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'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran
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Tun daga daular ta Pahlavi ta Imperial a shekara ta (1925 izuwa shekara ta 1979), ta hanyar juyin juya hali Musulunci (1979), zuwa zamanin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran (1979 zuwa yanzu), Iraniyawa, masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, marubuta, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun sha suka a kan yadda gwamnati ke daukar hakkin 'yan kasar Iran. Yayin da akasarin kungiyoyin sa ido na yammacin turai suka kai wa masarautar karkashin mulkin Shahs hari saboda tabarbarewar hakkin bil adama, gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Musulunci da ta gaje ta, har yanzu tana ganin ta fi muni da dama.A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da 'yan adawa na siyasa, 'yan tsiraru na addini, da al'ummomin kabilu sun fuskanci tsangwama na tsari, tare da manufofin jihohi ba wai kawai adawar siyasa ba har ma da al'adu da harshe.[1]

Daular Pahlavi - Reza Shah Pahlavi da ɗansa Mohammad Reza Shah Shah Pahlawi - wani lokacin an bayyana su a matsayin "mulkin mulkin mallaka", [2] ko "mulkin mutum ɗaya", kuma sun yi amfani da 'Yan sanda na sirri, azabtarwa, da kisa don hana rashin amincewar siyasa. A lokacin mulkin Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, kimantawa na yawan fursunonin siyasa da aka kashe ya bambanta daga kasa da 100 zuwa 300.

A karkashin Jamhuriyar Musulunci, an tsara tsarin kurkuku kuma an fadada shi sosai; a farkon lokacin (1981-1985), an kashe fiye da mutane 7900. An soki Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran da takurawa da hukunce-hukuncen da suka bi tsarin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci da kuma shari'a, amma ba a ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa ba (hukunce-hukunce mai tsauri kan laifuffuka, da hukunta wadanda ba a azabtar da su ba, da tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida, da hana 'yancin yin addini da sauransu); da kuma ayyukan "sauran ra'ayi" da ba su biyo baya ba, kamar tashin bama-bamai na ofisoshin jaridu, da duka, azabtarwa, fyade, da kisa ba tare da shari'ar fursunonin siyasa da 'yan adawa/farar hula ba.[3]

Daular Pahlavi (1925 zuwa 1979)

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Daular Iran, gwamnatin Iran a lokacin Daular Pahlavi, ta kasance daga 1925 zuwa 1979. Amfani da azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni ya bambanta a wasu lokuta a lokacin mulkin Pahlavi, bisa ga tarihi daya. Dukkanin sarakuna biyu - Reza Shah Pahlavi da dansa Mohammad Reza Shah Shah Pahlawi - sun yi amfani da tantancewa, 'Yan sanda na sirri, azabtarwa, da kisa. –  –

Lokacin Reza Shah

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Sarautar Reza Shah ta kasance mai mulkin kama karya da mulkin kama karya a lokacin da gwamnatoci masu mulkin kama karya suka zama ruwan dare a yankin da kuma duniya, kuma Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya kasance wasu shekaru. An ƙuntata 'yancin' yan jarida,' yancin ma'aikata, da' yancin siyasa a ƙarƙashin Reza Shah. An rufe jaridu masu zaman kansu, an dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa - har ma da jam'iyyar Revival mai aminci. Gwamnati ta haramta dukkan kungiyoyin kwadago a 1927, kuma ta kama masu shirya aiki 150 tsakanin 1927 da 1932. –  –

An yi amfani da karfin jiki a kan wasu nau'ikan fursunoni - masu aikata laifuka na gama-gari, da ake zargin 'yan leƙen asiri, da waɗanda ake zargi da ƙulla makirci. An yi wa barayin musamman ga bastinado (suna dukan tafin ƙafafu), da kuma strappado (ana dakatar da su a cikin iska ta hanyar igiya da aka ɗaure a hannun waɗanda abin ya shafa) don "bayyana ɓoyayyun ganimarsu". ‘Yan leƙen asirin da ake zargin ‘yan leƙen asiri ne da kisa an yi musu dukan tsiya, an hana su barci, an kuma yi wa qapani (daurin makamai a bayan baya) wanda a wasu lokuta yakan sa haɗin gwiwa ya tsage. Amma ga fursunonin siyasa - waɗanda galibi 'yan gurguzu ne - an sami "rashin azabtarwa a fili" a ƙarƙashin mulkin Reza Shah. Babban nau'in matsin lamba shine tsare-tsare da kuma hana "littattafai, jaridu, baƙi, kunshin abinci, da kulawar likita mai kyau". Duk da yake sau da yawa ana barazanar su da qapani, fursunonin siyasa "ba su da yawa a ƙarƙashinsa". –  –  –

Zamanin Mohammad Reza Shah

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Nematollah Nassiri, shugaban 'yan sanda na sirri na shah SAVAK, tare da Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1970
Masu zanga-zangar da gwamnatin Shah ta kashe a ranar Black Friday, 1978

Mohammad Reza ya zama sarki bayan an hambarar da mahaifinsa bayan mamayewar Anglo-Soviet a Iran a shekara ta 1941. Mamaya sun saki fursunonin siyasa (mafi yawan 'yan gurguzu) kuma shah (yarima mai jiran gado a lokacin) ba ya da iko da majalisar dokoki. Amma bayan yunkurin kisan Shah a 1949, ya sami damar ayyana dokar soja, daure kwaminisanci da sauran abokan adawar, da kuma hana sukar dangin sarauta a cikin manema labarai.

Bayan juyin mulkin da ya yi wa Shah wanda ya hambarar da Firayim Minista Mohammad Mosaddegh a 1953, Shah ya sake rushe abokan hamayyarsa, kuma 'yancin siyasa ya ragu. Ya haramta kungiyar siyasa ta Mosaddegh National Front, kuma ya kama mafi yawan shugabannin ta. Fiye da masu gwagwarmayar siyasa 4000 na jam'iyyar Tudeh an kama su, [4] (ciki har da 477 a cikin sojoji), an kashe arba'in, wasu 14 sun mutu a karkashin azabtarwa kuma an yanke wa sama da 200 hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.

A lokacin tsayin ikonsa, 'yan sandan sirrin Shah SAVAK suna da iko kusan marasa iyaka. Hukumar ta hada kai da CIA.

A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Amnesty International na 1974-1975 "An ba da rahoton jimillar fursunonin siyasa a wasu lokuta a cikin shekara [1975] ya kasance daga 25,000 zuwa 100,000."[5]

1971–77

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A shekara ta 1971, wani hari na 'Yan tawaye a kan wani gidan' 'yan sanda (inda aka kashe' yan sanda uku kuma aka saki' yan tawaye biyu, wanda aka sani da "abin da ya faru na Siahkal") ya haifar da "gwagwarmayar' yan ta'adda" a kan gwamnati, da kuma tsauraran matakan gwamnati. 'Yan tawaye da ke rungumar "gwagwarmayar makamai" don hambarar da Shah, kuma masu adawa da juyin juya halin Duniya ta Uku (Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, da Che Guevara), sun kasance masu aiki sosai a farkon rabin shekarun 1970 lokacin da daruruwan su suka mutu a rikice-rikice tare da sojojin gwamnati da yawa aka kashe' yan Iran. A cewar Amnesty International, Shah ya aiwatar da akalla kisan siyasa 300.

An yi amfani da azabtarwa wajen gano ma'ajiyar makamai, gidajen da aka ajiye da kuma wadanda ke hannun 'yan kungiyar asiri, da kuma kokarin jawo makiya jihar zama magoya baya.

A shekara ta 1975, kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International - wacce membobinta da tasirin kasa da kasa suka karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1970 - ta ba da rahoto game da yadda ake bi da fursunonin siyasa a Iran wanda aka " rufe shi sosai a cikin 'yan jaridar Turai da Amurka". A shekara ta 1976, wannan zalunci ya sauƙaƙe sosai godiya ga tallace-tallace da bincike daga "ƙungiyoyin duniya da jaridu na ƙasashen waje" da kuma sabon shugaban Amurka, Jimmy Carter. –  –

Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci

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Juyin Juya Halin Iran na 1978-79 wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin Pahlavi ya fara ne da zanga-zanga a watan Oktoban shekarar 1977 kuma ya kare a ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 1979 tare da shan kaye da sojojin Shah. A lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci, sojoji sun yi harbi kan masu zanga-zangar tare da kashe fursunoni. Haqiqa tauye haqqoqin yan Adam na haqiqa, sun taimaka kai tsaye ga wafatin Shah, [Abin lura 2] (kamar yadda ya yi tazarar rashin tauye haqqin xan adam kamar yadda janar nasa ya buqace shi da ya yi, a cewar wasu).

Mutuwar sanannen kuma mai tasiri na zamani mai suna Ali Shari'a da ɗan Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Mostafa, a cikin 1977, an yi imanin cewa SAVAK ne da yawancin 'yan Iran suka aikata. A ranar 8 ga Satumba 1978, (Black Friday) sojoji sun harbe masu zanga-zangar addini a Zhaleh (ko Jaleh) Square. Shugabancin malamai ya ba da sanarwar cewa "sojojin Zionist sun kashe dubban mutane" (watau sojojin Isra'ila da ake jita-jita cewa suna taimakawa Shah), Michel Foucault ya ba da rahoton cewa an kashe mutane 4,000, kuma wani ɗan jaridar Turai ya ba da rahoto cewa sojoji sun bar bayan wani nau'i. Johann Beukes, marubucin Foucault a Iran, 1978-1979, ya lura cewa "Foucault da alama ya bi wannan ƙididdigar mutuwar da aka yi a Djaleh Square, wanda masu tayar da kayar baya da kansu suka yada. Dubban mutane sun ji rauni, amma yawan mutanen da suka mutu ba zai yiwu ba ya kai fiye da mutum ɗari". A cewar masanin tarihi Abbas Amanat:

Masu fafutuka na malaman addini da ke samun goyon bayan Qom [marja']] sun yi kaurin suna wajen kisan gillar da aka yi a dandalin Jaleh, inda suka bayyana gwamnatin a matsayin zalunci da haram. Taimakon na'ura mai yada jita-jita da ta fara aiki gaba daya ba tare da samun ingantattun kafafen yada labarai da labarai ba, adadin wadanda suka mutu, "Shahidai" a tafarkin Musulunci, ya kai dubunnan mutane, kuma sojojin da suka bude musu wuta an lakafta su a matsayin 'yan amshin shata Isra'ila da aka kawo su domin murkushe juyin juya halin Musulunci.

Bayan juyin juya halin da Emadeddin Baghi, na Gidauniyar Gwamnati ta Martyrs da Veterans Affairs, ya sami mutane 88 da aka kashe a ranar Black Friday: 64 (ciki har da mata biyu) a Jaleh Square, da 24 (ciki ma da mace daya) a wasu sassan babban birnin. A cewar masanin tarihin soja Spencer C. Tucker, an kashe mutane 94 a ranar Black Friday, wanda ya kunshi masu zanga-zangar 64 da jami'an tsaro na gwamnati 30. A cewar masanin Iran Richard Foltz, masu zanga-zangar 64 sun mutu a Jaleh Square .

Jamhuriyar Musulunci, (tun 1979)

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Bayan juyin juya halin

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Sabon Tsarin Mulki

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Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci [6] an karbe shi ta hanyar raba gardama a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979. [Lura 3] Ko da yake Ayatollah Khomeini shine jagoran juyin juya halin da ba a musanta shi ba, yana da magoya baya da yawa waɗanda ke fatan juyin juya hali zai maye gurbin Shah da dimokuradiyya. Sakamakon haka, kundin tsarin mulki ya haɗu da umarni na dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na al'ada don zababben shugaban kasa da majalisa, da kuma 'yancin farar hula da siyasa ga' yan ƙasa, tare da abubuwan tauhidi da Khomeini ke so.[7] Amma mulkin mallaka ne wanda ya fi dacewa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ikon mallaka a cikin Allah, ya ba da umarnin hukumomin da ba a zaba ba / hukumomi don kula da zaɓaɓɓun, kuma ya ƙasƙantar da haƙƙin farar hula / siyasa ga dokoki / ka'idojin Islama, [7][8][9][10]

Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da tushen shari'a a Iran suka ci karo da Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya bayan 1979 sun hada da:

  • Amfani da dokar Musulunci ta gargajiya (Sharia), irin su laifuka marasa lahani: '"yaudarar annabi," ridda, zina, jima'i guda (duk abin da za'a iya hukunta shi da mutuwa), shan giya, [1] gazawar (ga mace) ta sa hijabi, [2] azabtarwa mai tsanani: jefawa zuwa mutuwa, yankewa, bulala, [3] fansa (ko kuma aka, "Ido don idon don idon) [4] wanda zai iya haɗawa da makantar mai laifi. [5] ba za a waje da izinin mace ba zai yiwu ba don tabbatar da ita ba a cikin gida ba: mace ba: izinin mace a yarda da ita ba[6][7][8] rufe gashi wajibi ne. Ana kallon mata masu canza launin fata a matsayin karuwai kuma suna fuskantar hukunci da haɗari daga doka saboda wannan.[9] ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin addini da daidaito: Musulmai Shia ne kawai suka cancanci zama Babban Jagora ko Shugaban kasa.[10] (Musulmai wadanda ba Shia ba su da daidaito tare da Shia). [11] Hukunce-hukunce na addini sun haɗa da saɓo. Ana ƙarfafa wadanda ba Musulmai ba su tuba zuwa Islama, amma an haramta tuba daga Islama zuwa wani addini (apostasy), kuma ana iya hukunta shi da mutuwa; An yi la'akari da wannan don bayyana mummunar zalunci na Bahá'ís waɗanda suka fito daga Shia na Iran kuma suna riƙe da cewa Báb shine Mahdi na Shia Islama kuma wahayinsa ya maye gurbin Alkur'ani. [12][13] (IRI ta nace cewa Bahai masu cin amana ne kuma masu tayar da kayar baya.) wani musulmi da ke yin zina da wata musulmi yana fuskantar bulala 100, mutumin da ba Musulmi ba. [14][15] Sauran da ke fuskantar nuna bambanci na addini sun haɗa da Kiristoci na Furotesta, (akalla a wani bangare saboda "shirye-shiryen su karɓa har ma da neman Musulmai masu tuba"); marasa addini, kuma in ba haka ba Shia na Orthodox da ake tuhuma da ridda don tambayar koyarwar IRI na yin biyayya da "tsaron" siyasa na Babban Jagora.[16][17][18][19] Hakkin yara: Shekarar balaga da alhakin aikata laifuka a cikin ka'idojin kasa da kasa shine shekaru 18, amma al'ada Shia Jaʽfari Shari'a (da kuma Dokar Jama'a ta Iran) ta riƙe cewa mace ta zama babba a lokacin da take da shekaru 8 da watanni 9 (watau shekaru 9 na wata), kuma namiji a shekaru 14 da watanni 7 (watau shekarun wata 15); bambancin da ya haifar da kisa a Iran na adadi mai yawa na (abin da dokar kasa ta ce) matasa masu laifi ne.[20][21][22][23]
    • Laifukan da ba a azabtar da su ba: "'yaudarar annabi,' ridda,' zina, jima'i guda (duk abin da za a iya hukunta shi da mutuwa), shan giya, gazawar (ga mace) sanya hijabi,
    • azabtarwa mai tsanani: dutse har zuwa mutuwa, yankewa, bulala, fansa (ko qisas, aka "Ido don ido") wanda zai iya haɗawa da makantar da mai laifi.[11]
    • rashin daidaito ga mata a wurare da yawa: mace ba a darajarta daidai da namiji a cikin kudi na jini (diya), a cikin gado, a cikin shaidar kotu (samar da hukunci don fyade mata da wuya idan ba zai yiwu ba a Iran), mace tana buƙatar izinin mijinta don aiki a waje da gida ko barin ƙasar.[12][13] rufe gashi wajibi ne.
    • Ana kallon Mata masu canza launin fata a matsayin karuwai kuma suna fuskantar hukunci da haɗari daga doka saboda wannan.[14]
    • ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin addini da daidaito: Musulmai Shia ne kawai suka cancanci zama Babban Jagora ko Shugaban kasa.[10] (Musulmai wadanda ba Shia ba su da daidaito tare da Shia). [11] Hukunce-hukunce na addini sun haɗa da saɓo. Ana ƙarfafa wadanda ba Musulmai ba su tuba zuwa Islama, amma an haramta tuba daga Islama zuwa wani addini (apostasy), kuma ana iya hukunta shi da mutuwa; An yi la'akari da wannan don bayyana mummunar zalunci na Bahá'ís waɗanda suka fito daga Shia na Iran kuma suna riƙe da cewa Báb shine Mahdi na Shia Islama kuma wahayinsa ya maye gurbin Alkur'ani. [12][13] (IRI ta nace cewa Bahai masu cin amana ne kuma masu tayar da kayar baya.) wani musulmi da ke yin zina da wata musulmi yana fuskantar bulala 100, mutumin da ba Musulmi ba. [14][15] Sauran da ke fuskantar nuna bambanci na addini sun haɗa da Kiristoci na Furotesta, (akalla a wani bangare saboda "shirye-shiryen su karɓa har ma da neman Musulmai masu tuba"); marasa addini, kuma in ba haka ba Shia na Orthodox da ake tuhuma da ridda don tambayar koyarwar IRI na yin biyayya da "tsaron" siyasa na Babban Jagora.[16][17][18][19]
      • Musulmai Shia ne kawai suka cancanci zama Babban Jagora ko Shugaban kasa. (Musulmai wadanda ba Shia ba su da daidaito tare da Shia). [15]
      • Hukunce-hukunce na addini sun haɗa da saɓo.
      • Ana ƙarfafa wadanda ba Musulmai ba su tuba zuwa Islama, amma an haramta tuba daga Islama zuwa wani addini (apostasy), kuma ana iya hukunta shi da mutuwa; An yi la'akari da wannan don bayyana mummunar zalunci na Bahá'ís waɗanda suka fito daga Shia na Iran kuma suna riƙe da cewa Báb shine Mahdi na Shia Islama kuma wahayinsa ya maye gurbin Alkur'ani. [16][17] (IRI ta nace cewa Bahai masu cin amana ne kuma masu tayar da kayar baya.)
      • wani musulmi da ya yi zina da wata musulmi mace yana fuskantar bulala 100, wani mutumin da ba Musulmi ba ne.[18]
      • Sauran da ke fuskantar nuna bambanci na addini sun haɗa da Kiristoci na Furotesta, (akalla a wani bangare saboda "shirye-shiryen su karɓa har ma da neman Musulmai masu tuba"); marasa addini, kuma in ba haka ba Shia na Orthodox da ake tuhuma da ridda don tambayar koyarwar IRI na yin biyayya da "tsaron" siyasa na Babban Jagora.[19][20][21]
    • Hakkin yara: Shekarar balaga da alhakin aikata laifuka a cikin ka'idojin kasa da kasa shine shekaru 18, amma al'ada Shia Jaʽfari shari'a (da kuma Dokar Jama'a ta Iran) ta riƙe cewa mace ta zama babba a lokacin da take da shekaru 8 da watanni 9 (watau shekaru 9 na wata), kuma namiji a shekaru 14 da watanni 7 (watau shekarun wata 15); bambancin da ya haifar da kisa a Iran na adadi mai yawa na (abin da dokar kasa ta ce) matasa masu laifi ne.[22][23][24][25]
  • Dokokin IRI ba su bi "shari'a daidai" kuma wasu ƙananan gyare-gyare sun yi tun 1979 wanda ya ɗan inganta rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na IRI: a cikin 2002, hukumomi sun sanya dakatarwar kisa ta hanyar dutse, amma har yanzu ana yanke mata hukuncin dutse a Iran.[24][25] a shekara ta 2004 an sanya kudi na jini daidai. A karkashin dokar Musulunci ta gargajiya, "kudin jini" (diya, diyya ta kudi da aka biya wa wanda aka azabtar ko magada na wanda aka azabta a cikin shari'o'in kisan kai, lahani na jiki ko lalacewar dukiya) ya bambanta bisa ga jinsi da addinin wanda aka azabtan (Musulmai da maza suna da daraja sosai). Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2004 majalisar dokokin IRI da Majalisar Tsaro sun sake fasalin dokar don daidaita diya (kuma diyeh) tsakanin Musulmi, Kirista, Yahudawa, da maza na Zoroastrian. (An cire mazajen Bahá'í, tunda bisa ga doka babu "kudin jini" ga Bahá'ís tunda ana ɗaukar jinin su Mobah, watau ana iya zubar da shi ba tare da hukunci ba).[26] a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, majalisar dokokin Iran ta ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru don girma zuwa 18 (shekaru na rana).[27]
    • a shekara ta 2002, hukumomi sun dakatar da kisa ta hanyar dutse, amma har yanzu ana yanke mata hukuncin dutse a Iran.[26]
    • a shekara ta 2004 an sanya kudi na jini daidai. A karkashin dokar Musulunci ta gargajiya, "kudin jini" (diya, diyya ta kudi da aka biya wa wanda aka azabtar ko magada na wanda aka azabta a cikin shari'o'in kisan kai, lahani na jiki ko lalacewar dukiya) ya bambanta bisa ga jinsi da addinin wanda aka azabtan (Musulmai da maza suna da daraja sosai). Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2004 majalisar dokokin IRI da Majalisar Tsaro sun sake fasalin dokar don daidaita diya (kuma diyeh) tsakanin Musulmi, Kirista, Yahudawa, da maza na Zoroastrian. (An cire mazajen Bahá'í, tunda bisa ga doka babu "kudin jini" ga Bahá'ís tunda ana ɗaukar jinin su Mobah, watau ana iya zubar da shi ba tare da hukunci ba).[27]
    • a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, majalisar dokokin Iran ta ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru don girma zuwa 18 (shekaru na rana).[28]

Velayat-e faqih da kiyaye kansa

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  • IRI tana da dokoki da sashe da yawa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki a keta ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda alaƙarsu da shari'a ta gargajiya na iya zama mai rauni amma hakan ya ambaci kare "ka'idodin Islama" kuma an yi amfani da su tun 1979 don kare gwamnati daga rashin amincewa. Ƙuntatawa kan magana da kafofin watsa labarai. Dokar manema labarai ta 1985 ta kafa kotunan manema labarai tare da ikon sanya hukuncin aikata laifuka a kan mutane da kuma ba da umarnin rufe jaridu da jaridu na lokaci-lokaci, da ke da hannu a cikin "magana mai cutarwa ga ka'idodin Islama" da "am'awar jama'a".[1] Ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin siyasa. Mataki na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya iyakance "Taron jama'a da tafiye-tafiye" ga waɗanda "ba su da lahani ga ka'idodin Islama," kuma a cewar Human Rights Watch, ana amfani da "dokokin tsaro" a Iran "don hanawa da azabtar da mutane don nuna zaman lafiya na siyasa, ƙungiya, da taro, a keta yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya wacce Iran ke da ita". Misali, "haɗin kai ga cibiyoyin kasashen waje, mutane, ko hanyoyin samun kuɗi" sun isa su kawo tuhumar aikata laifuka kamar "ƙazantar da tsaron ƙasa" a kan mutane.[2]
    • Ƙuntatawa kan magana da kafofin watsa labarai. Dokar manema labarai ta 1985 ta kafa kotunan manema labarai tare da ikon sanya hukuncin aikata laifuka a kan mutane da kuma ba da umarnin rufe jaridu da jaridu na lokaci-lokaci, da ke da hannu a cikin "magana mai cutarwa ga ka'idodin Islama" da "am'awar jama'a".[29]
    • Ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin siyasa. Mataki na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya iyakance "Taron jama'a da tafiye-tafiye" ga waɗanda "ba su da lahani ga ka'idodin Islama," kuma a cewar Human Rights Watch, ana amfani da "dokokin tsaro" a Iran "don hanawa da azabtar da mutane don nuna zaman lafiya na siyasa, ƙungiya, da taro, a keta yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya wacce Iran ke da ita". Misali, "haɗin kai ga cibiyoyin kasashen waje, mutane, ko hanyoyin samun kuɗi" sun isa su kawo tuhumar aikata laifuka kamar "ƙazantar da tsaron ƙasa" a kan mutane.[30]
  • Bugu da kari, nasa tanadi na kundin tsarin mulki an yi imanin cewa suna ba da lasisi ga gwamnati don fita waje da kariya ta kundin tsarin mulki na kare hakkin bil'adama da na siyasa, (alal misali Mataki na 167 na kundin tsarin mulkin mallaka yana ba da alƙalai damar "don gabatar da hukunci bisa tushen tushen tushen ikon Musulunci da kuma sahihan fatwa (dokokin da ƙwararrun malamai suka bayar)). "A karkashin Jamhuriyar Musulunci, kisan kai, duka, fyade, azabtarwa da ɗaurewa da kuma ɗaurewa ga masu adawa da sojojin gwamnati ba tare da kowane irin tsarin shari'a da aka bayyana su ba". Amma tsohon jami'in tsaron juyin juya hali ya zama mai adawa Akbar Ganji ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan ba su da ikon yin hukunci na Jamhuriyar Musulunci tunda lambar "ta ba da izini ga ɗan ƙasa ya kashe wani idan aka yanke masa hukunci a matsayin 'marar addini'". (Maganar tarihi Ervand Abrahamian ya rubuta cewa azabtar da fursunoni da kuma kashe dubban fursunonin siyasa a shekarar 1988 an ruwaito su bi akalla wasu nau'ikan dokar Islama da hanyoyin shari'a.) A cewar Abrahamian, a idanun jami'an Iran, "rayuwa da Jamhuriyar Islama - sabili ba haka ba Islama kanta - ya tabbatar da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su, " kuma ya karyata duk wani haƙƙin mutum.  –  –
  • A ƙarshe, a farkon shekara ta 1988, jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, Imam Khomeini ya ba da hukuma ta fatwa cewa gwamnatin Islama ta Iran " reshe ne na cikakkiyar Wilayat na Annabi" kuma yana da mahimmanci ga Islama cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin "dokokin farko (na farko) na Islama" kuma "dokokin doka har ma da addu'a, azumi da Hajji" sune dokoki na biyu waɗanda gwamnatin Islama ke da "mafi girma". Ya rubuta cewa: "Dokar Musulunci za ta iya hana aiwatar da komai - ibada da wadanda ba ibada ba - wannan ... ya yi kama da ya saba wa bukatun Islama". [31] Wannan rukunan - velayat-e motlaqaye faqih ("cikakken ikon mai shari'a") - ya nuna (bisa ga Abrahamian) cewa "rayuwar Jamhuriyar Musulunci" da Islama kanta an ɗaure su tare. Ya nuna wa wani masanin (Elizabeth Mayer) cewa an "yantar da Jamhuriyar Musulunci ... don yin kamar yadda ta zaɓa - koda kuwa wannan yana nufin keta ginshiƙan addini ... " (kuma, ba shakka, kundin tsarin mulkin Iran) - kuma cewa velayat-e motlaqaye faqih, ba dokar shari'a ba, ya bayyana "yaduwar azabtarwa da azabtarwa na rashin amincewa da siyasa" a Jamhuriwar Musulunci.[32]

Shekaru goma na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Galibin kashe-kashen fursunonin siyasa sun faru ne a cikin shekaru goma na farko na Jamhuriyar Musulunci, bayan haka an rage danniya mai tsanani.

Bayan juyin juya halin, sabon tsarin mulki ya yi aiki don karfafa mulkinsa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kiyasta yawan wadanda suka mutu da masu zanga-zangar da fursunonin gwamnatin Islama suka sha dubban mutane. Na farko da aka kashe sun kasance mambobi ne na tsohuwar tsarin - manyan janar, sannan sama da manyan jami'an farar hula 200 suka biyo baya. Shari'arsu ta kasance takaice kuma ba ta da lauyoyin karewa, juriya, nuna gaskiya ko kuma damar da ake tuhuma za su kare kansu. A watan Janairun 1980 an kashe "akalla mutane 582". A tsakiyar watan Agusta 1979, an rufe jaridu da mujallu da yawa da ke adawa da ra'ayin Khomeini na mulkin tauhidi ta hanyar lauyoyi. An dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa (National Democratic Front a watan Agustan 1979, Jam'iyyar Republican ta Musulmi a watan Janairun 1980), an fara tsarkake jami'o'i a watan Maris na shekara ta 1980.

Tsakanin Janairu 1980 da Yuni 1981 an yi wasu kisan gilla 900 (aƙalla) don komai daga miyagun ƙwayoyi da laifukan jima'i zuwa "cin hanci da rashawa a duniya", daga shirya juyin juya hali da leken asiri ga Isra'ila zuwa zama memba a cikin kungiyoyin adawa. Kuma a cikin shekara bayan haka, an kashe akalla 8,000. Dangane da kimantawa da masanin tarihin soja Spencer C. Tucker ya bayar, a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa 1985, an kama tsakanin 25,000 da 40,000 Iranians, an gwada 15,000 Iranians kuma an kashe 8,000 zuwa 9,500 Iranians.

Kurkukun Evin

A wani wuri tsakanin fursunonin siyasa 3000 zuwa 30,000 ne aka kashe a tsakanin watan Yuli zuwa farkon Satumba na shekara ta 1988 bisa umarnin Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci Ayatullah Khomeini. Yayin da gwamnati ke kokarin boye hukuncin kisa, nan da shekarar 2020 masu aiko da rahotanni na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun aike da wasika zuwa ga IRI suna bayyana kisan a matsayin "laifi na cin zarafin bil'adama.".[33]

Dariush Forouhar, shugaban jam'iyyar Nation Party na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe a Kisan kiyashi na Iran.

Shekaru na 1990 da Kisan kiyashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarun 1990s akwai wasu kisan da ba a warware su ba da kuma bacewar masu ilimi da masu gwagwarmayar siyasa waɗanda suka kasance masu sukar tsarin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta wata hanya. A cikin 1998 waɗannan korafe-korafe sun kai ga kai tare da kisan marubutan masu adawa guda uku (Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh, Mohammad Mokhtari, Majid Sharif), shugaban siyasa (Dariush Forouhar) da matarsa a cikin watanni biyu, a cikin abin da aka sani da "Kisan Chain" ko 1998 Serial Murders of Iran.[34] Gabaɗaya ana zaton an kashe marubuta sama da 80, masu fassara, mawaƙa, masu gwagwarmayar siyasa, da talakawa a cikin shekaru da yawa.[35]

Yayinda 'yan jarida masu gyarawa da kafofin watsa labarai suka iya gano kisan, mutumin da ke da alhakin yawancin fallasa kisan gillar - Saeed Hajjarian, ma'aikacin ma'aikatar leken asiri wanda ya zama ɗan jarida da mai gyarawa - ya kusa a kashe shi kuma ya ƙare da rauni sosai ta hanyar memba na Basij; [36] kuma mataimakin jami'in tsaro na Ma'aikatun Bayanai, Saeed Emami ya zargi da kisan kai, wanda ake zargin ya kashe kansa, kodayake ya yi imanin an kashe shi kuma "mace shi da yawa".[37]

Yayin da yunkurin kawo sauyi na Iran ya kunno kai da kuma zaben shugaban kasar Iran Muhammad Khatami mai matsakaicin ra'ayi a shekara ta 1997, an yi yunƙuri da dama don yin kwaskwarima ga dokokin farar hula da na penal na Iran don inganta yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam. Majalisar wadda galibin masu neman sauyi ne ta tsara wasu kudirori da ke ba da damar karin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, daidaiton jinsi, da kuma haramta azabtarwa. Wadannan duk sun yi watsi da su ko kuma suka shayar da su daga Majalisar masu tsaro da kuma manyan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a gwamnatin Iran a lokacin.[38]

Farkon karni na 21 da zanga-zangar jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shirin Ebadi, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 2003Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya

A shekara ta 2007, mujallar The Economist ta rubuta:

Ruwan ruwa na Teheran shekaru goma da suka gabata ya bar baya da kura a lokacin hunturu na siyasa. Sabuwar gwamnati na ci gaba da rufe jaridu, da rufe muryoyin da ba su yarda da shi ba, da kuma hana ko tace littattafai da gidajen yanar gizo. Ba a yarda da zanga-zangar lumana da zanga-zangar zamanin Khatami: a watan Janairun 2007 jami'an tsaro sun kai hari kan direbobin bas a Tehran tare da kama daruruwansu. A watan Maris ‘yan sanda sun lakadawa daruruwan maza da mata da suka taru domin tunawa da ranar mata ta duniya.

Yawancin manyan zanga-zangar zanga-zambe na baya-bayan nan - zanga-zangaren dalibai na Iran na Yuli 1999, [39] zanga-zanganun zaben shugaban kasa na Iran na 2009, zanga-zakarun Iran na 2017-18, zanga-zanan Iran na 2019-2020 - sun gamu da tashin hankali daga "ma'aikatar da ke da alaƙa" na Basij, tare da kama jama'a, harsashi na rayuwa, gwaji na nunawa.[40] zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019 ta haifar da mutuwar fararen hula da dubban raunin da gwamnati ta yi, "an bayar da rahoton cin zarafi da azabtarwa a tsare", da kuma "haskakawa" na "wannan cin zarafin" da Babban Jagora Ali Khamenei ya yi. [41] Kimanin wadanda aka kashe ya bambanta daga 200 zuwa 1500.

Daga shekara ta 2018 zuwa 2020 korafe-korafen kare hakkin dan Adam sun hada da kisa mai yawa, harin da "'yan jarida, masu fafutukar yada labarai na yanar gizo, da masu kare hakkin bil'adama" suka yi ta hanyar "ka'idojin tsaro da na shari'a na Iran" a cikin "yin watsi da ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa da na cikin gida", [42] gami da "shorar shekaru da yawa a kurkuku" ga masu kare hakkin bil'adama, [41] "kama da yawa ... kama jama'a da kuma manyan laifuka da suka dace" don mayar da kuma aiwatar da su da su da adalci.[43]

zanga-zangar Mahsa Amini ta 2022
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Satumbar 2022 an fara sabon zagaye na zanga-zangar "duniya" wanda ya "yadu a cikin zamantakewar al'umma, jami'o'i, tituna makarantu", kuma an kira shi "babban barazana" ga gwamnatin Iran tun lokacin da aka kafa ta tare da Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci.[and] Rikicin ya fara ne da Mutuwar Mahsa Amini a hannun 'yan sanda na Musulunci na Iran, bayan an tsare ta saboda zargin sanya hijabi ba daidai ba. Akalla mutane 551 ne aka kashe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2023, a cewar Iran Human Rights, gami da mata da akalla kananan yara 68 . An kiyasta mutane 18,170 a cikin birane da garuruwa 134, da kuma jami'o'i 132. Baya ga jami'an tsaro na cikin gida na Iran, wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa 'yan bindiga na kasashen waje da suka haɗa kai da rundunar tsaron juyin juya halin Musulunci, kamar kungiyoyi daga Lebanon, Iraki, da Afghanistan, sun shiga cikin murkushe zanga-zangar.[44]

Ra'ayi na Jamhuriyar Musulunci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 1984, wakilin Iran a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sai Rajaie-Khorassani, ya ayyana Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya tana wakiltar "fahimtar al'adar Yahudu da Kiristanci", wanda bai "daidai da tsarin dabi'un da Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta amince da shi ba" wanda tanadin IRI "ba zai yi shakkar keta shi ba".

Jami'an Jamhuriyar Musulunci sun amsa zargi ta hanyar bayyana cewa Iran tana da "mafi kyawun rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam" a duniyar Musulmi (2012); [45] cewa ba a tilasta mata bin "fassarar Yammacin" haƙƙin ɗanɗano (2008); [46] kuma Jamhuriwar Musulunci ta sha wahala daga "farfaganda mai nuna bambanci na abokan gaba" wanda shine "wani ɓangare na babban shirin da aka yi wa duniyar Islama" (2008).[47]

Yayin da a shekara ta 2004 shugaban masu ra'ayin sauyi Mohammad Khatami ya bayyana cewa Iran tabbas tana da "mutanen da ke kurkuku saboda ra'ayoyinsu." Gabaɗaya jami'an Iran sun musanta cewa Iran tana da fursunonin siyasa (shugaban shari'a Ayatullah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi a 2004) [48] ko kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Iran ya fi na ƙasashe da ke sukar shi (Shugaba Mahmoud Ahmadinejad a 2007 da 2008), ko kuma ya fi na Isra'ila.[49][50]

Bayyanawa mai sauƙi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da a shekara ta 2004 shugaban masu ra'ayin sauyi Mohammad Khatami ya bayyana cewa Iran tabbas tana da "mutanen da ke tsare saboda ra'ayoyinsu." Gabaɗaya jami'an Iran sun ƙaryata cewa Iran tana da fursunonin siyasa (shugaban shari'a Ayatullah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi a 2004)

Bayani game da dalilin da ya sa wannan ya haɗa da muhimmancin "tahawara da tattaunawa" tsakanin malamai a cikin Islama ta Shi'a wanda ya zubo cikin jama'ar Iran (mai jarida Elaine Sciolino), da kuma cewa "ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam" yanzu suna da zurfi sosai tsakanin 'yan Iran fiye da ƙarƙashin Shah (Akbar Ganji, Arzoo Osanloo, Hooman, Hooman Majd), a zahiri suna da sauri a cikin kurkuku suna riƙe da sauri don su iya yadawa da sauri a tsakanin su, har ma' yan majalisa masu zaman kansu "maci masu zaman kansu" (Majidaci masu zaman su" kawai su 'yanci masu zaman lafiya su 'yancin su 'yan Iran kawai su"

Kwatanta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana kyautata zaton juyin juya halin Musulunci yana da mummunan yanayin hakkin dan Adam fiye da daular Pahlawi da ta hambarar. A cewar masanin tarihin siyasa Ervand Abrahamian, "yayin da aka kashe kasa da fursunonin siyasa 100 tsakanin 1971 da 1979, an kashe fiye da 7900 tsakanin 1981 da 1985. ... tsarin kurkukun ya kasance tsakiya kuma ya fadada sosai ... Rayuwar kurkuku ta kasance mafi muni a karkashin Jamhuriyar Musulunci fiye da yadda aka rubuta a karkashin Jamhuriyar Musulunci. Ladjevardi ya dauki nauyin shekaru hudu a karkashin SAVAK.[1] A cikin wallafe-wallafen gidan yari na zamanin Pahlavi, kalmomin da ake maimaita su sun kasance 'rashin gajiya' da kuma 'monotony' A cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci, sun kasance ' tsoro', 'mutuwa', 'ta'addanci', 'firgita', kuma mafi yawan 'mafarki' ('ka),'

Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna an samu karuwar kashe-kashe a Iran a shekarar 2024 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 2023. An kashe mutane 901 a cikin shekarar, ciki har da mutane 40 a cikin mako guda.[51]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da tushen bayanai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci, keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance batun ƙuduri da yanke shawara daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗanɗano, da kuma Majalisar Turai, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Amurka.[52] A farkon 1980 Iran ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙasashe (inda yanayi ya yi muni) wanda mai ba da rahoto na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya zai taɓa bincikar shi a ƙarƙashin sashe na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shekaru hudu bayan haka hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada wakili na musamman a Iran don yin nazari kan halin da take ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama kuma a shekara ta 2001 maza uku ne suka cika wannan matsayi. Baya ga Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin dan Adam sun bayar da karin bayani kan take hakkin dan Adam da kuma tarihin fursunonin siyasa da aka sako wadanda aka samu a shekarun 1990. A cewar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa, a cikin 1985 Iran ta zama "ƙasa ta huɗu a tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya" da za a sanya ta a cikin ajanda na Babban Taron saboda "tsananin da girman wannan rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam".

In response, not only has the Islamic Republic not implement recommendations to improve conditions (according to the UNCHR), but it has retaliated "against witnesses who testified to the experts."[53] The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) has repeatedly passed resolutions criticizing human rights violations against Iran's religious minorities—especially the Baháʼís[52]—as well as the Islamic Republic's "instances of torture, stoning as a method of execution and punishment such as flogging and amputations",[54][55] and the situation of a hunger striker (Farhad Meysami).[56]

Bugu da kari, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam masu zaman kansu kamar su Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Iran, sun bayar da rahotanni kuma sun nuna damuwa game da batutuwa kamar yadda ake kula da 'yan tsiraru na addini, yanayin kurkuku, yanayin kiwon lafiya na fursunoni, [56] mutuwar fursunoni [54] (Vahid Sayadi Nasiri), [57] kama masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati.[58] Iran tana da tarihin mu'amala da 'yan gudun hijirar Afganistan da bakin haure, inda kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara bayanan keta haddi da suka hada da cin zarafi na jiki, tsarewa a cikin yanayi marasa tsafta, tilasta biyan kudin sufuri da masauki a sansanonin kora, aikin tilastawa, da tilastawa raba iyalai.[59]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Minorities in Iran have been disproportionally impacted in ongoing crackdown to repress the "Woman, Life, Freedom" movement, UN Fact-Finding Mission says". OHCHR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  2. ↑ "Pahlavi royal dictatorship - Google Search". www.google.com.
  3. ↑ "Rights Crisis Escalates Faces and Cases from Ahmadinejad's Crackdown, 20 September 2008". Iranhumanrights.org. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA
  5. ↑ Baraheni, Reza (28 October 1976). "Terror in Iran". The New York Review of Books.
  6. ↑ "Constitution". Islamic Parliament of Iran. Parliran.ir. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  7. 1 2 Francis Fukuyama (28 July 2009). "Francis Fukuyama: Iranian constitution democratic at heart - WSJ". WSJ.
  8. ↑ "A Detailed Analysis of Iran's Constitution - World Policy Institute". worldpolicy.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  9. ↑ "The Iranian Legal Framework And International Law". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  10. ↑ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. "Iran – Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  11. ↑ Christian Moe. "Refah Revisited: Strasbourg's Construction of Islam" (PDF). Norwegian Institute of Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2008.
  12. ↑ "Islamic Penal Code of Iran, article 300" (PDF). Mehr.org.
  13. ↑ "Women act against repression and intimidation in Iran, 28 February 2008". Amnesty.org. 28 February 2008. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  14. ↑ Saeidzadeh, Zara (2020-04-02). ""Are trans men the manliest of men?" Gender practices, trans masculinity and mardānegī in contemporary Iran". Journal of Gender Studies. 29 (3): 295–309. doi:10.1080/09589236.2019.1635439. ISSN 0958-9236. S2CID 199145725.
  15. ↑ "Former Sunni MP: Rouhani Government Failing to Uphold Minority Rights Despite Supreme Leader's Cal". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 17 September 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  16. ↑ "Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran" (PDF). International Federation of Human Rights. August 2003. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  17. ↑ KAZEMZADEH, FIRUZ (Summer 2000). "The Baha'is in Iran: Twenty Years of Repression". Social Research. 67 (2): 537–558. JSTOR 40971483. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  18. ↑ "hrw.org, Iran – THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK". Hrw.org. 22 May 1992. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  19. ↑ "Human Rights Watch: Religious minorities in Iran (1997)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  20. ↑ "Statistical Centre of Iran: 11. Population by sex and religion (2006)". Amar.sci.org.ir. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  21. ↑ "hrw.org, November 9, 2002 Iran: Academic's Death Sentence Condemned". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  22. ↑ Tavana, Mohammad H. (2014). "Three Decades of Islamic Criminal Law Legislation in Iran" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law. 2: 33. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  23. ↑ "Iranian activists fight child executions". USA Today.
  24. ↑ "CHILD EXECUTION IN IRAN AND ITS LEGALITY UNDER THE ISLAMIC LAW" (PDF). www.enmcr.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  25. ↑ "John Howell MP". johnhowellmp.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  26. ↑ "Resolution on the serious and systematic human rights violations in Iran". International Federation for Human Rights. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  27. ↑ "Iran. International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor". State.gov. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  28. ↑ "Iran changes law for execution of juveniles". Iran Independent News Service. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  29. ↑ "1999 Report IV. THE IRANIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INTERNATIONAL LAW". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  30. ↑ "Iran: End Widespread Crackdown on Civil Society". Human Rights Watch. 7 January 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  31. ↑ Keyhan, January 8, 1988; quoted in MATSUNAGA, Yasuyuki (2009). "Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)". Orient. XLIV: 81, 87. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  32. ↑ Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (Summer–Autumn 1996). "Islamic Rights or Human Rights: An Iranian Dilemma". Iranian Studies. 29 (3/4): 269–270. doi:10.1080/00210869608701851. JSTOR 4310998. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  33. ↑ "Mandates of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; ..." Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  34. ↑ John Pike (5 February 2001). "RFE/RL Iran Report. 5 February 2001". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  35. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYTJehl
  36. ↑ "Human Rights Reports | CODIR" (in Turanci). Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  37. ↑ "A Man Called Saeed Emani". Iranterror.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  38. ↑ "Khatami and the Myth of Reform in Iran". washingtoninstitute.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  39. ↑ "Iran sacks police chiefs over student protest crackdown". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
  40. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wright-NYer-15-january-2020
  41. 1 2 ".hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2020. Iran. Events of 2019". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2 February 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HRW-2019-events" defined multiple times with different content
  42. ↑ ".hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2018. Iran. Events of 2017". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  43. ↑ ".hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2019. Iran. Events of 2018". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  44. ↑ "Hezbollah, Hashd Al-Shaabi Forces Helping Iran Suppress Protests - Reports". www.iranintl.com (in Turanci). 2022-10-16. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
  45. ↑ "'Iran has best human rights record in the Muslim world' quoting Ali Akbar Salehi". Tehran Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  46. ↑ "Islamic world urged to stand against Western-style human rights Tehran, May 15". .irna.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  47. ↑ "Human rights fully respected in Iran: Judiciary chief Tehran, April 10". .irna.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  48. ↑ John Pike (3 May 2004). "Iran Report, A Weekly Review of Developments in and Pertaining to Iran, 3 May 2004". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  49. ↑ "Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on the Threat of US Attack and International Criticism of Iran's Human Rights Record". democracynow.org.
  50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mottaki
  51. ↑ AFP (2025-01-07). "Iran reportedly executed at least 901 people in 2024: UN". Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  52. 1 2 Affolter, Friedrich W. (2005). "The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Baháʼí of Iran" (PDF). War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. 1 (1): 59–89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2016. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "affolter" defined multiple times with different content
  53. ↑ "Human Rights Overview 2005". Human Rights Watch. 31 December 2004. Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  54. 1 2 "Canadian-sponsored human rights resolution against Iran passes". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cbcnov07" defined multiple times with different content
  55. ↑ "U.N. Assembly Chides Iran on Human Rights By BENNY AVNI, Staff Reporter of the Sun | 21 November 2007". Nysun.com. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  56. 1 2 "UN Experts Call On Iran To Guarantee Rights Of Detained Activists". RFE/RL. 30 November 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  57. ↑ "Iran: Investigate Suspicious Deaths in Detention, Release Activists". 13 February 2018.
  58. ↑ "2018 will go down in history as a year of shame for Iran". Amnesty International. 24 January 2019.
  59. ↑ "Iran: Afghan Refugees and Migrants Face Abuse | Human Rights Watch". 20 November 2013.
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