarin Mulki na Haiti da aka rubuce ta sun cika mafi yawan ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.[1] A aikace, ba a girmama tanadi da yawa ba.[1] Rubuce-rubucen haƙƙin ɗan adam na Gwamnati ba su da kyau.[1] Kashe-kashen siyasa, satar mutane, azabtarwa, da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, musamman a lokacin juyin mulki ko yunkurin juyin mulki.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙasar da za ta zama Haiti Spain ce ta fara mallake ta a ƙarshen karni na 15. Mutanen Espanya da gaske sun shafe ƴan asalin ƙasar Taino ta hanyar bauta da ƙanƙara, wanda Taíno ba shi da rigakafi. Wani farkon mai kare lafiyar ɗan adam na Taíno shine firist na Spain Bartolomé de Las Casas. Ko da yake ya yi latti don ceton Taíno, Las Casas ya iya rinjayar gwamnatin Spain cewa Taíno ba zai iya jure wa irin wannan mugun hali ba. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan sakamako na shigo da bayi na Afirka don maye gurbin aikin Taíno mai raguwa.
Da farko, Las Casas ya yi imanin cewa 'yan Afirka sun dace da bautar, amma daga baya ya yi adawa da bautarsu. "Ba da daɗewa ba na tuba kuma na yanke wa kaina hukunci na jahilci. Na fahimci cewa bautar baƙar fata ba ta da adalci kamar bautar Indiya... kuma ban tabbata cewa jahilci da bangaskiya mai kyau za su tabbatar da ni a idanun Allah ba, "Las Casas ya rubuta a cikin Tarihin Indiya a cikin 1527. [2]
A shekara ta 1697, Spain ta ba da iko ga Faransa na ɓangaren tsibirin Hispaniola wanda zai zama Haiti, yana mai suna Saint-Domingue. Bautar a Saint-Domingue, mulkin mallaka mafi riba na Faransa, an san shi da mummunan hali, tare da cikakken juyawa na yawan bayi saboda mutuwa a kowace shekara 20.[3] A cewar masanin tarihi Laurent Dubois, tsakanin kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin 100 na bayi sun mutu a kowace shekara saboda yawan aiki da cututtuka, yawan da ya fi yawan haihuwa. Sabbin bayi daga Afirka sun maye gurbin matattu.
A shekara ta 1791, abin da za a san shi da Juyin Juya Halin Haiti ya fara. Mafi yawa tawaye ne na bayi, 'yan Haiti a ƙarshe sun sami' yanci da' yancin kansu daga Faransa a cikin 1804.
A shekara ta 1825, Sarkin Faransa Charles X ya yi barazanar mamaye Haiti, sai dai idan ta biya "bashin 'yancin kai" na 150 francs miliyan 150 don mayar da Faransa don asarar bayi da ƙasarsa. Daga baya an rage bashin zuwa Faran miliyan 90 amma sai a shekarar 1947 Haiti ta biya bashin da mutane da yawa suka dauka a matsayin bashi na lalata da haram. Don biyan wannan, Haiti dole ne ta ci bashin kuɗi kuma ta biya ruwa ga bankunan Faransa..
"Muna magana game da shekaru 200 na wannan sake zagayowar bashin da Haiti ta wuce, wanda ba shakka yana da mummunar sakamako a kan ikon jihar a cikin ƙasar, " masanin tarihin Haiti Laurent Dubois ya ce.[4]
Talauci na kasar ya sanya ta cikin rauni a duk tarihinta ga rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam daga jami'an jihar Haiti da kuma shiga tsakani na kasashen waje.
A shekara ta 1915, bayan juyin mulkin da ya kai ga kashe ’yan daba na shugaban kasar Haiti Vibrun Guillaume Sam, ma’aikatan ruwa da jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun sauka domin kare muradun Amurka a kasar. Aikin zai ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1934. "Bayan maido da oda, wata yarjejeniya da ta tanadi ikon Amurka kan harkokin kuɗaɗen Haiti, kwastam, 'yan sanda, ayyukan jama'a, tsaftar muhalli, da kuma kula da lafiya an kammala tare da gwamnatin Haitin abokin ciniki," in ji ɗakin karatu na Sashen Navy.. [5]
A lokacin mamayewa an gina hanyoyi da sauran ayyukan ayyukan jama'a ta hanyar Aiki mai yawa - aikin tilas, wanda ba a biya shi ba - na manoma na Haiti.[5]
A cikin 1916, sojojin Amurka sun kafa sojojin Haiti wanda daga baya za su zama Garde d'Haiti. Tun daga yakin Caco, lokacin mamayar Amurka, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1990, sojojin Haiti sun shiga cikin wasu laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da ake yi wa al'ummar Haiti. Misali, bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekara ta 1991 da suka hambarar da zababben shugaban kasar Jean-Bertrand Aristide, an zargi sojojin Haiti da kashe kimanin mutane 3,000 a cikin shekaru uku Bayan komawar sa kan karagar mulki, Aristide ya wargaza sojojin. Wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Lasalin na 2018] sun yi zargin cewa PHTK, jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki karkashin jagorancin Jovenel Moïse, ne ke da alhakin kai harin da aka shirya da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa fararen hula. An kuma kaiwa makarantu da sauran gine-ginen al'umma hari. Shigar gwamnatin Amurka a Haiti yana ci gaba.[6]
Lokacin Duvalier
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1957, François Duvalier, wanda aka fi sani da "Papa Doc", ya zama shugaban kasar Haiti, wanda ya gabatar da lokacin cin zarafin bil'adama. An kashe kimanin mutane 30,000-60,000 a cikin shekaru 30 Haiti ta kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Duvalier da ɗansa kuma magajinsa Jean-Claude Duvalier, wanda aka sani da "Baby Doc".
A cikin 1959, François Duvalier ya kafa wata rundunar soji[1] da aka fi sani da Tonton Macoute, mai suna bayan wani tatsuniyar hali na Haiti wanda ya sace yara marasa hali, ya dauke su a cikin jaka ya cinye su don karin kumallo. Duvalier ya ba da izini fiye da 10,000 Tonton Macoute, wanda aka tsara a cikin sassan 500 a fadin kasar, don kiyaye cikakken iko akan yawan jama'a.[2] "Macoutes sune nau'in Papa Doc na brownshirts da Waffen SS, sai dai cewa kayan da suka saba yi shine jeans, T-shirts, tabarau, kuma suna ɗaukar kulake ko bindigogi," in ji ɗan jarida kuma marubuci Herbert Gold a Best Nightmare on Earth: A Life in Haiti. "Sun kasance masu aminci ga Papa Doc kawai. A sakamakon haka, za su iya yin fashi, sata, zamba, azabtarwa da kisa yadda suke so.""
Tonton Macoute ya ci gaba da tsoratar da jama'a a bayyane har sai an rushe su a hukumance bayan an tilasta wa Jean-Claude Duvalier daga shugabancin kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a shekarar 1986. [7]
Shari'a da tsari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gwamnati a Haiti an san ta da gudanar da tsarin adalci mai jinkiri, mara inganci da cin hanci da rashawa. Zarge-zargen azabtarwa da satar mutane sun zama ruwan dare, kuma yawan 'yan ƙasar Haiti da aka ɗaure ba tare da shari'a ba yana da yawa.
Kariya ta lauyoyi tana cikin barazana koyaushe. A karkashin mulkin Duvalier, an tsoratar da lauyoyi daga kare abokan cinikin su ta hanyar matsin lamba da tashin hankali. Kotunan shari'a sun kasance a zahiri "da alƙalai ke gudanarwa, waɗanda aka nada ta hanyar"
'Shugaba na Rayuwa' (Duvaliers), wanda ba shi da 'yancin kai don yin hukunci game da cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam. " [8] Har zuwa yau, har yanzu babu tabbacin kariya ga lauyoyi a Haiti, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar ta hanyar kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba a shekarar 2009 ba tare da izinin mai kare hakkin dan adam Osner Fevry ba, da kuma kamawa a 2013 na Andre Michel, lauya mai sukar gwamnati.
Tsawon tsare-tsare kafin a yi musu shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da umarnin shari'a mai zaman kanta da kuma haƙƙin shari'a ta gaskiya, tsawo da aka tsare kafin a yi shari'a ya kasance matsala mai tsanani.[1] Saboda tsarin kotun da bayanan ta ba su da tsari, ba zai yiwu a tantance ainihin adadin fursunoni da ake tsare da su ba tare da shari'a ba.[1] Wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Kurkuku ta Duniya ta yi, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Essex, ta kiyasta cewa a cikin 2013 kusan kashi 71 cikin 100 na fursunoni 9,921 a Haiti ba su riga sun sami shari'a ba.[9] A cewar Cibiyar, yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suna da kashi tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 40 cikin dari na irin waɗannan fursunoni; Haiti ta kiyasta kashi 71 cikin dari tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.[10]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Country Profile: Haiti" (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. May 2006. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ "The History of Father Bartolomé de las Casas". Colonial Zone-Dominican Republic. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ↑ U.S. Library of Congress. "History of Haiti". Nations Online Project. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ↑ Dubois, Laurent (22 February 2013). "The Haitian Revolution (video)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "US Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934". U.S. Navy Department Library. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ↑ Letters (2019-10-14). "Failing Haiti and forgetting Jean-Bertrand Aristide Aristide | Letter". The Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ↑ "The Tonton Macoutes: the Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. March 11, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
- ↑ "Entry on 'Haiti' ", p.652, Encyclopedia of Human Rights, by Edward H. Lawson, Mary Lou Bertucci, Laurie S. Wiseberg. 2nd Edition (revised), Taylor and Francis, 1996, ISBN 1-56032-362-0, ISBN 978-1-56032-362-4.
- ↑ "Haiti country report". International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ↑ "Close to three million people in pre-trial detention worldwide, new report shows". International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). 18 June 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
