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'Yancin Dan Adam a Oman

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Oman cikakkiyar mulkin mallaka ce inda duk ikon majalisa, zartarwa, da na shari'a ya kasance a hannun Sultan na gado, kuma inda tsarin dokoki ya dogara sosai akan mulki ta hanyar doka. Kodayake wani rahoto daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, bisa ga yanayin da ke cikin shekara ta 2010, ya taƙaita halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa gwamnati "ta girmama haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da yawa", [1] kungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗanɗano na duniya da yawa sun bayyana yanayin haƙƙin ɗan'uwa a Oman a cikin sharuddan da suka fi muhimmanci. Mataki na 41 na Dokokin Tushen Oman ya haramta duk wani zargi da sultan, yana mai cewa "mutumin sultan ba shi da matsala kuma dole ne a girmama shi kuma dole ne aka yi masa biyayya".

Freedom House ya kimanta kasar "Ba Free" [2] kuma wani jami'in Human Rights Watch, a cikin wani Bayani na Disamba 2012 na Oman da "wasu kananan jihohin Gulf guda biyar, " sun ce: "Yancin 'Yancin Dan Adam... ba su da kyau gabaɗaya....Akwai ɗan girmamawa ga ainihin' yancin farar hula da siyasa kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin jama'a, da tarayya. Rashin amincewa na zaman lafiya yawanci yana fuskantar matsananciyar zalunci, tare da iyakantaccen kariya, musamman a cikin shari' yancin siyasa da tsaro".[3] Wani rahoto na 2012 na Bertelsmann Stiftung ya bayyana cewa yayin da "ka'idar doka ta Oman ta kare 'yanci na jama'a da' yanci na mutum, dukansu biyu ana watsi da su a kai a kai. Oman, sabili da haka, ba za a iya la'akari da su kyauta ba. "[4]

A gefe guda, Tsakiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya, a cikin wani rahoto na 2011, ta yi iƙirarin cewa rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Oman na baya-bayan nan ya kasance mai kyau, yana mai nuna bin ka'idojin kamawa da shari'a da kuma yanayin kurkuku mai karɓa, koda kuwa ya amince da iyakokin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da taro,' yancin ilimi, da sauran ƙuntatawa.[5]

Dangane da karuwar zanga-zangar jama'a da masu zanga-zambe ke neman taron 'yanci da' yancin bil'adama, an kara tsananta matsalolin Oman game da' yanci na magana, taro, da haɗin kai tun farkon 2011.

Tarihin tarihi

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Oman, wacce yawanta ya zuwa shekarar 2018 na miliyan 4.8 ya hada da kusan mutane miliyan biyu wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba, ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta tun daga shekara ta 1650 kuma dangin Al Bu Sa'id ne ke tafiyar da ita tun karni na 18.  Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, wanda ya samu mulki ta hanyar hambarar da mahaifinsa, ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 1970 zuwa 2020 kuma "ya bi hanyar ci gaba a hankali kuma a hankali a hankali da zamani", tare da kawar da da yawa daga cikin "takunkuman da suka shafi 'yancin kai daban-daban" wadanda aka tilasta su a karkashin gwamnatin mahaifinsa tare da yin afuwa ga yawancin masu adawa da ita.

A shekara ta 1996, Sultan Qaboos ya ba da umarnin sarauta wanda ya gabatar da doka ta asali, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin kundin tsarin mulkin Oman. Ya tabbatar da hakkokin farar hula na asali kuma ya kafa majalisa mai majalisa biyu, Majalisar Oman, wanda ya kunshi babban ɗakin, Majalisar Jiha (Majlis al-Dawla), membobin 75 da sultan ya nada kuma suna da ikon ba da shawara kawai; da kuma ƙananan ɗakin, Majalisar Ba da Shawara (Majalis al-Shura), wanda mutane suka zaba. Dukkanin majalisun biyu, duk da haka, suna da shawara a cikin yanayi, tare da ikon majalisa, zartarwa, da shari'a har yanzu suna kwance gaba ɗaya a hannun sultan.[4]

'Yanci daga azabtarwa

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Ayyukan azabtarwa sun yadu a cibiyoyin azabtarwa na jihar Oman kuma sun zama halin da jihar ke yi game da nuna siyasa mai zaman kanta.[6][7] Hanyoyin azabtarwa da ake amfani da su a Oman sun haɗa da kisa, duka, ƙuƙwalwa, ɗaurin kaɗaici, biyayya ga matsanancin zafin jiki da kuma sautin koyaushe, cin zarafi da wulakanci.[6] Akwai rahotanni da yawa game da azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan azabtarwa na rashin mutunci da jami'an tsaro na Oman suka yi wa masu zanga-zangar da fursunoni.[8] Yawancin fursunoni da aka tsare a shekarar 2012 sun koka game da hana barci, matsanancin yanayin zafi, da kuma tsare-tsare.[9] Hukumomin Oman sun tsare Sultan al-Saadi a kurkuku, sun hana shi shiga lauyansa da iyalinsa, sun tilasta masa ya sa baƙar fata a kansa a duk lokacin da ya bar tantaninsa, gami da lokacin da yake amfani da gidan wanka, kuma sun gaya masa cewa iyalinsa sun "bar" shi kuma sun nemi a ɗaure shi.[9]

Satar mutane da kuma kama su da gangan

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Talib Al Mamari, tsohon memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Oman, wanda aka kama a 2013 bayan ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a matsayin matsakanci. Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsare-tsare (WGAD) ta yi la'akari da tsare-tsarensa da kuma keta haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

A cikin 2012, jami'an tsaro sun kama Sultan al-Saadi, mai fafutukar kafofin sada zumunta.[9] A cewar rahotanni, hukumomi sun tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a sani ba na wata daya saboda maganganun da ya sanya a kan layi game da gwamnati.[9] Hukumomi a baya sun kama al-Saadi a cikin 2011 don shiga cikin zanga-zangar kuma a cikin 2012 don sanya maganganun kan layi da aka ɗauka zagi ga Sultan Qaboos. [9]

Talib Al Mamari, tsohon memba na Majalisar Shawara ta Oman (Majlis al-Shura), an kama shi a watan Agustan 2013 bayan ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a lardinsa na Liwa game da gurɓataccen masana'antun man fetur da ke kusa. An tuhume shi da "la'antar da darajar Jiha," "tsayar da zirga-zirga," da kuma "taɓata tsarin jama'a. Da farko an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku, daga baya aka rage hukuncinsa zuwa shekaru uku a kan roko. An sake shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016 bayan gafarar sarauta.

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsare-tsare (WGAD), sun yi la'akari da tsare-tsarensa da kuma keta haƙƙinsa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Ra'ayin WGAD ya nuna cewa fassarar da aka yi game da zargin "launin darajar Jiha" na iya keta haƙƙin taro da faɗar albarkacin baki, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Amnesty International ta kuma amince da Al Mamari a matsayin fursuna na lamiri, yana mai tabbatar da cewa an kama shi ne ta hanyar siyasa kuma ya dogara ne kawai da shiga cikin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya.

Akwai ƙarin rahotanni game da ɓacewar siyasa a cikin ƙasar.[9] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, jami'an tsaro sun tsare Ismael al-Meqbali, Habiba al-Hinai da Yaqoub al-Kharusi, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da ke ziyartar ma'aikatan mai masu yajin aiki.[9] Hukumomi sun saki al-Hinai da al-Kharusi jim kadan bayan tsare su amma ba su sanar da abokan al-Meqbali da danginsa inda yake ba har makonni.[9] Hukumomi sun gafarta wa al-Meqbali a watan Maris.[9]

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, wani dan kasar Yemen ya ɓace a Oman bayan an kama shi a wani wurin dubawa a Gwamnatin Dhofar . [10] Hukumomin Oman sun ki amincewa da tsare shi.[10] Ba a san inda yake da kuma yanayin sa ba.[10]

A watan Janairun 2014, jami'an leken asiri na Oman sun kama wani dan wasan Bahraini kuma sun mika shi ga hukumomin Bahraini a ranar da aka kama shi.[11] An tilasta wa ɗan wasan kwaikwayo bacewar, inda yake da kuma yanayin sa ba a sani ba.[11]

Mohammed Al-Fazari, marubucin Oman da ke gudun hijira kuma ɗan jarida yanzu yana zaune a Burtaniya, marubuci ne wanda aka haramta littattafansa a Oman. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma EIC na Muwatin . [12]

A watan Agustan 2014, marubucin Omani kuma mai kare hakkin dan adam Mohammed Al-Fazari, wanda ya kafa kuma babban editan mujallar e-mujallar Muwatin "Citizen", ya ɓace bayan ya tafi ofishin 'yan sanda a gundumar Al-Qurum ta Muscat . [13] Har tsawon watanni da yawa gwamnatin Oman ta musanta tsare shi kuma ta ki bayyana bayanai game da inda yake ko yanayin sa.[13] A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, Al-Fazari ya bar Oman neman mafaka ta siyasa a Burtaniya bayan an ba shi haramcin tafiye-tafiye ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba kuma bayan an kwace takardunsa na hukuma ciki har da ID dinsa da fasfo na kasa sama da watanni 8.[14] Akwai ƙarin rahotanni game da ɓacewar siyasa a cikin ƙasar.[9]

A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Amnesty International na 2016, hukumomi sun ci gaba da takaita 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. An kama 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka da yawa a karkashin tanadin dokar azabtarwa wanda ke aikata laifuka ta zagi Sultan. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, an kama Talib al-Saeedi, mai fafutukar kan layi, na makonni uku ba tare da tuhuma ba. Kwanaki bayan haka, kotun ta yanke wa Saeed al-Daroodi, mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, hukuncin shekara guda a kurkuku da tarar; ta yanke masa hukunci da "ƙoƙarin hambarar da gwamnati" da kuma "yaduwar ƙiyayya".[15]

A cewar wani rahoto, a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2015, mawaki da mai gabatar da talabijin Nasser al-Badri ya kira shi daga Sashen Musamman na 'Yan sanda kuma an tsare shi na kwanaki 12 ba tare da tuhuma ba kuma ba tare da Shari'a ba. Rahoton ya kara da cewa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Omani ta ce an tsare al-Badri ne saboda tweets da ya wallafa suna sukar Sultan Qaboos da yanayin tattalin arziki kasar.

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Oman

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Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, wacce aka kafa a 2008, ba ta da 'yanci daga mulkin.[16] Tsohon mataimakin babban jami'in 'yan sanda da kwastam ne ke jagoranta kuma an nada mambobinta ta hanyar dokar sarauta.[16] A watan Yunin 2012, daya daga cikin mambobinta ya nemi a cire ta daga ayyukanta saboda ba ta yarda da wata sanarwa da Hukumar ta yi ba da hujja game da kama masu ilimi da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da kuma ƙuntata 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da sunan girmamawa ga "ka'idodin addini da al'adun ƙasar".[16]

'Yancin Dimokuradiyya

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Gwamnatin Oman masarauta ce. Sultan shine shugaban kasar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kasar da shugaban gwamnati. Masarautar ta gado ce kuma shi ne ya nada majalisar ministocin masarautar.[17]

'Yan ƙasa na Oman na iya jefa kuri'a ga membobin majalisar. Ana zabar membobin ta hanyar kuri'un jama'a don yin wa'adin shekaru huɗu. Majalisar ba da shawara ta Oman tana jin daɗin ikon yin dokoki da kuma binciken.[18] Kasar tana da ikon jefa kuri'a na duniya ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 21 da haihuwa; duk da haka, ba a yarda da sojoji da jami'an tsaro su jefa kuri'u ba.[17]

Hakki na asali

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Dokar asali ta haramta nuna bambanci da aka kafa akan "jima'i, asali, launi, harshe, addini, ɗarika, gida, ko matsayi na zamantakewa". Gwamnatin Oman ba ta aikata kisan kai ba, injiniya ta tilasta bacewar, ko shiga cikin azabtarwa ko wasu mummunan azabtarwa. Ana aiwatar da dokoki game da cin hanci da rashawa yadda ya kamata. Jama'a ba su da damar samun bayanai na hukuma.[1] Tun daga shekara ta 2006, an ba da izinin 'yan ƙasa na Majalisar hadin gwiwar Gulf su mallaki dukiya a Oman;' yan ƙasa da ba GCC ba za su iya mallaki dukiyar yawon bude ido kawai.

Kodayake addinin Islama shine addinin jihar Oman, Dokar Tushen ta tabbatar da "yancin yin al'adun addini daidai da al'adun da aka amince da su... muddin ba ta rushe tsarin jama'a ko rikici da ka'idodin halayyar da aka yarda da su ba. " Freedom House ya bayyana a shekara ta 2005 cewa "Oman, gabaɗaya, al'umma ce mai haƙuri ga addini ba da izinin yin ayyukan addinin su ba da yardar su ba tare da gwamnati ba, duk wani wuri na addinin addinin da gwamnati ba. "[19][20]

An ba da izinin 'yancin motsi a cikin Oman da komawa gida, amma yana iya zama da wahala a sami izinin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje ko yin hijira.  ] Tun a shekarar 2010 ne matan aure ke iya samun fasfo ba tare da yardar mazajensu ba.  'Yan kasar na bukatar izinin gwamnati don aurar da baki sai dai idan na baya-bayan nan ba 'yan asalin kasashen Majalisar Hadin gwiwar Gulf ne.  Ba koyaushe ake ba da izini ba.  Idan ɗan ƙasa ya auri baƙo a ƙasar waje ba tare da izini ba, ana iya hana ma'auratan shiga ƙasar Oman kuma duk 'ya'yan auren za a iya hana su zama ɗan ƙasar Oman.

Akwai iyakataccen 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na 'yan jarida, kuma nuna kai ga 'yan jarida da marubuta al'ada ce. Sukar sarki haramun ne, kamar yadda wasu nau'ikan kalamai sukan yi, ciki har da wadanda ake kallonsu a matsayin cin mutuncin mutum ko cin zarafin jama'a[1]. "Dokar hukunta laifukan ta tanadi hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku da tara ga duk wanda ya zagi Allah ko annabawa a fili, ya ci zarafin ƙungiyoyin addini ta hanyar magana ko rubuce-rubuce, ko kuma ya keta zaman lafiyar taron addini na halal," in ji wani rahoto na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da aka fitar a shekara ta 2012[2]. Abubuwan da ke cikin duk kafofin watsa labarai suna ƙarƙashin bita kafin bugu na hukuma. Tun daga 2010, an hana fitattun marubuta uku yin magana a bainar jama'a. A cikin wannan shekarar, jami'ai sun hana baje kolin ayyukan tarihi da na adabi da dama a wurin baje kolin litattafai na kasa da kasa na Muscat.

Ambaton wanzuwar irin wadannan hane-hane na iya jefa Omani cikin matsala[1].  A shekara ta 2009, an ci tarar wani mawallafin yanar gizo da kuma yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda ya bayyana cewa an riga an riga an riga an riga an yi rikodin wani shirin talabijin na kai tsaye don kawar da duk wani zargi da ake yiwa gwamnati.  Gidajen rediyo da TV masu zaman kansu guda huɗu na Oman, waɗanda Oman ta fara ba da lasisi a cikin Oktoba 2005, suma suna da alaƙa da layin masu goyon bayan gwamnati.[3]  An ba mazauna Oman damar kallon watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na tauraron dan adam daga wasu ƙasashe, kuma wannan, tare da haɓaka saurin shigar da Intanet (daga 9% a cikin 2008 zuwa sama da 40% a 2010) ya ba da izinin bullar muhawarar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da ma siyasa.

Gwamnatin Oman tana sa ido kan tattaunawar wayar salula, musayar imel, da ɗakunan tattaunawar Intanet, kuma tana ƙuntata 'yancin magana a Intanet, hana samun dama ga shafukan yanar gizo da yawa da kuma sanya sanarwa a wasu shafukan yanar gizo yana gargadi game da zargi da sultan ko wasu jami'ai. Hakazalika, gwamnati ta iyakance 'yancin malamai don tattaunawa ko rubutu game da wasu batutuwa, tare da membobin malamai da ke shiga cikin tsarin tantance kansu.[1] An haramta farfesa na jami'a daga rubutawa game da ko tattauna siyasar gida, kuma ana iya sallamar su idan sun keta wannan doka.[5]

Don kafa ƙungiya yana buƙatar izini, wanda zai iya ɗaukar shekaru kafin a samu;  a lokuta da dama, gwamnati ta hana izini.  [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] Ga wata kungiya ta karbi kudade na kasa da kasa ba tare da amincewar gwamnati ba laifi ne da za a yanke hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari.  Dukkan al'adun jama'a da kowane irin taron jama'a dole ne gwamnati ta amince da su.  An ba da izinin taron addini gabaɗaya, yayin da taron siyasa ya saba wa doka, haka ma jam’iyyun siyasa.  Oman ta fara ba da izinin fastocin siyasa, tutoci, da tallan TV da jaridu a cikin 2007.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, a ƙarƙashin tasirin Arab Spring, yawan mutanen da ke zanga-zangar neman sauye-sauyen siyasa da ayyukan yi ya karu sosai, kuma a mayar da martani Oman ta karfafa iyakokinta masu tsanani game da 'yancin magana, tare da' yan sanda suna amfani da karfi mai yawa, suna kama daruruwan, da haifar da mutuwar da rauni. Sultan Qaboos ya gafarta wa mutane 234 da suka aikata "laifuka na cunkoso a kan tituna. " Dokar 'Yan Jarida da Littattafai ta zama mafi tsanani, tare da hukunci don buga wasu nau'ikan kayan da aka saita har zuwa shekaru biyu a kurkuku tare da tarar. A karkashin dokar, an yanke wa babban editan jaridar Azzamn, daya daga cikin manema labarai, da kuma wani tushen da ke aiki ga Ma'aikatar Shari'a hukuncin watanni biyar a kurkuku saboda wani labarin da aka dauka a matsayin zagi ga Ministan Shari'a.[21]

A yayin zanga-zangar da aka yi a duk fadin kasar a shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta yi alkawarin kafa sauye-sauye. Rashin yin hakan ya haifar da ƙarin zanga-zangar, kuma a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2012, ya fara kama marubuta da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo waɗanda suka soki rashin aikinta. A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni, an tsare akalla mutane 22 da suka nuna rashin amincewa da wannan kama. A ranar 9 da 16 ga watan Yuli, an sami mutane da yawa da laifin "ƙazantar da sultan", wani cajin da ya samo asali aƙalla a wani ɓangare daga abubuwan da aka sanya a Facebook da tweets na Twitter. Human Rights Watch ta soki wadannan gurfanar. "Kamar mutane a ko'ina cikin yankin, 'yan Oman suna rashin lafiya kuma sun gaji da rashin magana a cikin shugabancin ƙasarsu", in ji Nadim Houry na HRW. "Maimakon sauraron buƙatun da suka dace da kuma zargi na zaman lafiya, hukumomin Oman suna ɗaure mutanen da ke magana. "[22]

A shekara ta 2012, wata kotun daukaka kara ta tabbatar da samun wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama su 29 bisa laifukan cin mutuncin Sarkin Musulmi da kuma taron da ba bisa ka’ida ba, kuma duk sai daya daga cikinsu ya fara zaman gidan yari.  Amnesty International ta bayyana imaninta cewa "da yawa, idan ba duka ba, na wadanda aka daure ana tsare da su ne kawai don yin amfani da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ko taro a cikin lumana, saboda haka fursunonin lamiri ne," kuma ta yi kira ga Oman da ta gaggauta sakin duk wadanda ake tsare da su kawai don yin amfani da 'yancinsu na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ko taron jama'a.  Rikicin da aka samu lokacin bazara," da Front Line Defenders sun yi Allah wadai da "ci gaba da cin zarafi na shari'a na ... masu kare hakkin bil'adama da masu zanga-zangar lumana" tare da bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa wannan cin zarafi "yana da alaka kai tsaye da ayyukansu na halal na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam."   A wasu lokuta 'yan Omani suna amfani da jakuna don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu.[4]  Dale Eickelman ya rubuta game da sarakunan yankin Gulf a cikin 2001: "A Oman ne kawai aka yi amfani da jakin lokaci-lokaci… ana amfani da shi azaman allo na wayar hannu don bayyana ra'ayoyin gwamnati..[23]

Oman tana da hannu a cikin tace Intanet na kafofin sada zumunta, tace kayan aikin Intanet, da kuma tace siyasa, ba tare da wata shaida ta tacewa a cikin rikici / tsaro ba bisa ga rahoton da OpenNet Initiative ta bayar a watan Agusta 2009.

Oman tana shiga cikin tacewa mai zurfi na shafukan yanar gizo na batsa, abun ciki na gay da lesbian, abun ciki wanda ke sukar Islama, abun ciki game da kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma shafukan yanar gizo da aka yi amfani da su don kauce wa toshewa. Babu wata shaida game da tacewar fasaha game da abubuwan siyasa, amma dokoki da ka'idoji suna ƙuntata faɗar kyauta a kan layi kuma suna ƙarfafa tantance kai.

Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a watan Yunin 2012 cewa a cewar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Oman, gwamnati ta ci gaba da sa ido kan ayyukansu na kan layi; daya daga cikin masu fafutuka ya ce "cewa hukumomi sun shiga cikin asusun imel dinsa kuma sun share duk lambobinsa. Wasu sun yi zargin cewa hukumomi sun ɓoye shafin Facebook na kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Oman kuma sun share dukkan sakonni".[24]

Ma'aikatan gida

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Zuriyar kabilun bayin da bayi sun sha wahala daga nuna bambanci.[8] Oman na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na ƙarshe da suka kawar da bautar a shekara ta 1970.[25]

Matsalolin ma'aikatan gida a Oman batu ne mai haramtacce.[26][25] A cikin 2011, gwamnatin Philippines ta yanke shawarar cewa daga dukkan ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Oman da Isra'ila ne kawai suka cancanci zama masu aminci ga baƙi na Filipino.[27] A cikin 2012, an ruwaito cewa kowane kwanaki 6, wani ɗan gudun hijira na Indiya a Oman ya kashe kansa.[28][29] An yi kamfen da ke roƙon hukumomi da su bincika yawan masu kisan kai.[30] A cikin 2014 Global Slavery Index, Oman ta kasance a matsayi na 45 saboda mutane 26,000 a cikin Bautar.[31][32]

Aure

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan ƙasar Oman suna buƙatar izinin gwamnati don auren baƙi.[9] Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta bukaci 'yan ƙasar Oman su sami izinin auren baƙi (sai dai' yan ƙasa na ƙasashen GCC); ba a ba da izini ta atomatik.[9] Aure na ɗan ƙasa ga baƙo a ƙasashen waje ba tare da amincewar ma'aikatar ba na iya haifar da ƙin shigarwa ga matar baƙo akan iyaka kuma ya hana yara da'awar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa.[9] Hakanan yana iya haifar da mashaya daga aikin gwamnati da tarar rials 2,000 ($ 5,200). [9]

Babu rahotanni game da karuwancin yara a Oman.[33] Aikin yara ba matsala ba ce.[33] A shekara ta 2003, gwamnati ta ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aiki daga shekaru 13 zuwa 15.[33]

Yaron da aka haifa a Oman ya gaji zama ɗan ƙasa daga mahaifinsa na halitta [34] Ilimi na makarantar firamare kyauta ne amma ba tilas ba ne. Oman ba jam'iyya ce ga Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya ba.[33]

Oman jam'iyya ce ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata [35] kuma tana da kwamitin gwamnati wanda ke sa ido kan bin doka. Kodayake nuna bambanci ga mata an haramta shi ta hanyar fasaha, tare da mata a hukumance suna jin daɗin daidaito dangane da batutuwa kamar haƙƙin aiki, al'adun al'adu har yanzu suna ƙin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, kuma dokar shari'a ta ci gaba da nuna bambanci a aikace. [1] (Duk da haka, rahoton 2012 na Bertelsmann Stifting ya ce "gwamnati ta zartar da doka a 2008 da ta tanadi cewa ya kamata a dauki shaidar shari'a ta maza da mata daidai.") Tun daga shekara ta 2008, mata sun ji daɗin haƙƙin mallaka iri ɗaya da maza, kuma tun daga shekara ta 2010, mata na iya yin aure ba tare da yardar iyaye ba.[1] Dangane da shari'a, duk da haka, matan musulmai ba za su iya auren maza da ba Musulmai ba, duk da cewa maza Musulmai na iya auren matan da ba Musulmi ba.[19]

Fyade yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari, amma saboda al'adu da zamantakewa, yawancin fyade da aka yi ba a kai rahoto ba. ] Ƙorafi na tashin hankalin gida gabaɗaya hukumomi ne ke kula da su. An halatta kaciyar mata kuma an yarda da ita kuma ana aiwatar da ita, kodayake ba a yarda likitoci su yi aikin a wuraren kula da lafiya ba. [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] Mata suna samun ingantaccen magani, gami da kulawar haihuwa da haihuwa.

A shekara ta 2005, Freedom House ta lura cewa matan Oman sun "yi ci gaba mai ɗorewa" a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da mata da suka zama mafi yawan ɗaliban jami'a a matakin "duk da ayyukan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin tsarin rajista" da kuma yin "kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan ma'aikatan gwamnati. " [19] A cikin 2012, Bertelsmann Stiftung ya bayyana matsayin mata a Oman kamar haka ya ci gaba da inganta matsayin mata, wadanda - a cikin ka'idar, duk da haka suna fuskantar irin wannan damar da ma'idojin jama'a da gwamnati na jama'a, duk da ayyukan jama'a na jama'ar Oman...

A shekara ta 2010, Oman ta yi bikin Ranar Mata ta Oman a karon farko.[1]

Zuriyar kabilun bayin da na bayi na Afirka waɗanda ake la'akari da su na jinin da ba na Larabawa ba sune abubuwan nuna bambanci.[36] Freedom House ta lura a cikin 2016 cewa "Dokar asali ta 1996 ta haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga jima'i, addini, kabilanci, da zamantakewar jama'a. Koyaya, dokar Oman ba ta kare wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba daga nuna bambanci. " [37] Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mazaunan Oman "an bar su ba tare da kariya ta doka ba". A shekara ta 2003, Human Rights Watch ta nemi Sultan Qaboos ya tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da membobin Iyalai. [19]

Wani rahoto da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2012 ya bayyana cewa a karkashin dokar Omani “dole ne dukkan gine-gine su kasance da damar nakasassu,” [Ana maganar hujja] sai dai rahoton ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta 2011 ya bambamta, inda ya nuna cewa yayin da ake bukatar sabbin gine-ginen nakasassu da za su iya shiga, amma ba a sake gyara tsofaffin gine-gine.  Kodayake doka ta buƙaci manyan ma'aikata masu zaman kansu su ba da aƙalla kashi 2 na ayyukan yi ga nakasassu, ba a aiwatar da wannan buƙatu akai-akai.  Babu wata doka da ke buƙatar daidaitattun damar ilimi ga nakasassu.  Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Jama'a tana da alhakin kare hakkin nakasassu .[1]

Hakkin LGBTQ

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai nuna bambanci mai yawa ga mutanen LGBTQ, kuma mutanen da ke yin jima'i suna fuskantar gurfanar da su kuma ana iya ɗaure su har zuwa shekaru uku. A shekara ta 2009, an gurfanar da mutane tara saboda sodomy. Duk wani tattaunawa game da yanayin jima'i a Oman haramtacce ne, kuma ana tantance abun ciki na LGBT akan Intanet.[1]

A cikin 2013, San Diego LGBT Weekly ta ruwaito cewa Kasashen hadin gwiwar Gulf sun amince da kafa wani nau'i na, duk da haka ba a sani ba, gwaji don hana 'yan kasashen waje masu luwadi shiga kowace ƙasa.[38]

Hakkin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Oman tana da tsarin da ke taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, amma saboda tsananin kula da iyakar ta akwai mutane kalilan da ke neman taimako. Oman ba jam'iyya ce ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 game da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ko Yarjejeniyarta ta 1967, kuma ba ta kare mutane daga dawowa zuwa ƙasashe inda suke cikin haɗari. A cikin 2010 kadai, daruruwan mutane daga ƙasashe da ke kusa da su waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su shiga Oman ba bisa ka'ida ba an mayar da su zuwa ƙasarsu.[1]

'Yancin mutanen da aka kama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka tun daga shekarar 2011, dokar Omani ta haramta kamawa da tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma gwamnati gaba daya ta kiyaye wadannan haramcin.  Shirin makarantar 'yan sanda ya hada da horar da 'yancin ɗan adam.  Ba sai ‘yan sanda su ba da sammaci ba kafin su kai wanda ake tuhuma, amma a cikin sa’o’i 24 na irin wannan mataki, dole ne mai gabatar da kara ya kama shi ko kuma a sake shi, wanda ba za a iya tsare shi a gidan yari ba tare da umarnin kotu ba.  Hukumomin sun mutunta wadannan hakkoki a aikace, ko da yake ana tsare baki da ake zargi da kasancewa a Oman ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta ba tare da tuhumar su ba har sai an tabbatar da matsayinsu na shige da fice.  Akwai tsarin beli, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma za su iya zabar lauyoyinsu ko kuma a ba su masu kare jama'a idan ya cancanta[1]

A cikin 2016, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa kotun Oman ta yanke wa 'yan jarida uku hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku kuma ta ba da umarnin rufe jaridar su na dindindin a kan wani labarin da ke zargin cin hanci da rashawa a tsarin shari'a. Kotun ta yanke wa biyu daga cikinsu hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku kuma ta umarce su da su biya tarar 3,000 na Oman a kan zargin "ta'addanci na jama'a," "ba amfani da intanet ba daidai ba," da kuma "bugawa cikakkun bayanai game da shari'ar farar hula". Wadannan ƙuntatawa masu yawa akan bayar da rahoto sun bayyana sun saba wa ka'idojin kasa da kasa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da haƙƙin sukar Jami'an gwamnati.

'Yancin mutane a shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kotunan Oman ba sa jagorancin dokar shari'a. Kodayake bangaren shari'a gabaɗaya suna aiki da kansu, sultan yana da ikon karkatar da yanke shawara da ba da gafara. Ana zaton wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi. Babu juriya. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna jin daɗin duk haƙƙoƙin da aka saba da su, gami da haƙƙin gabatar da shaidu da yanke shawara daukaka kara, kodayake wasu alƙalai suna neman cewa iyayen ko mazajen mata da ake tuhuma su bi su zuwa kotun.[1]

'Yancin fursunoni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A matsayin doka, kurkuku sun cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa. [saki - tattauna] Ana ba fursunoni damar karɓar baƙi da yin addininsu. Ana sa ido kan yanayin kurkuku, kuma hukumar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa tana magance korafe-korafe na cin zarafi.[1] 

Hakkin ma'aikata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yanci na magana da' yancin motsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Oman". US Department of State. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Oman". Freedom House. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  3. ↑ Stork, Joe. "Human rights in the smaller Gulf states: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and UAE". NOREF. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Oman Country Report" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  5. 1 2 "Oman: General Human Rights Situation". Middle East Concern. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  6. 1 2 "Torture in Oman". Gulf Center for Human Rights. 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  7. ↑ "Torture in Oman". Gulf Center for Human Rights. 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014. The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state’s knee-jerk reaction to independent political expression, the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR) says in a report published today
  8. 1 2 "BTI 2014 - Oman Country Report". BTI Project. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "2013 Human Rights Reports: Oman". US Department of State. 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 "Oman: Enforced disappearance of a Yemeni citizen, Abdulrahman Ali Salem Mohammed, for more than six months". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
  11. 1 2 "Actor Sadiq AlShaabani: Arrested in Oman, Handed to Bahrain Authorities, Subjected to Enforced Disappearance". Bahrain Center for Human Rights. 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "Oman: Events of 2018". amnesty.org. 2 August 2015.
  13. 1 2 "Oman – Enforced disappearance of human rights defender Mr Mohamed Al Fazari". Front Line Defenders. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "Human rights". amnesty.org. 2 August 2015.
  15. ↑ "Oman 2015/2016". amnesty.org. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  16. 1 2 3 "Country Report: Oman". BTI Project. 2012. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  17. 1 2 "Middle East :: Oman — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-03-13. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  18. ↑ "Majlis Ash'shura elects panel members | Oman Observer". Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa - Oman". UNHCR. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Oman" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Oman Annual Report 2012". Amnesty International. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Oman: Drop Cases Against Online Activists". Human Rights Watch. 2012-07-21. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  23. ↑ Whitaker, Brian (2011). "Oman's Sultan Qaboos: a classy despot". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  24. ↑ "Oman: Assault on Freedom of Speech". Human Rights Watch. 2012-06-13. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  25. 1 2 Susan Mubarak (2012). "Things We Don't Talk About". Muscat Daily. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  26. ↑ Susan Al Shahri (2012). "A Taboo Subject: The Desperate Plight of Domestic Workers in Oman". Mideast Posts. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  27. ↑ "Is Any Country in The Middle East Safe for Migrant Workers?". migrantrights.org. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  28. ↑ "An Indian ends life every sixth day in Oman". The Times of India. 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "Migrant Rights - Research". migrantrights.org. 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  30. ↑ "Campaign in Oman to check suicide rate". Gulf News. 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  31. ↑ "Global Slavery Index findings". globalslaveryindex.com. 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  32. ↑ "Global Slavery Index" (PDF). 2014. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Oman". 2001-2009.state.gov.
  34. ↑ "Children of Oman". Humanium (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-12-20.
  35. ↑ "Oman: General Human Rights Situation". Middle East Concern. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  36. ↑ Perez, Anthony Daniel (2009). "The changing racial and ethnic composition of the US population: emerging American identities". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 92 (3): 1278–81. doi:10.1172/JCI116700. PMC 288268. PMID 8376586.
  37. ↑ "FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2016" (PDF). freedomhouse.org. Freedom House. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  38. ↑ "Gulf Cooperation Countries to test, detect, then ban gays from entering their countries". San Diego LGBT Weekly. October 8, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
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