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'Yancin Dan Adam a New Zealand

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'Yancin Dan Adam a New Zealand
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 41°12′S 174°00′E / 41.2°S 174°E / -41.2; 174

Ana magance haƙƙin ɗan adam a New Zealand a cikin takardu daban-daban waɗanda suka zama kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Musamman, manyan dokoki guda biyu da ke kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sune Dokar ''Yancin Dan Adam a New Zealand ta 1993 da Dokar' Yancin New Zealand ta 1990. [1] Bugu da kari, New Zealand ta kuma tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da yawa. Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin mutane, amma ta nuna damuwa game da matsayin zamantakewar' 'Yan asalin ƙasar.[2]

Tarihi

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An ba da izinin duniya ga mazajen Māori sama da 21 a 1867, kuma an faɗaɗa shi ga mazajen Turai a 1879. [3] A shekara ta 1893, New Zealand ita ce kasa ta farko da ta ba da izinin zaɓe na duniya; duk da haka, mata ba su cancanci tsayawa a majalisa ba har zuwa 1919.

Wani fasalin tsarin zaɓe na New Zealand shine wani nau'i na wakilci na musamman ga Māori a majalisa. Da farko an yi la'akari da mafita ta wucin gadi a kan halittarta a 1867, wannan tsarin daban ya tsira daga muhawara game da dacewa da tasiri. Masu sukar sun bayyana wakilci na musamman a matsayin nau'in wariyar launin fata.[4] A shekara ta 1992, lokacin da Royal Commission on the Electoral System ya ba da shawarar soke tsarin daban, wakilci mai karfi daga kungiyoyin Māori ya haifar da tsira.[5]

An tattauna haƙƙin ɗan adam a New Zealand a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Bugu da kari, New Zealand ta kuma tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin mutane, amma ta nuna damuwa game da matsayin zamantakewar' 'Yan asalin ƙasar.[6]

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, a karo na farko New Zealand ta shirya wani bita na kasa (UPR) a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland.[7] A lokacin wannan tsarin bita na tsara kasashe da yawa sun yaba da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand kuma sun gano cewa fahimtar New Zealand a matsayin al'umma mai adalci da daidaito yana da mahimmanci ga sunanta na duniya. Yankunan da aka umarci al'ummar da su ci gaba sun haɗa da bambance-bambance da Māori suka samu kamar yadda manyan alamun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suka nuna da kuma girman tashin hankali na iyali da tashin hankali ga mata da yara.[8]

Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa

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John Key da Helen Clark a hedikwatar UNDP.

A shekara ta 2009 New Zealand tana neman matsayi a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . An janye tayin a watan Maris na wannan shekarar don ba da damar kyakkyawar hanya ga Amurka don lashe kujerar, bayan Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya sauya matsayin kasarsa na baya cewa majalisar ta rasa amincinta. Sa'an nan Ministan Harkokin Waje na New Zealand Murray McCully ya bayyana cewa "Mun yi imanin cewa membobin Amurka na majalisa za su ƙarfafa shi kuma su sa ya zama mafi tasiri... Ta kowane ma'auni, membobin majalisa ta Amurka sun fi haifar da canje-canje masu kyau da sauri fiye da yadda za mu iya sa ran cimma su".[9]

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, a karo na farko New Zealand ta shirya wani bita na kasa (UPR) a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland.[10] A lokacin wannan tsarin bita na tsara kasashe da yawa sun yaba da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand kuma sun gano cewa fahimtar New Zealand a matsayin al'umma mai adalci da daidaito yana da mahimmanci ga sunanta na duniya. Yankunan da aka umarci al'ummar da su ci gaba sun haɗa da bambance-bambance da Māori suka samu kamar yadda manyan alamun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suka nuna da kuma girman tashin hankali na iyali da tashin hankali ga mata da yara.[11]

Yarjejeniya An sanya hannu An tabbatar da shi
Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata 25 ga Oktoba 1966 22 ga Nuwamba 1972
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa 12 ga Nuwamba 1968 28 Disamba 1978
Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata 17 ga Yuli 1980 10 Janairu 1985
Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara 1 ga Oktoba 1990 6 ga Afrilu 1993
Yarjejeniya game da azabtarwa da sauran mummunan hali ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa 14 Janairu 1986 10 Disamba 1989
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu 12 ga Nuwamba 1968 28 Disamba 1978
Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa 30 Maris 2007 25 Satumba 2008 [12]

Tsarin shari'a

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Tsarin shari'a yana ɗaukar tsarin mulkin mallaka na dimokuradiyya na wakilai. Ba tare da kundin Tsarin mulki guda ɗaya ba, an aiwatar da takardun majalisa daban-daban kamar Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta 1986, Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokokin Masarauta ta 1988, Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta 1990 da Dokar 'Yanci ta Dan Adam ta 1993 don rufe irin waɗannan yankuna.

Hakkin dan adam a New Zealand ba a taɓa kare shi da wani takarda ko doka na tsarin mulki ba, kuma babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin tilasta shi. Saboda wajibai na haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand ba su da tushe kuma suna cikin dokar al'ada, Majalisar na iya yin watsi da su idan ta zaɓi. Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta gano wannan tsari na kundin tsarin mulki a matsayin yankin da ke buƙatar aiki don gano damar da za a ba da babbar tasiri ga kariya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Rahotanni na Sashe na 7

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Sashe na 7 na Dokar 'Yancin Kasuwanci yana buƙatar Babban Lauyan ya jawo hankalin Majalisar game da gabatar da duk wani Dokar da ba ta dace da Dokar ba. Ma'aikatar Shari'a, wacce ke shirya wannan shawara ga Babban Lauyan, tana buƙatar akalla makonni biyu don sake duba dokar. Ga jerin takardun kudi da Babban Lauyan ya ruwaito kamar yadda ba su dace da Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ba 1990.

Ra'ayoyi daban-daban

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Rahoton 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa, "doka ta samar da shari'a mai zaman kanta, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama 'yancin shari'a a aikace".[t][13] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an nuna damuwa cewa New Zealand ba ta yin aiki sosai game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda ta kasance. Wani binciken da aka fitar a shekarar 2015, Fault Lines: Human Rights in New Zealand ya ce dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta New Zealand - Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar 'YanYancin Dan adam - "sun kasance matsala kuma ba su hana wucewar wasu dokoki ba, wanda ke keta haƙƙin".

'Yancin Jama'a

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'Yanci na magana

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Hakkin 'yancin magana ba a kare shi a bayyane ta hanyar doka ta kowa a New Zealand ba amma an haɗa shi da koyarwa da yawa da nufin kare' yancin magana. Jarida mai zaman kanta, ingantaccen shari'a, da tsarin siyasa na dimokuradiyya suna haɗuwa don tabbatar da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida.[14] Musamman, an adana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a sashi na 14 na Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990 (BORA) wanda ya bayyana cewa:

"Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da' yancin neman, karɓa, da kuma ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi na kowane nau'i a kowane nau'in".

Wannan tanadin ya nuna cikakkun bayanai a cikin Mataki na 19 na ICCPR. Kotunan New Zealand sun jaddada muhimmancin wannan haƙƙin da muhimmancinsa ga dimokuradiyya. An bayyana shi a matsayin hakki na farko wanda ba tare da mulkin doka ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata ba. Dama ba kawai shine tushe na dimokuradiyya ba; yana kuma tabbatar da cikawa da kansa ga membobinta ta hanyar inganta ilimi da bayyana gaskiya. Saboda haka, an ba da cikakken fassarar haƙƙin. Kotun daukaka kara ta ce sashi na 14 "yana da faɗi kamar tunanin ɗan adam da tunanin mutum". 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki ya ƙunshi' yancin magana, 'yancin yada labarai, watsawa da karɓar ra'ayoyi da bayanai,' yancin faɗar magana a cikin fasaha, da haƙƙin yin shiru.[15] Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya kai ga haƙƙin neman damar yin amfani da bayanan hukuma. An bayar da wannan a cikin Dokar Bayanai ta hukuma ta 1982.

Ƙuntatawa

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Akwai iyakoki a kan wannan haƙƙin, kamar yadda yake tare da duk sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin BORA.

Ba zai kasance a cikin amfanin al'umma don ba da damar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya zama lasisi ba tare da la'akari da yin watsi da ko rage wasu hakkoki da' yanci ba.

  • girmama hakkoki da sunayen wasu; da
  • kare tsaron kasa, tsarin jama'a, ko lafiyar jama'a da ɗabi'a.

An haramta maganganun ƙiyayya a New Zealand a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 a ƙarƙashin sashe na 61 da 131. Wadannan sassan suna ba da tasiri ga labarin 20 na ICCPR. Wadannan sassan da wadanda suka riga su ba a yi amfani da su ba.[16] Suna buƙatar yardar Babban Lauyan don gurfanar da su. Karfafawa ga rashin jituwa tsakanin launin fata ya kasance laifi ne tun lokacin da aka kafa Dokar Dangantaka ta Kasa ta 1971. Gunaguni game da rashin jituwa na launin fata sau da yawa ya shafi maganganun da aka yi a fili game da dangantakar Māori-Pākehā da shige da fice, da kuma maganganun 'yan siyasa ko wasu jama'a game da al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru.[16]

Rashin mutunci a baya ya kasance laifi ne a New Zealand a karkashin Dokar Laifuka ta 1961 amma tun daga lokacin an soke shi a karkashin Dokar Kwaskwarimar Laifuka ta 2019.

'Yanci na kafofin watsa labarai

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An kuma amince da 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin muhimmiyar ka'idar dimokuradiyya. New Zealand ta kasance a matsayi na takwas a kan Press Freedom Index 2010 kuma akwai karfi na shari'a, jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai inda aka keta wannan haƙƙin.[17] Sashe na 68 na Dokar Shaida ta 2006 ya ba da ƙwarewar dama ga 'yan jarida waɗanda ke son kare asalin tushen su. Kotun daukaka kara ta kuma sanya jagororin ga 'yan sanda yayin binciken wuraren kafofin watsa labarai don dalilai na tilasta bin doka, don su kasance masu kariya.

"Dokar New Zealand dole ne ta amince da cewa a lokuta inda fara aikata laifuka mai yiwuwa Kotun tana da ikon da za ta hana haɗarin raina Kotun ta hanyar ba da umarni. Amma ba za a tsoma baki da 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ba kuma dole ne a nuna cewa akwai ainihin yiwuwar buga kayan da za su nuna bambanci da adalci na shari'ar".

Hakkin yin shari'a mai kyau

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An bayyana shari'ar adalci a New Zealand a matsayin " sauraron kotu wanda ke da tsari kawai ga bangarorin biyu"; duk yana kunshe da kowane ɗan ƙasa a New Zealand, kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin aikin tsarin adalci. Yankin da wannan haƙƙin farar hula da na laifi ya fi tasiri a cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka, duk da haka har yanzu yana da tasiri sosai a wasu fannoni na dokar New Zealand, kamar dokar gudanarwa (saboda amfani da Dokar Shari'a). Wannan muhimmin dama ya kasance a aikace tun daga farkon New Zealand saboda ci gaba da Dokar Ingilishi a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya ci gaba da bunkasa cikin shekaru tare da al'ummar duniya.

Magna Carta

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Ana ganin Magna Carta (1215) a matsayin daya daga cikin kayan aikin da suka gabata don bayyana a sarari haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau ga dukan 'yanci. Ya dace da dokar New Zealand saboda an jera shi a cikin Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokokin Imperial na 1988, wanda ke ba da damar wasu Dokokin Ingilishi su zama doka.

Muhimmin sashi shine Sashe na 39: [18]

An gano cewa ya shirya hanyar shari'a ta juriya, daidaito a gaban doka, habeas corpus da kuma haramtacciyar ɗaurin kurkuku; duk haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin inuwa na haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci.[19]

Dokar Shari'a

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Dokar doka, da aka samu a cikin kowace al'umma ta dimokuradiyya ciki har da New Zealand, ita ce ainihin ikon da doka ke da shi a kan kowane ɗan ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ba. An bayyana shi a matsayin rukunan da ke riƙe da doka sama da dukkan 'yan ƙasa daidai, har ma da jami'an gwamnati suna da alhakin kotunan shari'a na yau da kullun.

Alkawari na kasa da kasa da New Zealand ta amince da su

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Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa ita ce babbar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa wacce ke ba da damar yin shari'a mai kyau. Mataki na 14 (1) ya ce:

"Dukan mutane za su kasance daidai a gaban kotuna da kotuna. A cikin ƙaddamar da duk wani laifi da ake tuhuma a kansa, ko kuma hakkokinsa da wajibai a cikin karar doka, kowa zai sami damar sauraron adalci da jama'a ta hanyar kotun da ta dace, mai zaman kanta da rashin son kai da doka ta kafa. 'Yan jarida da jama'ana za a cire su daga duk ko wani ɓangare na shari'a saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, tsarin jama'a ko tsaron kasa a cikin al'umma na dimokuradiyya, ko kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ya zama abin da shi, ko kuma idan shari'a na masu zaman kansu na shari'ar jama'a za su saukaka kara ya zama dole a cikin shari'a ta kasance a cikin shari-harin shari'a a cikin shari"

New Zealand ta kuma yi alkawarin tabbatar da Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) da kuma tallafawa kokarin Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR), kuma ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (Te Kahui Tangata) don tabbatar da wannan.[20]

Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990
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An yi tunanin cewa New Zealand ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Kai don cika wajibai ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR), a matsayin jam'iyya ta jihar, sashi na 25 na wannan Dokar yana da mahimmanci ya sake maimaita Mataki na 14 na ICCPR.

"Sashe na 25 Mafi ƙarancin Hanyar Laifi Kowane wanda ake tuhuma da laifi yana da, dangane da ƙaddamar da tuhumar, mafi ƙarancin haƙƙoƙi masu zuwa: (a) haƙƙin yin sauraro da sauraro na jama'a ta hanyar kotu mai zaman kanta da rashin son kai: (b) haƙƙin da za a yi a yi masa shari'a ba tare da jinkiri ba: (c) haƙƙin zama marar laifi har sai an tilasta masa zama shaida ko ya zama mai laifi a kan shari'a: (a da aka yanke hukunci) don samun hukunci mai girma: haƙƙin da aka yankewa ga shari'a don samun hukunci: haƙƙin neman hukunci na shari'a ga shari'ar da aka yanke masa hukunci:

Dokar Shari'a ta 2011
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Kodayake Dokar Shari'a ta 2011 [21] da farko ba ta tsara haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci ba, duk da haka ana iya ganin cewa haƙƙin shariʼa mai adalci shine babban dalilin da ke bayan wasu ayyuka.

Tebur mai zuwa ya lissafa wasu sassan, inda haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau yana da mahimmanci ga kotuna suyi la'akari.

Sashe Abinda ke ciki Haɗin zuwa Shari'a Mai Kyau
s18 Kotun ta ba da umarnin ƙarin bayani. Dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa ya zama dole don shari'a mai adalci.
s197 Ikon share kotun. Don a wanke kotun dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa akwai "gaskiya hadarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci".
s200 Cire asalin wanda ake tuhuma. Don hana asalin wanda ake tuhuma ya faru, dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa wallafa sunan zai "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci".
s202 Cire asalin duk wani shaidu, wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma mutanen da ke da alaƙa. Kotun na iya yin hakan ne kawai idan kotun ta gamsu cewa wallafa ainihin asalin zai iya "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci".
s205 Cire shaidu da gabatarwar. Cirewa na iya faruwa ne kawai lokacin da kotun ta gamsu cewa littafin zai "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'a mai adalci".
s232 Daukaka kara Dole ne a karɓi roko lokacin da aka yi wani rashin adalci, wanda zai iya haɗawa da sakamakon da ake gani a matsayin shari'ar rashin adalci.

Hakkin yin shari'a mai kyau da kafofin watsa labarai

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Baya ga iyakokin sashe na 4, 5 da 6 na Dokar 'Yancin, da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand "marasa rubuce-rubuce", wasu hakkoki na iya hana haƙƙin zuwa shari'a mai adalci inda haƙƙin ɗaya zai iya mamaye wani. Misali mafi kyau shine dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yancin magana da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki biyu koyaushe suna rikici, saboda yanayin kafofin watsa labarai.

A New Zealand, akwai mai da hankali kan gano daidaituwa tsakanin bambancin hakkoki; kotuna suna mai da hankali ga daidaituwa tsakanin haƙƙin mutum ɗaya da na wani.[22] Kodayake babu wani abu da ke bayyana matsayi na haƙƙoƙi, kotun a zahiri tana da ikon iyakance haƙƙin ɗaya don tabbatar da wani. A New Zealand akwai cikakken fahimtar muhimmancin 'yancin magana. Koyaya, an gan shi a lokuta da yawa, kotun ta tabbatar da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau game da 'yancin magana ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai.

An ce a yayin rikici, idan duk sauran abubuwa sun yi daidai tsakanin hakkoki biyu, haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci ya kamata ya ci nasara. Koyaya an yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a ba da haƙuri mafi girma ga 'yancin magana lokacin da batun ya haɗa da wani abu na "sha'awar jama'a mai yawa". Gabaɗaya, 'yancin' yan jarida da na magana ba haƙƙin da za a tsoma baki ba ne, kuma lokacin da tsangwama ta faru dole ne a gan shi a matsayin iyakancewa mai kyau, amma kuma, idan bugawa ta faru game da shari'ar, nuna bambanci mai tsanani zai taso.

'Yanci na addini

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An tattauna 'yancin addini musamman a cikin Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990, kuma gwamnati ta girmama wannan a aikace.[23]

'Yancin siyasa

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New Zealand dimokuradiyya ce ta majalisa, kuma saboda haka tana samun haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da irin wannan tsarin. Hakkin dimokuradiyya ya haɗa da haƙƙin zaɓe, haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa su shiga (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice) a cikin gwamnati, da haƙƙin samun daidaito ga hidimar jama'a. Akwai aikin da ke tattare da shi na zama ɗan ƙasa mai alhakin, ko kuma kasancewa a shirye ya taka rawar mutum a cikin al'amuran jama'a da kuma mutunta haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na wasu. Wadannan hakkoki suna ba da damar shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a da siyasa idan aka yi la'akari da su tare.[24]

Tsarin Mulki

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Hakkin siyasa da na dimokuradiyya ana nufin za a tabbatar da su ta hanyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na New Zealand. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da yawa da suka hada da kundin tsarin mulki shine Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990. Wannan dokar ita ce bangare na farko na kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand don komawa musamman ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) tare da haƙƙin da ke ciki. Tare da Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta 1993, waɗannan dokoki guda biyu sun zama tushen kariya ga Kare Hakkin dan Adam a New Zealand. Ba a haɗa su kai tsaye cikin tsarin shari'a ba, duk da haka yawancin haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin ICCPR an sake su a cikin Dokar 'Yancin 1990. Wadannan sun hada da haƙƙin zaɓe a ƙarƙashin sashi na 12, da kuma 'yancin tarayya a ƙarƙashin sashe na 17.[25] Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 ta kuma shafi rashin nuna bambanci bisa ga ra'ayi na siyasa a karkashin sashi na 21.[26]

An nuna damuwa cewa saboda yanayin kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand, da rashin cikakken haɗin kai cikin tsarin shari'a, ba a kare haƙƙoƙi a ƙarƙashin ICCPR ba.[1] Dokar 'Yancin Kasuwanci ta 1990 ba doka ce mai ƙarfi ba, kuma wannan yana nufin cewa za a iya soke shi ta hanyar rinjaye mai sauƙi a cikin majalisa. Abinda ya saba da wannan damuwa shi ne cewa haƙƙoƙi suna cikin kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand ba tare da la'akari ba; duk da haka gano su ne ɓangaren da ke da wahala.

'Yancin Zabe

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Hakkin zabe sun hada da 'yancin jefa kuri'a a cikin' yan majalisa, da kuma' yancin yin takara a majalisar wakilai. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar kuri'a ta sirri, kuma akwai 'yancin jefa kuri'a na duniya, tare da' yancin jefa kuriʼa da aka ba maza da mata masu shekaru 18 da sama waɗanda suke' yan ƙasar New Zealand ko mazauna dindindin. 'Yancin haɗuwa yana bawa mutane damar haɗuwa da wasu mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke bayyanawa, ingantawa, bi da kuma kare bukatun kowa gaba ɗaya. Dokar Zabe ta 1993 ma tana da mahimmanci saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takardun' 'kundin Tsarin Mulki' da ke ƙunshe da tanadi

Wadannan suna kula da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a da girman masu jefa kuri'u waɗanda ke wakiltar 'mutane'. A cikin mahallin New Zealand, tabbatar da tanadi yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don kare haƙƙoƙi, saboda babu yiwuwar cikakken kariya saboda koyarwar Masarautar Majalisar. Koyaya tanadi na karfafawa zai bayyana don nuna niyyar kare haƙƙoƙi. Sashe na 6 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ya ba da fassarar shari'a don tallafawa bukatun kare haƙƙin, wanda ke bawa alƙalai damar fassara game da tanadi a wasu dokoki waɗanda zasu iya bayyana don hana haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Wannan da kansa yana da adawa, tare da muhawara cewa ba da damar irin wannan tanadi ya wanzu yana lalata koyarwar Masarautar Majalisar Dokoki kuma yana shafar haƙƙin siyasa na 'yan ƙasa yayin da ya ba da damar alƙalai marasa zaɓaɓɓu da waɗanda ba su wakilci ba su fassara haƙƙoƙin da suka dace. Za a yi barazanar kare hakkin dan adam a karkashin Universal Declaration of Human Rights a karkashin wannan zargi, kamar yadda wadanda zasu iya samun lauyoyi masu kyau za su kasance da fa'ida mafi girma. Ko wannan gaskiya ne a aikace ba a tabbatar da shi ba, duk da haka yana daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan adawa da Dokar 'Yancin Kai kafin a fara shi

Yanayin New Zealand

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

ICCPR kuma ya ƙunshi maganganu game da duk mutanen da ke da haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kansu. Wani bangare na wannan haƙƙin Ƙaddamar da kai shine haƙƙin ƙayyade matsayin siyasa kyauta. Ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sun yarda cewa haƙƙin dimokuradiyya da na siyasa suna buƙatar kariya ga wasu haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci, gami da haƙƙin adalci, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haƙƙin taron zaman lafiya da' yancin haɗuwa da ke cikin ICCPR. Dole ne a ji daɗi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. An bayyana wannan a cikin ICCPR (kazalika da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata) (CEDAW) da Yarjejeniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci na launin fata (CERD). Dukansu CEDAW da CERD suna ba da takamaiman cewa Jiha ya kamata ta dauki matakai don tabbatar da daidaito na wakilci da shiga mata, da kuma dukkan kabilun da kabilun, a cikin matakai da cibiyoyin siyasa (Mataki na 7 na CEDAU da Mataki na 5c na CERD). [24]

New Zealand ta nuna tsarin da ake kiyaye wadannan hakkokin siyasa. Daidaitaccen yiwuwar wakilci ya wanzu ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ko launin fata ba. A wannan bangaren, tsarin haƙƙin dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin ICCPR (da sauran tarurrukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) an cika shi tare da mata da kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru da ke iya jefa kuri'a, kuma a zabe su a majalisar. Misali, New Zealand tana da 'yan majalisa mata, da kuma wadanda ke cikin Māori, Pacific Islander, Asiya, 'yan luwadi da' yan tsiraru Musulmi. Ana ci gaba da kare haƙƙin siyasa na Māori ta hanyar ba wa mutanen Māori zaɓi don kasancewa a kan Janar ko jerin zaɓe na Māori, da kuma samun kujerun da aka tanada a cikin Majalisar Wakilai. Wannan tsari a bi da bi yana tsara yawan masu jefa kuri'a na Māori, Janar masu jefa kuriʼa kuma ta haka ne jerin kujerun jam'iyya a karkashin tsarin zaɓe na wakilci na wakilci.

Ana kuma ba 'yan ƙasa ƙarin damar shiga cikin tsarin da kuma aiwatar da wasu' yancin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar 'yan ƙasa da aka fara raba gardama' (ko Shirin ɗan ƙasa). Koyaya waɗannan ba su da ɗaure a Majalisar kuma saboda haka ba lallai bane su sami babban tasiri. Duk da haka yana ba da taimako kan ra'ayin jama'a ga masu tsara manufofi, kuma ana iya la'akari da sakamakon yayin tsara Bills a matakai daban-daban.[24]

Har ila yau, ana kare haƙƙin siyasa da na dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Waitangi, ɗaya daga cikin takardun kafa na New Zealand da kuma tushen doka a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin da ba a rubuta ba. Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar ya ƙaddamar da haƙƙin yin mulki a New Zealand a matsayin tushen Tsarin Westminster na gwamnati. Hakkin Māori na gudanar da al'amuran su inda ya cancanta ya bayyana ta Mataki na 2, kuma yadda duk 'yan New Zealand ke da wakilci a cikin cibiyoyin Jiha, kuma wanda' yan New Zealand ke shiga cikin matakai na siyasa kamar jefa kuri'a an rufe shi da Mataki na 3.[24]

Tsarin kare haƙƙin siyasa

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An yi zargi, a tsawon shekaru, game da wannan "kundin Tsarin Mulki da ba a rubuta shi ba" da kuma ƙarfafawa mai yawa daga al'ummomin duniya don canza wannan. Binciken Lokaci na Duniya na 2009 [27] a kan New Zealand, ta hanyar Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, kyakkyawar alama ce ta wannan. A cikin wannan bita an nuna damuwa cewa, saboda kundin tsarin mulki, ba a kafa shi ba, babu kariya mai mahimmanci ga haƙƙin ɗan adam.[28] A cikin bita jihohi da yawa sun nuna damuwarsu game da rashin kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, saboda tsarin tsarin mulki; an ga dukkan jihohi suna ba da shawarar New Zealand ta ɗauki matakai zuwa ga tsarin mulki, sabili da haka sun kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Baya ga waɗannan batutuwan da aka kawo, al'ummar duniya gaba ɗaya sun yaba da aikin New Zealand na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar adadin tabbatarwa da aka kammala da kuma aikin tare da mutanen Māori.

Akwai ƙananan motsi zuwa tsarin mulki mai ƙarfi da rubuce-rubuce a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. "Tattaunawa ta Tsarin Mulki" [29] a cikin 2013, wani taron kasa da kasa, wani zaɓi ne wanda ya yi la'akari da abin da ya kamata a yi, yayin da yake la'akari le ra'ayoyin jama'a. Babu wani abu da ya fito daga wannan. Akwai ra'ayi cewa ba tambaya ce game da "idan" ba amma game da "lokacin" canjin zai faru, yayin da New Zealand ke ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin asalin kansa.

Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu

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Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta shekarar 1990 tana mai da hankali ne musamman kan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na siyasa da na zamantakewa.[30] A shekarar 1988, Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisa kan Shari’a da Sauya Dokoki (Justice and Law Reform Select Committee) ya ba da shawarar a haɗa haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al’adu (ESCR) cikin dokar ta 1990,[31] amma Gwamnati ta ƙi amincewa da hakan.[30]

A halin yanzu, ana ɗaukar cewa ESCR ba su da damar shari’a a cikin New Zealand domin suna shafar manufofi da rabon albarkatu, abubuwan da Gwamnati da Majalisar Dokoki ne kawai ke da hurumin yanke hukunci a kansu.[32] Duk da haka, wasu ɓangarorin haƙƙin ESCR ana kare su ta wasu dokokin cikin gida.[33] New Zealand ba ta rattaba hannu kan Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[34]

Haƙƙin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa

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Dubi gabaɗaya: Haƙƙin madaidaicin matsayin rayuwa

Haƙƙin samun isasshen ma'aunin rayuwa ya ƙunshi wasu ESCR, kamar haƙƙin abinci, ruwa da gidaje.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ name="HRC about">"What are human rights?". The Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  2. ↑ name="2009 Human Rights Report">"New Zealand". Archived from the original on 2010-03-24.
  3. ↑ name="Māori and the Vote">"Māori and the Vote". Elections.org.nz. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  4. ↑ name="Māori and the Vote">"Māori and the Vote". Elections.org.nz. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  5. ↑ name="NZ History online">Ministry for Culture and Heritage. "Change in the 20th century – Maori and the vote". NZ History online. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  6. ↑ name="2009 Human Rights Report">"New Zealand". Archived from the original on 2010-03-24.
  7. ↑ name="Human Rights Commission">"NZs National Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Report". Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  8. ↑ name="Wong">Wong, Gilbert. "NZ makes clear stand for human rights at UN". Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  9. ↑ Sahil Nagpal, DPA. "New Zealand drops Human Rights Council bid, steps aside for US". Top News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  10. ↑ name="Human Rights Commission">"NZs National Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Report". Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  11. ↑ name="Wong">Wong, Gilbert. "NZ makes clear stand for human rights at UN". Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  12. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – New Zealand Ministry of Justice". www.justice.govt.nz.
  13. ↑ name="2009 Human Rights Report">"New Zealand". Archived from the original on 2010-03-24.
  14. ↑ "New Zealand".
  15. ↑ "NZ Human Rights – Human Rights Commission". www.hrc.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Hate expression". Archived from the original on 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  17. ↑ "Human Rights in New Zealand" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  18. ↑ "Treasures in full: Magna Carta". www.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  19. ↑ "Fair Trial from a UK perspective". Archived from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  20. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights – New Zealand and the United Nations – NZHistory, New Zealand history online". www.nzhistory.net.nz.
  21. ↑ "Criminal Procedure Act 2011 No 81 (as at 01 July 2018), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz.
  22. ↑ "Crown Law Office "Contempt and the Media: Constitutional Safeguard or State Censorship" (1 January 1998)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-02. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  23. ↑ "New Zealand". Archived from the original on 2010-03-24.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Human Rights Commission of New Zealand 'Human Rights in New Zealand today'". Archived from the original on 2012-01-08. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  25. ↑ "New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as at 01 July 2013), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz.
  26. ↑ "Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act 21 Prohibited grounds of discrimination – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz.
  27. ↑ "Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice". www.justice.govt.nz.[permanent dead link]
  28. ↑ "Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice" (PDF). www.justice.govt.nz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  29. ↑ "The Constitution Conversation – He kaupapa nui te kaupapa ture". www.ourconstitution.org.nz.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Paul Hunt "Reclaiming Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1993) 1 Waikato L Rev 141."
  31. ↑ Final Report of the Justice and Law Reform Committee on a White Paper on a Bill of Rights for New Zealand (1988) 1.8C, 3.
  32. ↑ See for example the New Zealand High Court decision of Lawson v Housing New Zealand [1997] 2 NZLR 474.
  33. ↑ Joss Opie "A Case for Including Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990" (2012) 43 VUWLR 471 at 482.
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named justice.govt.nz
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