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'Yancin Dan Adam a Hungary

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Kundin Hungary" ="Constitution of Hungary">Tsarin Mulki na Hungary, dokokin da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar, da kuma kula da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Majalisar Turai. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar su Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch sun nuna damuwa game da matsayin kare hakkin dan Adam a Hungary a karkashin mulkin Viktor Orbán da jam'iyyar Fidesz tun 2010.

Tushen Shari'a

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Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hungary ya bayyana cewa babban wajibi ne na jihar shine kare haƙƙin mutum. Har ila yau, ya lissafa haƙƙoƙi da yawa waɗanda aka kare, ya ba da haƙƙoƙin da doka za ta ayyana, kuma ya ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a yi amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi ta hanyar nuna bambanci ba.[1] Dokar CXXV ta 2003 ta tabbatar da daidaito ga dukkan mutane a Hungary. Hungary tana cikin ƙungiyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na duniya don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya shiga Majalisar Turai a cikin 1990 kuma an ɗaure shi da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam .

A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin rashin 'yanci, wajibin jihar na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ya raunana a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Fidesz. Shawarwarin shari'a ba su da kama da la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wani abu, kuma gwamnatin Hungary ba za ta iya amfani da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da al'ummar duniya suka amince da su.[2]

'Yanci na siyasa

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Human Rights Watch ta zargi gwamnatin Hungary da kauce wa rabuwa da iko da mulki ta hanyar zartarwa mai iko.[3] Ba a magance cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnatin Hungary ba duk da zargi daga kungiyoyi kamar su Group of States against Corruption. Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai tana da iyaka a cikin ikonta don buƙatar bayyanawa kuma ayyukan gwamnati da yawa an cire su. Dangane da annobar COVID-19 a watan Maris na 2020, gwamnati ta ba da ikon gaggawa ga zartarwa wanda ya ba ta damar yin mulki ta hanyar doka, kuma an sabunta waɗannan iko sau da yawa bayan haka. An yi amfani da waɗannan iko don ƙuntata 'yanci na jama'a a waje da ikon kiwon lafiyar jama'a.[4]

The Democracy Index ya sanya Hungary a matsayin kasa ta 56 mafi yawan dimokuradiyya a cikin 2021, tare da ci 6.50 daga cikin 10.[4] Freedom House ya sanya Hungary a matsayin "Sashe na 'yanci" a cikin 2024 tare da ci 65/100.[5] A cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Hungary ta kasance ta 73 daga cikin kasashe 180 a cikin 2021.[6]   Yin amfani da dokokin zabe, rashin daidaito na zabe, da kuma kula da kafofin watsa labarai an gabatar da su a matsayin damuwa yayin zabe tare da goyon bayan masu jefa kuri'a ga dimokuradiyya mara sassaucin ra'ayi.[2] Wani rahoto na OSCE a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa gwamnati ta hana jama'a shiga cikin sa ido kan zabe ta hanyar "magana mai tsoratarwa" kuma ana gudanar da zabe sau da yawa ba tare da kasancewar masu adawa ko masu sa ido ba. Ba a sami wata hujja game da zamba ta zabe da za ta shafi sakamakon zabe ba.[7]

An gano jam'iyyar Fidesz mai mulki ta yi amfani da albarkatun jihar don hana ikon masu kalubalantar zabe don yin gasa, kuma an zargi gwamnati da sanya hukuncin kudi a kan gundumomi da birane inda 'yan adawa ke mulki.[8] An zargi gwamnati da gudanar da 'yan takarar adawa masu zamba don raba kuri'a'un da Fidesz ya samu. Hukumomi sun kuma tsoma baki da ikon 'yan adawa don shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa na zaman lafiya. Gwamnatin Orbán tana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na jihar a cikin kamfen kuma ana amfani da Ofishin Audit na Jiha don yin amfani da ayyukan siyasa na adawa yayin da yake kallon aikin Fidesz.[7]

'Yancin Jama'a

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'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki

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zanga-zanga a kan gwamnati a shekarar 2017.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, kodayake kuma yana aikata laifuka game da maganganun ƙiyayya. Maganar ƙiyayya da musanta kisan kare dangi za a iya hukunta su har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku.[3] A cikin 2016, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta gano cewa Hungary ta keta haƙƙin Alkalin András Baka bayan korarsa saboda sukar gwamnati a cikin Baka v. Hungary .Baka da Hungary.

zanga-zangar doka ce a Hungary kuma ana amfani da ita akai-akai, kodayake an yi amfani da iyakoki bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dokar doka a cikin 2018. A mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar da aka yi a gaban gidan Firayim Minista, gwamnatin Hungary ta takaita ikon yin zanga-zanga ta hanyar da ta ƙuduri aniyar keta haƙƙin sirri, kuma an ba 'yan sanda na Hungary "ƙarin iko" don aiwatar da wannan doka.[2] Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Hungary ta yi adawa da canjin, ta nuna damuwa game da wuce gona da iri na' yan sanda da kuma yin shiru game da zanga-zangar adawa da hukunce-hukuncen kotun Hungary.[9]

'Yanci na' yan jarida

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Kafofin watsa labarai a Hungary galibi gwamnati ce ke sarrafa su, kuma aikin jarida mai zaman kansa yana da iyaka.[3] An yi amfani da keta sirrin sirri a kan 'yan jarida masu bincike, kuma gwamnati ta ba da tuhumar aikata laifuka don buga abubuwan da ta yanke shawarar karya ne.[8] Kamfanonin watsa labarai da ke sukar Fidesz galibi gwamnati ce ke sayen su ko rufe su.[7] Ya zuwa 2019, kusan kashi 80% na kasuwar labarai na siyasa suna da ikon mallakar jam'iyyar da ke mulki, kuma yankunan karkara yawanci ba su da damar samun labarai masu zaman kansu. Sau da yawa ana hana 'yan jarida samun dama ga bayanai kuma ana sukar su a fili a cikin farfaganda na jihar.[10]

A cikin 2021, Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ya fitar da wata takarda inda ya yi Allah wadai da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin yada labarai na Hungary, yana sukar “kamfen na ci gaba da bata suna” kan ‘yan jarida da masu rajin kare hakkin bil’adama don dakile sukar gwamnati, da karfin da Majalisar Kafafan Yada Labarai ta Hungary ke da shi kan tallafin kafofin yada labarai, da kuma rashin daukar mataki a kafafen yada labarai masu goyon bayan gwamnati.  Jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki Irene Khan ta gano a cikin wani bincike na 2021 cewa an lalata kafafen yada labarai masu ‘yanci a kasar Hungar..[11]

Hakkin yin aiki da ya dace

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Hakkin yin aiki da ya dace ana kiyaye shi gabaɗaya a Hungary.[7] Tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na Hungary yana buƙatar a sanar da wadanda ake zargi game da tuhumar da ake yi musu. Za a iya riƙe wadanda ake zargi a kalla sa'o'i 72, bayan haka dole ne a gabatar da karar tsare-tsare kafin a yi musu shari'a don ci gaba da tsare-tsaren. Yanayi da yawa suna ba wanda ake tuhuma damar samun lauya kuma wadanda ake zargi suna da damar sanar da su game da hakkinsu daga 'yan sanda kafin a yi musu tambayoyi. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da damar yin shari'a mai kyau, kuma an aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin gabaɗaya. Dokar ta samar da bangaren shari'a mai zaman kanta, kodayake kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi zargin cewa gwamnati a karkashin Fidesz ta lalata 'yancin bangaren shariʼa.[8] Amnesty International ta gano cewa ikon shugaban kasa a kan bangaren shari'a ya lalata 'yancin kansa.[12]

Cin zarafin da 'yan sanda ke yi sau da yawa ba a bayar da rahoto ba kuma ba a yawan bincika shi. An gano yanayin da ke cikin kurkuku bai isa ba, kodayake karuwar kayan aiki a cikin 2020 ya rage yawan jama'a.[7] Tsarin gidan yarin Hungary har yanzu yana aiki a kashi 107% na mazauna, kuma Hungary tana da mafi yawan fursunoni a cikin shekaru 33.[13]

Hakkin sirri

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Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da tabbacin haƙƙin sirri. An gano gwamnatin Hungary tana gudanar da sa ido kan 'yan jarida,' yan siyasa, da sauran fitattun mutane ta amfani da shirin leken asiri na Pegasus da sauran hanyoyin. Hukumomin gwamnati ba sa buƙatar izinin shari'a don shiga cikin sa ido kan barazanar ta'addanci.[8]

Hakkin ilimi

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Mataki na XI na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hungary ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ilimi, ya sa ilimin firamare ya zama tilas, kuma ya ba da gwamnati don samar da taimako wajen neman ilimi mafi girma. Mataki na XXIX ya tabbatar da cewa dalibai suna da 'yancin samun ilimi a cikin yarensu.[1] Ikon cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma don aiki da kansu ya lalace yayin da sake fasalin ilimi a Hungary ya ba jihar ƙarin iko akan jami'o'i. Gwamnatin Hungary ta ƙuntata ikon jami'o'i don koyarwa ko nazarin kimiyyar zamantakewa kuma ta kawar da fagen Nazarin jinsi gaba ɗaya.[2] Malamai galibi kafofin watsa labarai na jihar ne ke niyya da su a matsayin "Soros wakilai".[7] A cikin 2020, Kotun Turai ta yi Allah wadai da cin zarafin 'yancin ilimi da gwamnatin Hungary ta yi.[14] An gano haramtacciyar kayan ilimi ga yara game da batutuwan LGBT ta zama keta haƙƙin ilimi ta Amnesty International.

Cinikin mutane

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Hungary tushe ce da kuma wurin fataucin mutane.  A shekarar 2020, gwamnati ta amince da dabarun kasa don yaki da fataucin bil adama har zuwa shekarar 2023. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ware shirye-shiryen Hungary na yaki da fataucin mutane a mataki na biyu cikin matakai hudu, wanda ke nuni da cewa kokarinta bai isa ba amma yana inganta.  An gano cewa matakan da Hungary ta dauka ba su isa ba dangane da bayar da taimako ga wadanda aka yi musu fataucin, ciki har da matakan hana sake cin zarafi.  Ana gudanar da fataucin bil adama ne ta hanyar sashe na 192 na kundin tsarin laifuka, wanda ke hukunta fataucin mutane daurin shekaru goma ko ashirin a gidan yari saboda fataucin yara.[15]

Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi rauni game da fataucin ɗan adam a Hungary sun haɗa da waɗanda ke cikin talauci, matasa da ba su yi karatu ba, mutanen Romani, iyaye mata marasa aure, masu neman mafaka, yara marasa rakiya, da marasa gida. Ba a binciken fataucin yara dabam dabam a Hungary, kuma yaran da abin ya shafa ba su da damar samun albarkatu ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Laifin laifin fataucin yara a Hungary yana buƙatar wani aiki na "karfi, zamba, ko tilastawa", yana iyakance ikon hukunta masu fataucin yara da kuma haifar da gurfanar da yara kan laifin karuwanci. Har ila yau, bakin haure da 'yan gudun hijira suna fama da rashin daidaito sakamakon safarar mutane a Hungary. Gano mutanen da fataucin ya shafa bai kai ga waɗanda ba su da wurin zama, kuma gwamnatin Hungary tana gudanar da ƙarancin tantance alamun fataucin a tsakanin bakin haure. Matakan tsauraran matakai kan masu neman mafaka ya kara musu rauni ga fataucin mutane.[16]

Nuna bambanci

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Hakkin 'yan tsiraru

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Populism na dama ya ba da gudummawa ga batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam game da xenophobia, Laifukan ƙiyayya, da nuna bambanci ga 'yan tsiraru. A cikin 2016, an gano 'yan ƙasar Hungary sun fi adawa da' yan gudun hijira a lokacin Rikicin bakin haure na Turai na 2015 fiye da na kowace ƙasa.[2] Mutanen Romani suna fuskantar nuna bambanci sosai a Hungary, gami da wuraren aiki da makarantu.[3] Ana zargin gwamnatin Hungary da raba yara Romani ba bisa ka'ida ba daga iyalansu da kuma sanya su a cikin kulawar gwamnati na dogon lokaci.[17] Ana rarraba ɗaliban Romani a makarantu kuma wani lokacin ana tura su makarantu don yara masu nakasa.[7]

'Yanci na addini

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Majami'ar Dohány Street a Budapest, majami'a mafi girma a Turai.

Kundin tsarin mulki ya zayyana ‘yancin yin addini a cikin Mataki na ashirin da na VII, yana ba da tabbacin ‘yancin zabar abin da mutum ya yi imani da shi ko kuma ya koyar da su a rayuwar jama’a da kuma na sirri.  Mataki na XV ya ba da tabbacin cewa addini ba zai iya zama tushen tauye haƙƙoƙin mutum ba.  Dokar C ta 2011 da gyaranta na 2018 sun tanadi buƙatun don ƙungiyar addini ta amince da gwamnati kuma ta sami fa'ida daga jihar.. Hungary a tarihi ta kasance ƙasa mai Addini da yawa, kuma dokar farko da ke tabbatar da 'yancin addini an zartar da ita a shekara ta 1895, kodayake an tilasta rashin yarda da Allah a ƙarƙashin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungary.[18]

An zargi dokar addini ta Hungary da nuna bambanci ga kungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye. Dokar C ta 2011 ta soke matsayin doka daga daruruwan kungiyoyin addini lokacin da aka zartar, kuma ta baiwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa shawarar karshe na ko za a iya yin rajistar ƙungiyar addini a ƙarƙashin mafi girman matsayi na amincewa. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta gano cewa dokar ta keta haƙƙin 'yancin addini a shekarar 2014. [19] An soki gwamnatin Orbán a matsayin Masu adawa da Yahudawa da kuma Islamophobic . [20][21][22] Sakonnin gwamnati suna yada ra'ayoyin George Soros na makirci wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga adawa da Yahudawa a kasar.[7] Har ila yau, an zargi gwamnatin Hungary da tilasta Kiristanci, tare da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hungary da ke kwatanta Kiristanci a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na al'ummar Hungary.[1]

Hakkin LGBT

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Budapest Pride 2017.

An haramta yin luwadi ga maza masu shekaru 21 da haihuwa a cikin 1961, kuma an rage shekarun zuwa 18 a cikin 1978. An amince da zaman tare ba tare da rajista ba tun 1996. Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya taƙaita ayyukan ɗan luwadi da shekaru ban da shekarun yarda a cikin 2002.  a kasar Hungary.  Mataki na L na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Hungary na 2011 ya bayyana aure a matsayin namiji daya da mace daya, wanda ya haramta auren jinsi.  A cikin 2020, Hungary ta hana amincewa da masu canza jinsi kuma ta hana daukar nauyin ma'auratan.[2]  A cikin 2021, an yi amfani da hani ga haɓakawa da kuma nuna bambancin LGBT akan hukuncin tara. .[3]

'Yancin mata

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Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Rikicin cikin gida da tashin hankali na jima'i laifuka ne a Hungary.[8] Gwamnatin Hungary ta ki amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul wacce ta kafa ka'idoji don yaki da tashin hankali ga mata. Nuna bambancin jinsi ya yadu a Hungary, kuma manufofi da yawa na gwamnati suna ƙarfafa nuna bambancin jinsi game da matsayi na cikin gida da na wurin aiki. Ministan Harkokin Iyali ya hana mata neman cikawa ta hanyar irin hanyoyin aiki kamar maza.[2] Mata ba su da wakilci a cikin gwamnati, suna riƙe da kujeru 26 kawai daga cikin 199 na Majalisar Dokoki a cikin 2021.[7]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a Hungary

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Kwamitin Helsinki na Hungary

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Kwamitin Helsinki na Hungary kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam wacce ke kare mutuncin dan adam ta hanyar ayyukan shari'a da na jama'a. An kafa HHC a cikin 1989, kuma tana ba da taimako ga 'yan gudun hijira, waɗanda aka tsare da waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankali na tilasta bin doka.[23]

Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Hungary

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Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Hungary kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1994.[24]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Constitution of Hungary". 2011. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Drinóczi & Bień-Kacała 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Roth, Kenneth (2022). "World Report 2022: Hungary". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge". Economist Intelligence Unit (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  5. ↑ "Hungary: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  6. ↑ "Hungary". Transparency.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 "Hungary: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Hungary". United States Department of State (in Turanci). 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  9. ↑ "Hungary Restricts People's Right to Protest". Liberties.eu (in Turanci). 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  10. ↑ "New report: Hungary dismantles media freedom and pluralism". European Federation of Journalists (in Turanci). 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  11. ↑ "Hungary: Government's stranglehold on media poses serious risks to human rights - UN expert". OHCHR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  12. ↑ "Hungary: Status of the Hungarian Judiciary – Legal Changes have to Guarantee the Independence of Judiciary in Hungary". Amnesty International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  13. ↑ Krámer, Lili (2023-03-03). "Hungarian prison population reaches a 33-year high". Hungarian Helsinki Committee (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  14. ↑ Belaud, Victor (2020-10-09). "The European Court of Justice condemns Hungary for violating academic freedom and the right to education". European Trade Union Committee for Education (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  15. ↑ Chamberlain, Gethin (2020-01-06). "Poverty-stricken Hungarians are easy pickings for traffickers on Facebook". The Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  16. ↑ "2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Hungary". United States Department of State (in Turanci). 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  18. ↑ Schanda, Balázs (1999-12-01). "Freedom of Religion and Minority Religions in Hungary". Social Justice Research (in Turanci). 12 (4): 297–313. doi:10.1023/A:1022064907829. ISSN 1573-6725.
  19. ↑ Schalger, Erika (2019-07-16). "Minority Faiths Under the Hungarian Religion Law". CSCE (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  20. ↑ Echikson, William (2019-05-13). "Viktor Orbán's anti-Semitism problem". Politico (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  21. ↑ "Hungary's leader denounced in Bosnia for anti-Muslim rhetoric". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  22. ↑ Krekó, Péter; Hunyadi, Bulcsú; Szicherle, Patrik (2019-07-24). "Anti-Muslim populism in Hungary: From the margins to the mainstream". Brookings (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  23. ↑ "About us". Hungarian Helsinki Committee (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  24. ↑ "HCLU". TASZ (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-08-04. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
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