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'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamus

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamus
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasa ko yankuna
Bayanai
Fuskar Jamus
Ƙasa Jamus
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 51°N 10°E / 51°N 10°E / 51; 10

Hakkin dan adam a Jamus yana jin daɗin babban matakin kariya, a cikin ka'idar da kuma aiki, kuma an tsarkake su a cikin Grundgesetz. Kasar ta tabbatar da mafi yawan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa. Rahotanni daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Amnesty International sun tabbatar da babban matakin bin haƙƙin ɗan adam, yayin da wasu, kamar mai bincike Tobias Singelnstein, suka nuna batutuwa da yawa, musamman zalunci na 'yan sanda [1] da kuma cin zarafin 'yan gudun hijira. Rahoton Freedom in the World na 2008 wanda aka ba da kuɗin Freedom House na Amurka ya ba Jamus maki "1" (mafi kyawun yiwuwar) don haƙƙin siyasa da 'Yancin jama'a.

Dokar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin mulkin Jamus, Grundgesetz, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1949, ya mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Maganarsa ta farko, "Gwamnatin Dan Adam ba za a iya keta ta ba", ana fassara ta azaman kare jimlar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan sakin layi yana karewa da "ma'anar har abada" kuma ba za a iya canza shi ba. Yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan aikin shari'a; alal misali, an yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da haƙƙin ƙuduri na Bayanai a cikin binciken 1983 na Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta Jamus.

Koyaya, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru daga Jamhuriyar Weimar, Jamus tana ganin kanta a matsayin wehrhafte Demokratie (Dimokuradiyya mai ƙarfi); ayyukan da aka yi niyya don cire tsarin dimokuradiyya ba a rufe su da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da dukkan hakkoki daga Universal Declaration of Human Rights (wanda kansa ba shi da doka), ban da haƙƙin da ba a iyakance shi ba don mafaka.

Tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ba da damar' yan ƙasa su daukaka kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin dan Adam.

An kafa aikin soja na tilas ga maza a shekarar 1956. A kowane lokaci, masu adawa da lamiri na iya zaɓar yin Zivildienst (aikin farar hula) a maimakon haka. A lokacin ayyukan biyu, an dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa kamar 'yancin motsi. Tun daga 1 ga Yulin 2011, gwamnati ba ta da ikon yin amfani da haƙƙin a ƙarƙashin wannan labarin, wato, aikin soja a halin yanzu na son rai ne a Jamus. Koyaya, babu wani shiri na soke dokokin da ke ba da izinin aikin soja.[2]

Yarjejeniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babban Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya[3] Kasancewar Jamus Babban yarjejeniyar CoE[4] Kasancewar Jamus
Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1969 Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam An tabbatar da shi a 1952
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa An tabbatar da shi a 1973 Yarjejeniya 1 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 1957
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko (ICCPR) Shigarwa a 1993 Yarjejeniya ta 4 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1968
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu (ICCPR) An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1992 Yarjejeniya ta 6 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1989
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu An tabbatar da shi a 1973 Yarjejeniya ta 7 (ECHR) An sanya hannu a cikin 1985
Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1985 Yarjejeniya ta 12 (ECHR) An sanya hannu a cikin 2000
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CEDAW) An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2002 Yarjejeniya ta 13 (ECHR) An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1990 Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1965
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CAT) An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2008 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1988 (ESC) An sanya hannu a cikin 1988
Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1992 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1995 (ESC) Ba a sanya hannu ba
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigawar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (CRC) An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004 Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai da aka sake fasalin An sanya hannu a cikin 2007
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da sayar da yara, karuwanci na yara da hotunan batsa na yara (CRC) An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 Yarjejeniyar Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa da Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko Hukunci An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1990
Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da ke ƙaura da Iyalansu Ba a sanya hannu ba Yarjejeniyar Turai don Yankin ko Harsunan Ƙananan An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1998
Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 Yarjejeniyar Tsarin don Kare Ƙananan Ƙasa An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1997
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CRPD) An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 Yarjejeniyar kan Aiki game da Cin Hanci da Mutane An sanya hannu a shekara ta 2005
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Cin Hanci da Rashawa An sanya hannu a cikin 2014 Kayan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya An sanya hannu a shekara ta 2003

Jamus kuma memba ce ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ya amince da ikon Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya.

Rahotanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rahotanni na Amnesty International na 2005 da 2006 galibi suna sukar - kodayake ba su da yawa kuma galibi ana azabtar da su sosai - wasu shari'o'in zalunci na 'yan sanda, cin zarafin 'yan gudun hijira, da hare-haren wariyar launin fata.

Rahoton Freedom in the World na 2008 wanda aka ba da kuɗin Freedom House na Amurka ya ba Jamus maki "1" (mafi kyawun yiwuwar) don haƙƙin siyasa da 'Yancin jama'a.

Batutuwa

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Kulawa

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Dole ne Alƙali ya ba da umarni. Yawancin lokaci, ba za a iya tsare wanda ake zargi ba fiye da watanni shida ba tare da yanke masa hukunci ba.

An soke hukuncin kisa. Kotun na iya ba da umarnin cewa a tsare mutum har abada ko da bayan an kammala hukuncin, idan an yanke wa mutumin hukunci na manyan laifuka kuma an hukunta shi, bayan shaidar gwani, don zama haɗari ga jama'a (Sicherungsverwahrung).

CIA ta sace ɗan ƙasar Jamus Khalid El-Masri a shekara ta 2005 kuma ta tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba har tsawon watanni, kodayake ba shi da laifi. An sanar da leken asirin Jamus da wuri game da wannan, amma ba su yi komai ba, wanda ke ƙarƙashin muhawara mai tsanani na siyasa.

'Yanci na magana

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Tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana. Koyaya, Volksverhetzung (ta da mutane) laifi ne, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yada ƙiyayya ko zagi ga wani ɓangare na jama'a. A cikin 1994, an kara sakin layi wanda ya haramta musanta laifuffukan Nazi.

'Yanci na taro

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Taron jama'a na sararin samaniya yana buƙatar (yawanci) sanarwar da ta gabata ga hukumomin gida, amma babu izini. Hukumomi na iya hana tarurruka ne kawai saboda damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a ko kuma shigar da kungiyoyin da aka haramta.

'Yanci na' yan jarida

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An kafa 'yancin' yan jarida sosai a Jamus; 2009 Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders ya kimanta Jamus a wuri 18 na kasashe 175.

Mafi shahararren abin da ya shafi ƙuntatawar 'yan jarida kyauta shine abin kunya na Spiegel na 1962, lokacin da Ministan Tsaro Franz Josef Strauß ya ba da umarnin kama' yan jarida da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan wani labarin da ke zarginsa da cin hanci. Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da korar Strauß daga ofishin kuma ya lalata sunan Chancellor Konrad Adenauer sosai.

A shekara ta 2005, ministan cikin gida Otto Schily ya ba da izinin kai hari kan ofisoshin jaridar Cicero, wanda aka soki shi a matsayin hari kan 'yancin' yan jarida daga wani bangare na' yan jaridar Jamus. Harin ya dogara ne akan zargin da aka yi na ɓoye asirin jihar. Koyaya, a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa zargin cewa ɗan jarida yana taimakawa wajen cin amanar asirin jihar bai isa ya tabbatar da bincike ba, don haka harin ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. An yi la'akari da binciken a matsayin karfafa 'yancin' yan jarida.[5]

Wani abin kunya game da leken asiri kan 'yan jarida ta hanyar hukumar sirri ta Bundesnachrichtendienst, wanda ya fara a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, ba a share shi ba tukuna.

Rikicin 'yan sanda

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Musamman saboda abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar mulkin Nazi, siyasar Jamus da mutane suna mai da hankali sosai ga ikon da hanyar aiki na 'yan sanda. A cikin Jamus amfani da bindigogi - har ma da 'yan sanda - an tsara shi sosai kuma akwai (idan aka kwatanta da wasu ƙasashe) kawai 'yan lokuta kaɗan na harbe-harbe da' yan sanda ke harba a kowace shekara.[6] Koyaya, akwai wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekarun da suka gabata:

A ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 wani mutum ya mutu a asibiti bayan ya fada cikin kwatsam yayin da yake hannun 'yan sanda a Hagen a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu inda aka ɗaure shi fuska da fuska. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara ya dakatar da bincikensa kuma ya gano cewa ƙarfin da 'yan sanda suka yi amfani da shi ya dace, duk da cewa tun daga shekara ta 2000, an horar da jami'an' yan sanda don kada su hana mutum fuska saboda haɗarin asphyxia.[7]

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kotun yankin Dessau ta wanke jami'an 'yan sanda biyu da kashe Oury Jalloh sakamakon sakaci. Oury Jalloh ya mutu a shekara ta 2005 lokacin da gobara ta tashi a cikin tantaninsa, inda aka hana shi zuwa gado. A cikin dalilan da ya yi na baki don yanke hukunci, kotun ta bayyana rashin shaidar a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka wanke shi, kuma ta soki shaidun mafi yawan jami'an 'yan sanda wadanda suka kasance shaidu a cikin shari'ar kotu. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, kotun yankin Magdeburg ta soke hukuncin da aka yi a baya, kuma ta yanke hukunci kan kisan kai. Wani zargi na baya na cutar jiki tare da mummunan sakamako ya bar shi ta hanyar masu gabatar da kara saboda rashin shaidar. Kotun ta yanke wa jami'in da ake tuhuma hukuncin tarar Yuro 10,800, wanda ya wuce rokon Yuro 6,300 da masu gabatar da kara suka yi.

Tortura

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Babu rahotanni game da amfani da azabtarwa a cikin tsari a Jamus. Koyaya, akwai wasu abubuwan da suka faru.

A shekara ta 2002, mataimakin shugaban 'yan sanda na Frankfurt Wolfgang Daschner ya umarci wani jami'in da ke karkashinsa ya yi barazanar yin amfani da karfi don samun bayanin inda wanda aka sace yake (an kashe wanda aka sace ba da daɗewa ba bayan sace shi, amma wanda ake zargin ya shaida wa 'yan sanda cewa yaron yana raye, kuma Daschner ya yanke shawarar karya dokar da yaron ya yi don ceton rayuwarsa).  Wannan ya jawo cece-kuce kan halaccin irin wadannan matakan.  An yanke wa Daschner hukuncin zuwa mafi ƙarancin hukunci mai yuwuwa na tara.  Daschner da jami'in da ke ƙarƙashinsa sun ci gaba da aiki.

In a trial against terror suspect Mounir El Motassadeq, a court used evidence provided by US authorities, despite widespread evidence of torture in US detainment camps.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span>] The conviction was rejected in appeal due to lack of evidence. In January 2007 he was condemned for 15 years in detention.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Masu gwagwarmayar Psychiatric Survivor sun ba da rahoton sau da yawa cewa ba su da mutunci, sun cika ka'idojin kuma suna fuskantar su a matsayin azabtarwa.[8] A cikin 2011 da 2012, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayyar Jamus da Kotun Shari'a ta Tarayya sun bayyana cewa ba a taɓa samun isasshen tushen doka don tilastawa ba kamar yadda aka yi har zuwa lokacin.[9] A karkashin zanga-zangar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wadanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa Farfesa Wolf-Dieter Narr ya goyi bayan su, Gwamnatin Jamus da kuma gwamnatocin jihohin tarayya sun fara aiki don saurin halatta magani ba tare da son rai ba. [10][11][12][13] A lokacin da aka kafa na farko daga cikin wadannan dokoki, Rapporteur na Musamman kan azabtarwa ko wasu mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Juan E. Méndez, ya ba da rahoton ayyukan zamba a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya a duk duniya da kuma manufofin da ke inganta waɗannan ayyukan. Ya bayyana cewa:

"duka wannan umarni da hukumomin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun tabbatar da cewa magani ba tare da son rai ba da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin hauka a wuraren kiwon lafiya sune nau'o'in azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" kuma cewa "yana da mahimmanci cewa cikakkiyar haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan duk matakan tilasta da wadanda ba a yarda da su ba, gami da hanawa da kuma tsare-tsare na mutane da ke da nakasa ta hankali ko ta hankali, ya kamata su yi amfani da su".[14]

Kulawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jam'iyyu da dama, irin su na hannun dama na "National Democratic Party of Germany" (NPD) da kuma tsarin gurguzu na jam'iyyar Hagu, suna karkashin kulawar Verfassungsschutz ("Ofishin Kare Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya"). An soki amfani da masu sanar da 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta a matsayin wuce gona da iri [ana maganar hujja]. An yi watsi da wani yunkuri na yiwa NPD lakabin haramtacciyar kungiya, saboda ya bayyana cewa yawancin ayyukan NPD da gaske Verfassungsschutz ne ke sarrafa su.[1] Baya ga jam'iyyu, gwamnatin Jamus ta sanya cocin Scientology da membobinta a Jamus karkashin kulawar Verfassungsschutz tun 1997 bisa zargin da ake yi na soke oda bisa Grundgesetz na Jamus. Duba kuma: Kimiyyar Kimiyya a Jamus.

Jama'a masu rauni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙananan yara da iyaye na ƙasashen waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan tsiraru na kabilanci ba su da wakilci a cikin tsarin siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, musamman ma aikin gwamnati.[15] Akwai wasu lokuta na hare-hare kan 'yan tsiraru a kasar ta kungiyoyin dama, kodayake Jamus - musamman saboda abubuwan da suka gabata - tana mai da hankali sosai kan haƙuri da haɗin kai.[16] A cikin 2010 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa " tashin hankali na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama da cin zarafin 'yan tsiraru da baƙi matsaloli ne".[17]

Cinikin mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  An sami karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane a matsayin batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai (duba babban labarin: fataucin ɗan adam). Ƙarshen kwaminisanci da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da Yugoslavia sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar fataucin mutane, tare da yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da aka tilasta wa karuwanci.[18][19] Jamus ƙasa ce mai wucewa da makoma ga mutane, da farko mata, waɗanda aka yi fataucin su galibi daga Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma daga Afirka don manufar cin zarafin jima'i. Rasha kadai ta kai kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wadanda aka gano 1,235 da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2003, shekarar da ke da kididdigar. A karo na farko, kididdigar Jamus ta haɗa da 'yan ƙasar Jamus waɗanda suka ƙidaya 127.[20][21]

Hakkin LGBT

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  'Hakkokin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual da transgender (LGBT) a Jamus sun samo asali sosai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Tun daga ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2017, Jamus ta halalta auren jinsi, wanda ke ba da haƙƙi iri ɗaya kamar yadda ma'auratan ke samu. Ɗaukar mataki na jinsi ɗaya kuma ya kasance doka tun shekara ta 2005 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin 2013 don ba da damar wani da ke da alaƙa da jima'i ya ɗauki yaron da abokin tarayya ya riga ya ɗauka; duk da haka, ba a riga an kafa dokar haɗin gwiwa ba. Kariyar nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi ya bambanta a duk faɗin Jamus, amma a ka'ida an haramta wariya a aikin yi da samar da kayayyaki da sabis a duk ƙasar. An ba wa masu canjin jinsi damar canza jinsin su na doka tun daga 1980. Da farko dokar ta bukaci a yi musu tiyatar gyaran al'aurarsu domin a canza muhimman takaddun shaida. Tuni dai aka ayyana hakan a matsayin sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar

Hakkin jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i a Jamus ba su da wata sanarwa game da hakkinsu ga mutuncin jiki da ikon cin gashin kansu na jiki, kuma babu takamaiman kariya daga nuna bambanci bisa ga halaye na jima'i. Dangane da binciken da Majalisar Dokokin Jamus ta yi a shekarar 2012, gwamnati ta zartar da doka a shekarar 2013 da aka tsara don rarraba wasu jarirai masu jima'i zuwa rukuni na uku. Jama'a da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki dokar kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne.[22][23]

Binciken da aka buga a cikin 2016 bai sami raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin sa hannun likita na intersex akan jarirai da yara tare da yanayin intersex a cikin lokacin daga 2005 zuwa 2014.[24] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amnesty International sun shiga kungiyoyin farar hula na cikin gida don yin kira ga kariya.

  1. ↑ Prof. Dr. Tobias Singelnstein (n.d.). "Strafverfahren gegen Polizisten wegen Körperverletzung im Amt" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
  2. ↑ "Kabinettsbeschluss: Wehrpflicht wird zum 1. Juli 2011 ausgesetzt" (in Jamusanci). RP Online. 15 December 2010.
  3. ↑ "UNTC". Treaties.un.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  4. ↑ "CoE human rights treaties". BConventions.coe.int. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  5. ↑ "Ein Fehler ist aufgetreten: Die gesuchte Seite ist leider nicht verfügbar (Fehlernummer 404) | tagesschau.de". Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  6. ↑ Christoph Gusy: Polizeirecht. 72009, ISBN 978-3-16-148921-1
  7. ↑ "Germany | Amnesty International Report 2009". Archived from the original on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  8. ↑ "Psychiatrische Zwangsbehandlung ist Folter" (PDF). Bpe-online.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  9. ↑ "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - Verfassungsbeschwerde eines im Maßregelvollzug Untergebrachten gegen medizinische Zwangsbehandlung in einem weiteren Fall erfolgreich - auch baden-württembergische gesetzliche Regelung verfassungswidrig". Bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  10. ↑ "Massaker an Grundrechten geplant: Demobericht Justizministerkonferenz". Zwangspsycjiatrie.de. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  11. ↑ "» Demo gegen Zwangspsychiatrie auf dem SPD Landesparteitag 2012 in Wiesloch Meinungsverbrechen.de". Meinungsverbrechen.de. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  12. ↑ Renneberg, Dr. Verena. "SPD und Koalition stimmen für Zwangsbehandlungen". Bundestag.de. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  13. ↑ Ärzteblatt, Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches (17 May 2013). "Deutsches Ärzteblatt: Baden-Württemberg: Konsens über neue Regeln für Zwangsbehandlung in der Psychiatrie". Aerzteblatt.de. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  14. ↑ Méndez, Juan E. "Report on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". OHCHR. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  15. ↑ Githu Muigai. "Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance" (PDF). 2.ohchr.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  16. ↑ Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal (17 November 2010). "Germany". Refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  17. ↑ "Germany". 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor – U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 2010-03-15.
  18. ↑ "Trafficking in human beings". Archived from the original on 2004-03-07. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
  19. ↑ "A modern slave's brutal odyssey". Bbc.co.uk. 3 November 2004.
  20. ↑ "V. Country Narratives -- Countries A through G". State.gov. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  21. ↑ "Germany - Coalition Against Trafficking of Women". Archived from the original on 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
  22. ↑ Viloria, Hida (November 6, 2013). "Op-ed: Germany's Third-Gender Law Fails on Equality". The Advocate.
  23. ↑ "OII Australia, "German proposals for a "third gender" on birth certificates miss the mark", 20 August 2013". OII Australia - Intersex Australia. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  24. ↑ Klöppel, Ulrike (December 2016). "Zur Aktualität kosmetischer Operationen "uneindeutiger" Genitalien im Kindesalter". Gender Bulletin (42). ISSN 0947-6822. Archived from the original on 2017-02-04. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
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