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'Yancin Dan Adam a Indonesia

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 (UUD 1945) ya bayyana haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Indonesia da dokokin da ke ƙarƙashinsa; an ba da haƙƙoƙi da dama musamman a sakamakon gyare-gyaren tsarin mulkin ƙasar da aka yi bayan zamanin garambawul. Ma'aikatar shari'a da kare hakkin bil'adama tana kula da batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin majalisar ministocin, kuma hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa (Komnas HAM), wanda aka kafa a gwamnatin Suharto ta New Order a 1993, ita ce kasar Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa.

A cikin 2024, Freedom House ta kima 'yancin ɗan adam na Indonesiya a matsayin 57 cikin 100 (ɓangare kyauta). [1]

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun lura da matakan da gwamnatin Indonesia ta dauka dangane da hakan. Duk da cewa kasar ta samu Komnas HAM, wanda ke samun ‘yancin cin gashin kai daga gwamnati, sannan kuma ya samu amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ita kanta hukumar ba ta da wani tasiri a kan haka, domin ba a ba ta hakoran shari’a a kan ayyukan nuna wariya da gwamnati ke yi ba.

Rahotanni daga Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka sun nuna batutuwan da suka fi dacewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Indonesia, wato halin da ake ciki a yankin Yammacin New Guinea, kula da 'yan tsiraru na addini, jinsi da jima'i, haƙƙin haihuwa da haihuwa, haƙƙin mata, yara, LGBT, da nakasassu, da' 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tarayya.[2][3]

Joko Widodo ya zama shugaban kasar Indonesia na biyu da ya amince da cin zarafin ''Yancin ɗan adam da ya gabata a kasarsa. Ya amince da zubar da jini a fili na shekarun 1960. Ya kuma ambaci shari'o'i 12, ciki har da Kisan kiyashi da masu adawa da kwaminisanci suka yi, daga 1965 zuwa 1969, suna nuna keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Yankin Papua. Ya tabbatar da cewa irin wannan mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ba zai sake faruwa ba.

Yayin da sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya suka karfafa 'yancin walwala tun bayan faduwar Suharto a 1998, ana ci gaba da nuna damuwa kan tasirin soji a harkokin farar hula, hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, da kuma ci gaba da nuna wariya ga 'yan tsiraru. Canje-canje a cikin 2025 ga dokar soja da karuwar rahotannin tsoratarwa ga 'yan jarida sun nuna ci gaba da kalubale.[4][5]

Shari'a

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A cikin asalin rubutun Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 (kafin gyare-gyare) akwai hakkoki da wajibai daban-daban ga 'yan ƙasa, amma kalmar "yancin ɗan adam" kanta ba a ambaci ta a cikin rubutun ba.[6] A cewar masanin shari'a na Indonesiya da kuma Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Harkokin Siyasa, Shari'a, da Tsaro ta yanzu Mahfud MD, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945, saboda haƙƙin ɗanɗano ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan'uwa a cikin mutane ta halitta, yayin da haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasar Indonesiya ne. [7][6] A gefe guda, Soedjono Sumobroto ya ce haƙƙin ɗan adam an nuna su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 ta hanyar Pancasila. Bugu da kari, a cikin gabatarwa, abun ciki, da bayanin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu, akwai akalla ka'idoji 15 na haƙƙin ɗan adam.[6]

A halin yanzu, wasu masana shari'a kamar Kuntjoro Purbopranoto sun lura cewa akwai tabbacin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 amma ba a haɗa su ba. A cewarsa, akwai sashe huɗu kawai waɗanda ke ƙunshe da tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wato Mataki 27, 28, 29 da 31. [8][6] Masanin shari'a Solly Lubis ya kuma yi imanin cewa tsarin haƙƙoƙi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki hakika yana da sauƙi da taƙaice, amma a cewar Majda El Muhtaj wannan na halitta ne saboda rubutun Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 ya yi gajeren lokaci don ya sami Kundin Tsarin mulki na 1945 ya zama tushe ga sabuwar jihar mai zaman kanta ta Indonesia.[6] Kundin Tsarin Mulki da kansa ya fara aiki ne daga 18 ga Agusta 1945 zuwa 27 ga Disamba 1945, amma aiwatar da shi bai yi tasiri ba saboda juyin juya halin kasa da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa waɗanda ba su da kyau a lokacin.[6]

Bayan Taron Round Table, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1949 na Amurka ta Indonesia (Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya RIS) ya fara aiki. Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai ambaci kalmar "yancin ɗan adam" a bayyane ba, duk da haka a bayyane ya tsara haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sashe na V mai taken "Kwancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci na asali".[6] Wannan sashe ya ƙunshi labarai 27, wato Mataki 7 zuwa 33.[6] Bugu da kari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na RIS na 1949 ya kuma tsara muhimman wajibai na jihar da suka shafi kokarin tilasta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sashe na 6 ("Ka'idodin Ka'idoji"), kanta ta ƙunshi labaran 8. Wannan jaddadawa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam shine tasirin Universal Declaration of Human Rights da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1948.[6] An mayar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1945 a cikin 1959, kuma an yi gyare-gyare da yawa (ciki har da tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam) bayan faduwar Sabon Tsarin.

Sannan an ƙara tanadin tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin doka mai lamba 39 na 1999 akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam (Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia).

Koyaya, sabbin dokoki, kamar gyaran 2025 ga dokar soji ta 2004, ta haifar da damuwa game da yuwuwar koma bayan dimokuradiyya ta hanyar faɗaɗa rawar soja a cikin mulkin farar hula.[4]

Amfani da karfi da rashin hukunci

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Rundunar ‘yan sandan kasar Indonesiya (Polri) ta yi amfani da karfin da bai kamata ba a kan masu zanga-zangar da masu zanga-zangar, musamman game da shari’o’in takaddamar filaye. A lokuta da ba kasafai ake gudanar da bincike ba, an samu ci gaba kadan wajen gurfanar da masu laifi a gaban kuliya.

  • In January,  six palm oil farmers were seriously injured in Jambi Province after Police Mobile Brigade (Brimob) officers fired rubber bullets at them in an attempt to evict them from a plantation on which they were working. The plantation was the subject of an ongoing land dispute between the farmers and a palm oil company.
  • In June,  security forces used unnecessary and excessive force while attempting to evict forcibly a community in Langkat district, North Sumatra. The community had been involved in a land dispute with the local authorities. When the community protested against the eviction, police officers fired on the crowd without warning, injuring at least nine people. Six others were kicked and beaten.[9]

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an dauki muhimman matakai na gyara Polri. Gwamnati ta yi gyare-gyaren doka da tsarin mulki don karfafa tasirinsu wajen dakile da gano laifuka, wanzar da zaman lafiyar jama'a da inganta bin doka da oda. Rundunar ‘yan sandan ta kuma bullo da ka’idojin cikin gida don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye ka’idojin kare hakkin bil’adama na kasa da kasa yayin gudanar da aikin ‘yan sanda. Duk da wadannan kyawawan yunƙuri, rahotanni masu sahihanci na take haƙƙin bil'adama da 'yan sanda ke ci gaba da fitowa fili, inda 'yan sanda suka saba amfani da ƙarfi da kuma bindigogi da ba dole ba don murkushe zanga-zangar lumana. ‘Yan sanda na da hannu wajen dukan tsiya, harbe-harbe da kashe mutane a lokacin zanga-zangar gama-gari, rikicin filaye ko ma kama mutane na yau da kullun.

Duk da cewa hukumomi sun yi wani yunkuri na gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifin ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ladabtarwa na cikin gida, binciken laifuka kan take hakkin dan Adam da ‘yan sanda ke yi ba kasafai ba ne, lamarin da ya sa da yawa daga cikin wadanda lamarin ya shafa ba su samu damar yin shari’a ba da kuma biyan diyya. Wannan lamarin ya fi muni saboda rashin tsarin korafe-korafe mai cin gashin kansa, mai inganci, da kuma rashin son kai wanda zai iya magance korafe-korafen jama'a game da rashin da'ar 'yan sanda, gami da laifukan da suka shafi take hakkin dan Adam. Yayin da hukumomin da ake da su kamar Komnas HAM ko Hukumar ‘Yan Sanda ta Kasa (Kompolnas) ke iya karba da bincikar korafe-korafe daga jama’a, amma ba su da ikon mika wadannan kararraki kai tsaye ga ofishin mai gabatar da kara ko kuma hukumar ladabtarwa ta ‘yan sanda.[10]

An sha samun zarge-zargen azabtarwa da cin mutuncin fursunonin da jami'an tsaro ke yi, musamman masu fafutukar siyasa masu zaman lafiya a yankunan da ke da tarihin fafutukar neman 'yancin kai irin su Papua da Maluku. Bincike mai zaman kansa kan irin wadannan zarge-zargen ya kasance ba kasafai ba. Ba a gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi da aka yi wa ’yan fafutukar neman zaman lafiya 21 na ‘yan siyasa ta Special Detachment-88 (Densus-88), sashin ‘yan sanda da ke yaki da ta’addanci. An azabtar da mutanen 21 a lokacin kamawa, tsarewa da kuma tambayoyi a Maluku a watan Agustan 2010. Ana ƙara amfani da gwangwani a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci a Aceh. Akalla mutane 72 ne aka kama su bisa laifuka daban-daban da suka hada da shan barasa, kasancewar su kadai da wani mutum da ba abokin aure ko dangi ba (khalwat) da kuma yin caca. Hukumomin Acehnese sun zartas da wasu jerin dokokin da suka shafi aiwatar da Shari'a bayan kafa dokar cin gashin kai ta musamman na lardin a shekara ta 2001.[9]

A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2020, 'yan sanda na Indonesia sun kai hari kan wani taro na sirri na mutane 56 a Jakarta, suka kama mutane tara kuma suka tuhume su da laifin "sauƙaƙe ayyukan lalata", wanda ke nuna bambanci ga al'ummar LGBT. Zargin ya keta haƙƙin sirri, haɗin kai da daidaitattun kariya na doka, kuma ya nuna barazanar haƙƙin 'yan mata, gay, bisexual, da masu canza launin fata (LGBT) a cikin ƙasar.[11]

A cikin Maris 2025, ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa sauye-sauyen doka na baya-bayan nan suna haɗarin dawo da rashin hukunta sojoji na tarihi.[4]

Nuna bambanci

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Addini

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'Yanci na addini a Indonesia ya shafi masu bin manyan addinai guda shida, Buddha, Katolika, Confucianism, Hindu, Islama da Furotesta. Tambaya kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin addinai guda shida na iya haifar da shekaru biyar a kurkuku don "tsage babban addini" da ƙarin shekaru shida a kurkuku idan aikin ya faru a Intanet.[12] Dokar Laifuka ta Indonesia ta haramta saɓo.[13][14] A watan Yulin shekara ta 2005, MUI ta ba da fatwa wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ƙungiyar Ahmadiyya a matsayin mai ridda. A watan Yunin 2008, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Addini da Ma'aikatu ta Cikin Gida sun ba da Wasikar Ministoci ta Haɗin Kai game da Ahmadiyya. Wasikar ta gaya wa hukumomi da su ƙuntata ayyukan Ahmadiyya ga bautar sirri da kuma hana Musulmai Amadhi daga tuba. Gwamnonin larduna a Yammacin Sumatra, Kudancin Sumatra da Yammacin Nusa Tenggara sun haramta duk ayyukan Ahmadiyya.[13] Akalla an kai hari kan majami'u 18 na Kirista ko kuma an tilasta su rufe. A lokuta da yawa, 'yan sanda sun kasa kare addinai da sauran kungiyoyin' yan tsiraru yadda ya kamata daga irin wadannan hare-hare. 

  • A watan Fabrairu, an kashe Ahmadis uku bayan wasu gungun mutane 1,500 sun kai musu hari a Cikeusik da ke lardin Banten. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, an yanke wa mutane hukuncin daurin watanni uku zuwa shida a gidan yari saboda samun su da hannu a cikin lamarin. Ba a tuhumi kowa da laifin kisan kai ba, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na cikin gida sun nuna damuwa game da raunin da ake tuhumar su.
  • Magajin garin Bogor ya ci gaba da bijirewa hukuncin da kotun kolin kasar ta yanke a shekara ta 2010 wanda ya umarci hukumomi da su sake bude Cocin Kirista ta Taman Yasmin na Indonesiya. An tilasta wa jama'ar gudanar da ayyukansu na mako-mako a kan titin da ke wajen cocin da aka rufe, a cikin zanga-zangar da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka yi.[9]

A watan Nuwambar 2018, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta fitar da wata manhaja ta wayar salula mai suna "Smart Pakem" wacce ke baiwa masu amfani da ita damar shigar da rahoto ga ofishin mai gabatar da kara na Jakarta duk wanda ake zargi da aikata wasu addinan da ba a amince da su a hukumance ba ko kuma yana da fassarori marasa ma'ana na wasu addinan Indonesia guda shida da aka amince da su a hukumance.[15][16]

A cikin 2024, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Indonesia a matsayin 1 cikin 4, lura da cewa Indonesia a hukumance ta amince da addinai shida. Yayin da daidaikun mutane na iya barin sashin “addini” a kan katunan shaidarsu babu komai, yin hakan yakan haifar da wariya, musamman ga mabiya addinan da ba a san su ba. Ba a yarda da rashin yarda da Allah ta hanyar doka ba, kuma dokar laifuka ta ƙunshi tanade-tanade game da saɓo, da hukunta waɗanda suka “ɓata” ko “ɓata” imanin bangaskiya. Gina sabon gidan ibada yana da ƙalubale saboda Matakin Haɗin kai na Hidima na 2006, wanda ke buƙatar amincewa daga ’yan ikilisiya da mazauna yankin.[1]

'Yan tsiraru na addini da kabilanci, gami da Ahmadiyya da Musulmai Shia, da kuma 'yan asalin Papuans, suna ci gaba da fuskantar nuna bambanci. Dokokin da ke ƙuntata 'yancin addini da ka'idojin gida da ke tilasta fassarar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Islama sun kara tashin hankali.[4]

LGBT

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Mutanen LGBT a kasar suna fuskantar kalubale akai-akai. Ko da yake al'amurran LGBT sun kasance ba a sani ba, 2010s (musamman bayan 2016) sun ga karuwar maganganun anti-LGBT, sanya LGBT Indonesiya cikin batun tsoratarwa, wariya, har ma da tashin hankali.[17][18]

A cikin Janairu 2018, 'yan sandan Aceh sun mamaye wani dakin taro tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Aceh mai cin gashin kanta. ‘Yan sandan sun azabtar da dukkan ‘yan kabilar LGBT da ke harabar dakin, inda suka aske gashin kan matan da suka canza sheka, tare da tube riga da rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar rigar mama, tare da kama su a kan titi suna tilasta musu ihun zama maza. Wannan taron ya haifar da fushi mai girma daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a duk duniya, gami da sassan Asiya masu sassaucin ra'ayi.

A watan Fabrairun 2018, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen zartar da dokar da za ta aikata laifuka ga jima'i na ɗan luwaɗi. Dokar ta sami goyon baya daga takwas daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasa goma na kasar kuma ana sa ran za ta wuce kafin ranar soyayya, kodayake an dakatar da shi bayan Shugaba Jokowi ya yi kira da a soke lissafin bayan yawan zanga-zangar.[19][20][21] Ya zuwa 2021, doka ba za ta iya gurfanar da luwadi ba, amma Indonesia kawai ta amince da auren jima'i. A cikin 2020, mambobin jam'iyya daga Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, wata jam'iyya mai tushe ta Islama, sun gabatar da wata doka mai rikitarwa da ake kira "Dokar Tsaro ta Iyali" wacce ke ware luwadi da kuma BDSM.[22][23] Kudin ya kasa wucewa bayan kashi biyar a cikin gidan wakilai na DPR sun amince da a ƙi lissafin.[24][25]

Hukuncin kisa

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Ci gaba da hukuncin kisa a Indonesia, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a da soja sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa tare da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa.

Indonesiya na ci gaba da samun hukuncin kisa kan laifukan muggan kwayoyi, ta'addanci, da sauran laifuka. Duk da sukar ƙasashen duniya, ana ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kai-tsaye. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suna jayayya da soke shi, suna masu yin la'akari da gwaji marasa adalci da rashin gaskiya.[4]

Hakkin aiki

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A watan Oktoba 2020, Majalisar Wakilai ta Jama'a Indonesia ta zartar da sabuwar dokar aiki wacce "ta ƙuntata haƙƙin ma'aikata kuma ta rushe kariya ta muhalli, gami da barazanar samun 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa ƙasa da kuma raguwar gandun daji na ƙasar".[26] A cewar Human Rights Watch, sabuwar dokar ta raunana kariya ga ma'aikatan da aka bayar a cikin doka daga shekara ta 2003, da kuma dokokin muhalli da ke akwai da kariya ta doka ga kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar.[26]

Ma'aikatan gida

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A watan Yunin 2012 shugaban ya nuna goyon bayansa ga sabon taron ma'aikatan cikin gida na ILO mai lamba 189. Duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta biyu a jere, majalisar ta kasa yin muhawara tare da kafa dokar da ke ba da kariya ta doka ga ma'aikatan gida. Wannan ya bar kimanin ma'aikatan gida miliyan 2.6 - mafi yawansu mata da 'yan mata - cikin ci gaba da hadarin cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da cin zarafin jiki, tunani da jima'i.[9]

Hakkin jima'i da haihuwa

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Daga Rahoton Shekara na Amnesty International na 2012: [9]

Mata da 'yan mata, musamman ma wadanda suka fito daga matalautan al'ummomi da marasa galihu, an hana su cikakken amfani da 'yancinsu na jima'i da na haihuwa. Mutane da yawa [marasa fahimta] ana ci gaba da hana su ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa da aka tanadar a cikin Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 2009, kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Lafiya ba ta fitar da ƙa'idar aiwatarwa da ta dace ba. Gwamnati ta kasa kalubalantar halaye na nuna wariya da muguwar dabi'a, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci, gami da [kaciyar mata] da auren farko. A watan Yuni, Ministan Lafiya ya kare dokar Nuwamba 2010 da ke ba da izinin takamaiman nau'ikan "kaciyar mata" lokacin da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma suka yi. Dokar ta halasta yawaitar yin kaciya. Har ila yau, ta keta dokokin Indonesia da dama tare da saba wa alkawurran da gwamnati ta yi na inganta daidaiton jinsi da kuma yaki da wariya ga mata.

A shekarar 2018 ne dai kotun kolin kasar Indonesiya ta samu wata mata da ta nadi wata tattaunawa ta wayar tarho da maigidanta inda ya yi lalata da ita. An yanke mata hukuncin daurin wata shida a gidan yari.

Zubar da ciki

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Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba bisa ga Mataki na 75, Sashe na 1 na Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan (Dokar Lamba 39 na 2009 kan Lafiya). Mataki na 75, Sashe na 2 na Dokar Lafiya ya ba da keɓance ga matsalolin gaggawa na likita a lokacin farkon masu juna biyu, barazana ga rayuwar uwa da tayin, cuta ta kwayoyin halitta ko cuta na haihuwa wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli ga rayuwar jariri, da kuma ciki da ya haifar da fyade. A cikin sashi na 76 na doka, an yarda a zubar da ciki kafin makonni shida na ciki da aka kirga daga haila ta karshe sai dai idan a cikin gaggawa, dole ne ƙwararriyar ƙwararrun lafiya za ta yi ta, an yi ta tare da izinin mace mai ciki, tare da yardar miji (sai dai idan ciki ya faru ne ta hanyar fyade), kuma a wurin da ma'aikatar ta amince. Kamar yadda doka ta 194 ta tanada, duk mutumin da ya zubar da cikin ba bisa doka ta 75, sashe na 2 ba, zai iya samun hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 10 da kuma tarar rupiah biliyan daya. Koyaya, a cikin 2024, an halatta zubar da ciki har zuwa makonni 14 na ciki a Indonesia a lokuta na gaggawa da fyade.[27]

Batutuwan Yammacin Papua

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  International human rights organisations have criticised the Indonesian government's handling of protesters from the Free Papua Movement (OPM) in the Papua conflict, in which the OPM seeks the secession of Papua and West Papua.[28][29] High-profile prisoners from this movement include Filep Karma[28] and Buchtar Tabuni,[30] both of whom are considered to be prisoners of conscience by Amnesty International. A report to the Indonesian Human Rights Network by the Allard K Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, Yale Law School alleges human rights violations in the region.[31] The Indonesian National Military (TNI) denies allegations of human rights abuses in Papua.[32] Between 1969 and 2016, Indonesia had killed approximately 500,000 Papuans, with human rights abuses continuing into the subsequent decade.

A shekara ta 2005, Shugaba Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) ya aiwatar da canjin manufofi daga "doka da tsari" zuwa ci gaban tattalin arziki don kama rabuwa a Papua. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an sanar da sakin fursunonin siyasa na Papua wadanda suka nuna 'yancin kai. A watan Oktoba, wani bidiyon ya fito wanda ya nuna sojoji suna kiɗa da cin zarafin wadanda ake zargi da 'yan tawaye a Papua. Gwamnati ta tabbatar da cewa mutanen mambobi ne na TNI. Ministan tsaro ya ce ayyukansu sun wuce gona da iri kuma ba su da sana'a, kuma za a hukunta su.[32][33] Gwamnatin Indonesia ta kiyasta cewa an kashe Papuans 100,000 tun daga 1963.[34]

A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2020, mai magana da yawun Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar tattaunawa mai ma'ana da hadawa don magance matsalolin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa na dogon lokaci a lardunan Papua da West Papua. [35]

Sauran ta'addanci sun hada da:

  • A cikin watan Janairu, wasu sojoji uku da aka yi fim din suna harbi da kuma zagin Papuans, kotun soji ta yanke wa hukuncin daurin watanni takwas zuwa goma a gidan yari saboda rashin bin umarnin. Wani babban jami'in gwamnatin Indonesia ya bayyana cin zarafi a matsayin "karamin cin zarafi".
  • A cikin watan Afrilu ne 'yan sanda a Papua suka harbe Dominokus Auwe a kirji da kai, inda suka kashe shi tare da raunata wasu biyu a gaban ofishin 'yan sanda na gundumar Moanemani. Mutanen uku sun tunkari ofishin ne cikin lumana domin neman kudin da ‘yan sandan suka kama a garin Auwe a ranar.

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da aikata laifukan siyasa a Maluku da Papua. Akalla masu fafutukar siyasa 90 ne aka daure a gidan yari saboda ayyukansu na siyasa na lumana.

  • A watan Agusta, an daure wasu ’yan gwagwarmayar siyasar Papuan biyu, Melkianus Bleskadit da Daniel Yenu, har na tsawon shekaru biyu a gidan yari saboda hannu a wata zanga-zangar lumana ta siyasa a garin Manokwari a watan Disambar 2010.
  • A watan Oktoba, an kama mutane sama da 300 ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan halartar taron jama'ar Papuan na Uku, wani taron lumana da aka gudanar a garin Abepura na lardin Papua. Ko da yake yawancin an tsare su ne da daddare kuma aka sake su washegari, biyar an tuhume su da laifin “ tawaye” a karkashin sashe na 106 na kundin laifuffuka. Zargin zai iya ɗaukar hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Wani bincike na farko da hukumar kare hakkin bil’adama ta kasa (Komnas HAM) ta gudanar, ya gano cewa jami’an tsaro sun tafka ta’addanci da dama da suka hada da bude wuta kan mahalarta taron, da duka da kuma harba su.

Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da 'yan jarida sun ci gaba da tsoratar da su kuma sun kai musu hari saboda aikinsu.

  • A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, 'yan jarida Banjir Ambarita sun yi wa mutane da ba a san su ba a lardin Papua jim kadan bayan ya rubuta game da shari'o'i biyu na mata waɗanda jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi musu fyade a Papua. Ya tsira daga harin.
  • A watan Yunin 2011, jami'an soja sun doke Yones Douw, mai kare hakkin dan adam a Papua, bayan ya yi kokarin saka idanu kan zanga-zangar da ake kira da a dauki alhakin kisan gillar da ba bisa ka'ida ba na Papuan Derek Adii a watan Mayu [9]

Dokokin adawa da kasar Sin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon shekarun da Indonesiya ta samu 'yancin kai, Indonesiya ta kafa wasu dokoki da umarni da suka shafi 'yan kasar Sinawa. An hana baki ciki har da Sinawa yin sana’ar sayar da kayayyaki a yankunan karkara, ana kuma bukatar su mika sana’o’insu ga ‘yan kasar, sannan kuma su koma garuruwa. Shugaba Suharto ya ci gaba da aiwatar da manufar nuna wariya.

Mafi yawa, idan ba duka ba, an soke dokar nuna wariya a lokacin juyin juya hali a karkashin Shugaba Abdurrahman Wahid. Bayan zamanin, 'yan siyasar Sin-Indonesiyan sun fito, irin su Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (tsohon gwamnan Jakarta) da Hary Tanoesoedibjo (dan kasuwa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Perindo).

'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Duk da lamunin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayar, ana ci gaba da fuskantar barazana ga 'yancin 'yan jarida a Indonesia. ’Yan jarida masu bincike da kafafen yada labarai na fuskantar karuwar tursasawa, tantancewa, da cin zarafi.[5]

A ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2020, Human Rights Watch ta bukaci hukumomin Indonesiya da su sauke dukkan tuhume-tuhume a kan 'yan gwagwarmayar Papua da dalibai bakwai, wadanda ke kan shari'a saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar wariyar launin fata a shekarar da ta gabata a watan Agusta.[36] A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2019, dalibai hudu tare da sauran dalibai 50, sun yi zanga-zanga cikin lumana game da cin zarafin bil'adama a Papua da West Papua, suna neman gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki fursunonin siyasa na Papua. An shigar da karar farar hula a kan 'yan gwagwarmayar dalibai 4 bayan korar su daga jami'arsu. A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin 2020, 'yan sanda sun zargi daya daga cikin dalibai hudu da "cin amana" da "ta'addanci na jama'a. " Human Rights Watch ta bukaci Jami'ar Khairun ta Indonesia da ta sake dawo da dalibai hudu wadanda aka kore su kuma su goyi bayan' yancin ilimi da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. [37]

Sau da yawa ana sukar ma'aikatar saboda tantancewa, yayin da take toshe shafukan yanar gizo "don kare ɗan ƙasa daga yaudara" []. A cikin 2020, Darakta Janar Ma'aikatar Semuel Abrijani Pangerapan da Johnny G. Plate sun gabatar da doka da ke buƙatar kamfanonin kasashen waje su yi rajista a ƙarƙashin jerin masu sarrafa tsarin lantarki wanda zai iya ba gwamnati damar samun bayanai na ɗan ƙasa kuma ya yi barazanar kamfanin don toshe damar shiga daga ƙasar idan kamfanin bai yi rajista ba. An sake fAsalin dokar kuma ta wuce a shekarar 2021. A watan Yulin 2022, an aiwatar da haramtacciyar sanannun shafukan yanar gizo da yawa kamar PayPal, Epic Games, Steam, Origin, da Yahoo, da wasannin kamar Counter-Strike: Global Offensive da Dota 2 saboda ba su yi rajista a ƙarƙashin sabon dokar ma'aikatar ba. [sic]

Abin da ya faru a jikin dabbobi na 2025

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, Mujallar Tempo, wacce aka sani da rahotonta mai mahimmanci, an yi niyya da ayyukan ta'addanci da ba a san su ba, gami da isar da kan alade da beraye marasa kai. Kungiyoyin 'yancin yada labarai, ciki har da Amnesty International, sun yi Allah wadai da waɗannan ayyukan kuma sun yi kira ga bincike mai zaman kansa. An soki gwamnati saboda rashin amsar da ta samu, tare da jami'ai suna yin maganganu masu banƙyama maimakon daukar mataki. A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da sa ido na dijital da matakan shari'a, kamar Dokar Bayanai da Ma'amala (ITE), don yin shiru ga masu sukar, masu gwagwarmaya, da 'yan jarida ta hanyar zargi da ɓata suna.[5]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarin karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 "Freedom in the world - Indonesia". Freedom House. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  2. ↑ "Indonesia 2017/2018". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  3. ↑ "Indonesia" (PDF). Indonesia 2018 Human Rights Report. U.S. Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Why Indonesia's new military law is alarming pro-democracy activists and rights groups". AP News (in Turanci). 2025-03-20. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
  5. 1 2 3 "Media groups sound alarm after Indonesian magazine is sent mutilated animal carcasses". Reuters. 24 March 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 El Muhtaj 2017.
  7. ↑ Mahfud MD 2000.
  8. ↑ Purbopranoto 1975.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Indonesia". Annual report 2012. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  10. ↑ "Excessive force: impunity for police violence in Indonesia". Amnesty International. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  11. ↑ "Indonesia: Investigate Police Raid on 'Gay Party'". Human Rights Watch. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  12. ↑ Hodal, Kate (3 May 2012). "Indonesia's atheists face battle for religious freedom". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  13. 1 2 "Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom May 2009" (PDF). Indonesia. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. May 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  14. ↑ Al ‘Afghani, Mohamad Mova (3 December 2007). "Ruling against blasphemy unconstitutional". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
  15. ↑ "Reporting blasphemy... using an app". 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  16. ↑ "Indonesia's new 'heresy app' draws fire". 27 November 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  17. ↑ STEPHEN WRIGHT (February 13, 2019). "Gay Muslim comic gone from Instagram after Indonesia warning". ABC News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  18. ↑ "It's OK to be gay in Indonesia so long as you keep it quiet". Deutsche Welle. 2011-03-02. Archived from the original on 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  19. ↑ "Indonesia is set to ban gay sex". PinkNews.co.uk. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  20. ↑ Asmara, Chandra Gian. "Ini Pernyataan Lengkap Jokowi Soal Penundaan RKUHP". CNBC Indonesia (in Harshen Indunusiya). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  21. ↑ "Thousands protest against new criminal code in Indonesia". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2019-09-24. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  22. ↑ "RUU Ketahanan Keluarga, LGBT Melanggar Pancasila". Indonesia Inside (in Harshen Indunusiya). 2020-02-19. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  23. ↑ "BDSM dalam RUU Ketahanan Keluarga Diduga Berdasar Ilmu Semu". nasional (in Harshen Indunusiya). Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  24. ↑ Media, Kompas Cyber (24 November 2020). "Ditolak 5 Fraksi, Baleg Sepakat Tak Lanjutkan RUU Ketahanan Keluarga". KOMPAS.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  25. ↑ "RUU Ketahanan Keluarga Kandas, Ditolak 5 Fraksi DPR RI - PRFM News". Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  26. 1 2 "Indonesia: New Law Hurts Workers, Indigenous Groups". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  27. ↑ Idrus, Pizaro Gozali; Firdaus, Arie (2024-08-01). "Indonesia widens abortion window for health emergencies, pregnancy due to rape". benarnews. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  28. 1 2 "Filep Karma, Jailed for Raising a Flag". Amnesty International. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  29. ↑ Human Rights Watch (22 June 2010). "Prosecuting Political Aspiration". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  30. ↑ "INDONESIA: PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE AT RISK OF TORTURE: BUCHTAR TABUNI". Amnesty International. 12 January 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  31. ↑ "Application of Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control - Yale University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2013.
  32. 1 2 Vaswani, Karishma (22 October 2010). "Indonesia confirms Papua torture". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named antara
  34. ↑ "News - The University of Sydney". www.USyd.edu.au. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  35. ↑ "UN human rights office worried by killings in Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua". UN News. 30 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  36. ↑ "Indonesia: Drop Case Against Papuan Protest Organizers". Human Rights Watch. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  37. ↑ "Indonesia: Reinstate Students Expelled Over Papua Protest". Human Rights Watch. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
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