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'Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasa ko yankuna
Bayanai
Ƙasa Asturaliya

'Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya an kirkiro ta hanyar ka'idodin Demokradiyya ta hanyar dokoki a kan takamaiman al'amura (maimakon aiwatar da lissafin hakkin dan adam) da kuma jihohin da ke cikin Australiya da jihohin. Ostiraliya kuma tana da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai zaman kanta, Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ostiraliya, wacce ke bincike da daidaita korafe-korafe, kuma galibi tana haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi, tattaunawa da bayar da rahoto.

Haƙƙoƙin jefa ƙuri'a na duniya da haƙƙoƙin yancin haɗin gwiwa, yanci, da daga, addini da yanci daga wariya ana kiyaye su a Ostiraliya. Mallakan Ostiraliya sun kasance daga cikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa na farko a duniya don ba da damar zaɓen zama ɗan adam na duniya (1850s) da zaɓin mata (1890s). Tun bayan rushe manufofin White Ostiraliya a hankali a cikin ƙarshen karni na 20, Ostiraliya ta zamani dimokuradiyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma magada ga babban shirin al'adu da yawa na ƙaura bayan yakin duniya na biyu wanda a cikinsa aka haramta wariyar launin fata tun 1975.[1]

A matsayinta na memba mai kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ostiraliya ta taimaka wajen tsara sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights kuma ta sanya hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa daban-daban kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Koyaya, Ostiraliya ita ce kawai ƙasar dimokuradiyya a duniya ba tare da takardar haƙƙin ƙasa na wani nau'i ba.[2] Nuna wariyar launin fata a Ostiraliya ya gano halin wariyar launin fatar tarihi da na zamani, da kuma rashin bin siyasa da zargin rashin kulawar gwamnati game da ka'idar kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da abubuwan da suka faru a Ostiralia.[3]

Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke ci gaba da gudana a Ostiraliya ya samo asali ne daga gadon zalunci na ƴan asalin ƙasar Australiya, waɗanda ba su da daidaituwar ra'ayi na zamantakewar al'umma, suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa, kuma suna da adadi mai yawa na ɗaurin kurkuku. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna kiyaye su ta Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya da kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi da yankuna da aka ƙirƙira don haɓaka haɓakawa da kare Hukumar Haƙƙin Dan Adam, baya ga adadin dokokin tarayya da ke wanzuwa don kare mutane daga wariya da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Amfani da wuraren tsare bakin haure ya kasance batu mai cike da cece-kuce musamman tsakanin masu suka da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam. A cikin 2017, Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) ta ambato wadannan wurare a matsayin "lalacewar tuhume-tuhume na manufar da ke nufin kauce wa wajibcin hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa na Australia".[4]

Tushen haƙƙoƙi

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Yawancin haƙƙin ɗan adam ba a kiyaye su ta hanyar tsarin mulki a matakin tarayya ba. Koyaya, ana kare wasu haƙƙoƙi ta hanyar doka ta tarayya da kuma jihohi (wanda ake kira takardun haƙƙoƙin). [5] Misali, a Queensland, [6] a Victoria,[7] da kuma ACT Saboda haka, akwai wasu hanyoyin kare hakkoki a Ostiraliya (Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ta hanyar dokoki, doka ta kowa, da kuma aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa).[8]

Tsarin Mulki na Australiya

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Ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya ta hanyoyi da yawa:

  • Ana kare Ƙaddamar da kai ta hanyar kirkirar tsarin gwamnati mai alhakin da mutane suka zaba a cikin Majalisar dokokin Australiya.
  • Sashe na 41 yana ba da damar jefa kuri'a;
  • Sashe na 51 (xxiii) ya haramta yin rajistar farar hula dangane da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na hakora;
  • sashi na 51 (xxxi) ya ba da ikon Commonwealth don samun dukiya kawai "a kan sharuddan kawai";
  • Sashe na 80 yana ba da haƙƙin shari'ar juriya don laifuka masu laifi;
  • Sashe na 92 yana kare 'yancin cinikayya tsakanin jihohi, kasuwanci da sadarwa tsakanin jihohi;
  • Sashe na 116 ya haramta Commonwealth daga aiwatar da dokokin da ke kafa addini, tilasta kiyaye addini, ko buƙatar gwajin addini don cancantar zama na gwamnati.
  • Sashe na 117 ya haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga mazaunin Jiha.

Bugu da kari, sakamakon wasu abubuwa na tsari da ka'idoji, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kare hakkin bil'adama a kaikaice ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da:

  • 'Yanci na sadarwa ta siyasa a kan al'amuran gwamnati da siyasa;
  • Bukatar cewa azabtarwa (kuma, tare da wasu banbanci, ɗaurin kurkuku) kawai yana faruwa ne bisa ga umarnin kotu, wanda ya samo asali ne daga rabuwa da iko;[9]
  • Bukatar cewa kotuna su kasance masu zaman kansu kuma ba su da son kai daga zartarwa da majalisa;[10]
  • Hakkin kalubalanci halattaccen matakin gwamnati don kuskuren iko, koda kuwa doka tana nufin hana sake dubawa na shari'a.[11][12]

Dokoki

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Ana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar dokoki daban-daban a cikin takamaiman mahallin. Misali, akwai dokoki waɗanda ke tsarawa da kuma tsara ikon 'yan sanda,[13] amfani da bayanan sirri,[14] rikodin sirri na tattaunawa,[15] daidaito yayin sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka,[16] haƙƙin mabukaci,[17] da sauran dokoki da yawa.

Dokar al'ada

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Dokar kowa ta Ostiraliya tana kare haƙƙoƙi ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar dalilai daban-daban na aiki (kamar a kwangila, laifi, da haƙƙin mallaka). Dokar al'ada kuma tana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar ka'idodin fassarar doka. Ana samun misali daya a cikin bayanin Gleeson CJ cewa ana zaton cewa ba niyyar Majalisar ba ce ta cire hakki ko 'yanci na asali sai dai idan an tsara irin wannan niyyar kuma an bayyana ta hanyar bayyane.[18] Wannan an san shi da ka'idar doka wacce ke aiki a matsayin ƙarin kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam daga dokoki masu rikitarwa ko marasa tabbas. Bugu da ƙari, Tsohon Babban Alkalin New South Wales, James Spigelman, ya tattara jerin ayyukan hana haƙƙoƙi waɗanda doka ta yau da kullun ta ɗauka cewa majalisa ba ta da niyya ba tare da kalmomi masu kyau ba, gami da canza haƙƙofo da wajibai, keta 'yancin mutum, tsoma baki da' yancin motsi ko magana, ƙuntata damar shiga kotuna, tsoma baki tare da haƙƙin mallaka, da aka ba da shi, da ƙin adalci.[19]

Bugu da kari, akwai wasu ƙa'idodin doka na gama gari waɗanda ke ba da wasu kariya, kamar gata na ƙwararrun doka, da gata daga cin mutuncin kai.

Dokokin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya a Ostiraliya

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Ostiraliya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ostiraliya ta amince da yin aiki da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin:

Kodayake Ostiraliya ta sanya hannu ga waɗannan, haƙƙoƙin da aka bayar a cikin yarjejeniyar suna aiki ne kawai a Ostiraliya idan aka kafa dokokin cikin gida.[20] Alal misali, Dokar Nuna Bambanci ta 1975 (Cth),[21] ta aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da Dukkanin Nuna Bambanci na launin fata, da Dokar Nuna Bambancin Jima'i ta 1984 (Cth,[22] ta ba da wasu hakkoki da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kan kawar da Duk Hanyoyin Nuna Bambanci ga Mata.[20]

Duk da haka, wata hanyar da za a iya ganin haƙƙoƙin da aka bayar a cikin yarjejeniya a cikin dokar Ostiraliya ita ce inda tanadin yarjejeniya ya riga ya zama wani ɓangare na dokokin gida (misali, ana iya ganin Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mutanen Nakasa kamar yadda aka shigar da ita cikin dokar gida ta hanyar irin wannan tanadi a cikin Dokar Wariya ta Nakasa 1992 (Cth)).[20]

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya

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Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya (AHRC) (wanda aka fi sani da Hukumar Kare Hakki da Daidaitaccen Hanyar) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnati ta Australiya. An kafa shi a karkashin Dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya ta 1986 (Cth),[23] yana da alhakin binciken da ake zargi da keta doka a karkashin dokar hana nuna bambanci ta Australiya.

Abubuwan da Hukumar za ta iya bincikar su sun haɗa da nuna wariya bisa dalilai na shekaru, launin fata, launi ko asalin kabila, zagin launin fata, jima'i, cin zarafin jima'i, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, matsayin jima'i, matsayin aure ko dangantaka, ainihin ko yiwuwar ciki, shayarwa ko nakasa.[24][25]

Koyaya, kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam yana da ƙuntatawa da yawa. Misali, haƙƙin ɗan adam sau da yawa zai rinjayi wasu kayan jama'a kamar yadda yake jin daɗin facie na farko;[26] ana iya keta haƙƙin ɗanɗano a wasu yanayi ko dalilai kamar gaggawa na ƙasa ko tsaro;[27] ana kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a Jihohi daban-daban (ACT da Victoria) ta hanyar doka. Koyaya, ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba ko kuma a aiwatar da shi a matakin Tarayya.[28]

'Yancin jama'a da na siyasa

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'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki

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A ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya, akwai ƴancin ƴancin sadarwar siyasa akan al'amuran gwamnati da na siyasa.[8]

Akwai wasu hani kan maganganun siyasa a Ostiraliya, gami da dokoki kan bata suna, tozarta kabilanci, da kuma raina Majalisa.

A cikin 2015, Kwamishinan Yaƙi da Wariya ta Tasmania ya gano cewa Cocin Katolika da Archbishop na Hobart suna da “harka don amsawa” a ƙarƙashin dokar hana wariya ta Tasmania don haɓaka ra’ayin Katolika game da aure. 'Yar takarar jam'iyyar Greens ta Australiya Martine Delaney ta kawo batun ga hukumar. ABC ta ruwaito cewa lamarin ya haifar da damuwa game da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kafin muhawarar kasa kan auren jinsi".[29]

A cikin 2007, dan majalisa Lee Rhiannon na Greens na Australiya ya yi nuni da kalaman da wani Cardinal Katolika na Australiya mai adawa da binciken kwayar halittar mahaifa ya yi ga kwamitin gata na majalisar New South Wales saboda zargin kasancewa cikin " raina majalisa". An wanke Cardinal din daga tuhumar da aka yi masa, ya kuma bayyana matakin a matsayin wani yunkuri na dakile ‘yancin addini da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki". [30] [31]

A cikin 2022, Reporters Without Borders sun tayar da damuwa game da tauye 'yancin 'yan jarida a Ostiraliya, suna ambaton "mafi girman girman ikon mallakar kafofin watsa labaru" da kuma "matsi na hukuma.' [32]

Hakkin jefa kuri'a

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Majalisar dokokin New South Wales ita ce majalisar dokoki mafi tsufa a Australia. An gudanar da zabe na farko a 1843.

'Yan Australia sun sami' yancin jefa kuri'a shekaru da yawa kafin yawancin sauran kasashen Yamma. Mutanen Australiya sun ba da izinin maza na duniya daga shekarun 1850 kuma a cikin 1895 mata na Kudancin Australia sun sami damar yin zabe da tsayawa a majalisar, wanda ya ba Catherine Helen Spence damar zama na farko da ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar siyasa a cikin 1897. [33] Bayan hadewar yankuna a cikin 1901, an zartar da Dokar Franchise ta 1902, ta ba da damar jefa kuri'a ga maza da mata.[34] Koyaya, Dokar ta kuma ƙuntata kuri'u ga 'yan asalin' sai dai idan an riga an yi rajista. Wadannan ƙuntatawa an yi amfani da su ba daidai ba kuma an sassauta su bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da cikakken haƙƙin da Dokar Zabe ta Commonwealth ta 1962 ta dawo da shi.[35]

A shekara ta 1856, an gabatar da wata sabuwar ƙuri'a ta sirri a Victoria, Tasmania da kuma Kudancin Ostireliya, inda gwamnati ta ba da takardar zaɓe mai ɗauke da sunayen 'yan takara da masu jefa ƙuri'a za su iya zaɓa a cikin sirri. An karɓi wannan tsarin a duk faɗin duniya, ana kiransa da suna "Ballot Australiya". Amfani da wakilcin madaidaicin ta hanyar Kuri'a Mai Sauya Sauƙi (STV) da rinjaye na Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) a yawancin jahohi da yankuna manya da ƙananan hukumomi da kuma Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilai. Waɗannan fasalulluka na dimokraɗiyya ana kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙima a cikin ma'auni na Dimokuradiyya na V-Dem, Indexididdigar Dimokuradiyya (The Economist) da Siyasa IV da kuma matakai, shari'o'i da gudanar da ayyukan da Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya da ta Jiha ke tsarawa.

A Kudancin Ostiraliya, Firayim Minista Don Dunstan ya gabatar da Bill Age of Manyity (Reduction) a hankali a cikin Oktoba 1970, an rage shekarun jefa kuri'a a Kudancin Ostiraliya zuwa shekaru 18 a cikin 1973.

Hakkokin mata

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Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama an ba da izinin mata a cikin 1902 da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin 1897.[36] Matar farko da aka zaba a kowane majalisar dokokin Australiya ita ce Edith Cowan, a Majalisar Dokokin Yammacin Australiya a 1921. Dame Enid Lyons, a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya da Sanata Dorothy Tangney sun zama mata na farko a Majalisar tarayya a 1943. A shekara ta 1971, Sanata Neville Bonner ya zama Aboriginal Australiya na farko da ya zauna a majalisar tarayya. An zabi Rosemary Follett a matsayin Babban Minista na Babban Birnin Australiya a shekarar 1989, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba don jagorantar jihar ko yanki. A shekara ta 2010, Julia Gillard ta zama Firayim Minista mata ta farko a Ostiraliya.

Catherine Helen Spence (1825-1910).

A shekara ta 2010, mutanen birni mafi tsufa a Australia, Sydney, suna da shugabannin mata waɗanda ke mamaye kowane babban ofishin siyasa da ke sama da su, tare da Clover Moore a matsayin Magajin Gari, Kristina Keneally a matsayin Firayim Minista na New South Wales, Marie Bashir a matsayin Gwamnan New South Wales, Julia Gillard a matsayin Firayim Minista, Quentin Bryce a matsayin Gwamna Janar na Australia da Elizabeth II a matsayin Sarauniyar Australia.

Ostiraliya tana da dokoki da ke hana jinsi, jima'i, yanayin jima'i، matsayin aure, shayarwa da nuna bambanci na juna biyu, [37] samar da daidaito ga ayyuka (kamar hutun iyaye, ilimi da kula da yara), inganta haƙƙin haihuwa (ta hanyar kiwon lafiya na duniya da dokokin da ke kewaye da haƙƙin haihuwa), haramta cin zarafin jima'i.[38]

Jiha ta farko ta Australiya da ta magance fyade ta aure ita ce Kudancin Australia, a karkashin ci gaban Firayim Minista Don Dunstan, wanda a 1976 ya cire cire cirewa. Sashe na 73 na Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Laifuka ta 1976 (SA) ya karanta: "Babu wani mutum da za a, saboda dalilin da ya sa ya auri wani mutum, za a ɗauka ya yarda da jima'i da wannan mutumin".[39]

Matsayin mata a cikin sojojin Australiya ya fara canzawa a cikin 1970s. A cikin 1975, wadda ita ce Shekarar Mata ta Duniya, shugabannin hidima sun kafa wani kwamiti don gano damammaki don ƙara mata shiga aikin soja. Wannan ya haifar da gyare-gyare wanda ya ba wa mata damar tura aiki a cikin ayyukan tallafi, ciki ba ya zama dalilin dakatar da aiki kai tsaye da canje-canjen barin tanadi.

Duk da cewa an shigar da su cikin aikin soja, har yanzu akwai takunkumi kan aikin mata. An bai wa ADF keɓantawa daga Dokar Wariya ta Jima'i lokacin da aka gabatar da ita a cikin 1984 don ta iya kiyaye ƙuntatawa dangane da jinsi ga matan da ke aiki a cikin yaƙi ko matsayi masu alaƙa, wanda ke iyakance mata zuwa kashi 40 na mukamai a cikin ADF. Sakamakon karancin ma'aikata a karshen shekarun 1980 an janye takunkumin da aka yi wa mata a matsayin yaki a shekarar 1990, kuma a karon farko an ba wa mata damar yin hidima a cikin jiragen ruwa na yaki, RAAF na yaki da kuma mukamai da yawa a aikin soja. An dakatar da mata daga mukaman da suka shafi fadace-fadacen jiki, duk da haka, kuma ba su iya yin aiki a cikin sojoji, masu sulke, manyan bindigogi da injiniyoyi a cikin Sojoji da nutsewar ruwa da wuraren kare ƙasa a cikin RAN da RAAF bi da bi.

A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Ministan Tsaro Stephen Smith ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a ba wa mata damar yin hidima a fagen fama kafin shekarar 2016. Mata sun sami damar neman duk mukamai ban da matsayin sojoji na musamman a cikin Soja a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2013; an shirya cewa za a cire wannan sauran ƙuntatawa a cikin 2014 da zarar an ƙayyade ma'aunin jiki da ake buƙata don sabis a cikin waɗannan raka'a. Za a dauki mata kai tsaye zuwa duk matsayin fagen fama daga karshen 2016.

Hukuncin kisa

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  Amfani na ƙarshe na hukuncin kisa a Ostiraliya shine a Victoria a cikin 1967. An rataye Ronald Joseph Ryan a kurkukun Pentridge a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1967 saboda kisan wani mai gadin gidan yari, George Hodson. Duk da haka, masanin laifuka na Ostiraliya, Gordon Hawkins, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Laifukan Jami'ar Sydney, ya yi shakkar cewa Ryan yana da laifi.

An soke hukuncin kisa a hukumance saboda laifukan tarayya ta Dokar Kawar Kisa ta 1973. Jihohi daban-daban sun soke hukuncin kisa a lokuta daban-daban, farawa daga Queensland a 1922 kuma ya ƙare da New South Wales a 1985.

A Kudancin Ostiraliya, a karkashin shugabancin Firayim Minista Don Dunstan na lokacin, an canza Dokar Tarayyar Shari'a ta 1935 (SA) don a canza hukuncin kisa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai a shekara ta 1976. [40]

Mutanen da ke da nakasa

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An haramta nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a wurare daban-daban a karkashin Dokar Nuna Bambanci ga nakasassu ta 1992 (Cth) (DDA). Dokar ta sa ya zama haramtacce a bi da mutumin da ya naƙasa da rashin jin daɗi, ko kuma ya kasa yin gyare-gyare masu ma'ana ga mutumin, a cikin yanayin aiki, ilimi, wuraren da jama'a ke da su, samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka, masauki, kungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi, da sauran mahallin. Ana yin korafe-korafe a karkashin DDA ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya.

The Australian Government requested the Productivity Commission to evaluate the effectiveness of the DDA, and the Commission published its findings in 2004.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span>] The Commission found that while there is still room for improvement, particularly in reducing discrimination in employment, overall the DDA has been reasonably effective. The Commission found that people with a disability were less likely to finish school, to have a TAFE or university qualification and to be employed. They are more likely to have a below average income, be on a pension, live in public housing and in prison. The average personal income for people with a disability is 44 per cent of the income of other Australians.

Shirin Inshorar Naƙasassun Kasa, shiri ne na kiwon lafiya wanda Gwamnatin Australiya ta fara. An gabatar da lissafin a cikin majalisa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012. A watan Yulin 2013 matakin farko na Shirin Inshora na Naƙasassun Kasa (wanda a lokacin ake kira DisabilityCare Australia) ya fara ne a Kudancin Australia, Tasmania, Yankin Hunter a New South Wales da yankin Barwon na Victoria, yayin da Babban Birnin Australia ya fara ne A watan Yunin 2014.

A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2020, Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ke nazarin mummunar haɗarin cutar kai da mutuwa ga fursunoni da ke fama da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai tsakanin 2010 da 2020 sun gano cewa kusan kashi 60 cikin dari na manya, wadanda suka mutu a kurkuku a Yammacin Australia, suna da nakasa, gami da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Daga cikin kashi 60 cikin dari, kashi 58 cikin dari sun mutu saboda rashin goyon baya, kashe kansa, ko kuma bayan sun zama abin da aka yi niyya da tashin hankali, inda rabin waɗannan mutuwar sun kasance fursunonin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander.[41][42]

Tsare yara

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Shekarun laifin aikata laifuka a Ostiraliya a halin yanzu shekaru 10 ne, sun yi ƙasa da ma'auni na duniya na shekaru 14, wanda hakan ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Ostiraliya da ta ɗaga shekarunta.[43]

Jihar Queensland koyaushe tana tsare matasa a cibiyoyin tsare matasa, kuma a watan Satumbar 2023, gwamnatin Queensland ta dakatar da Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a karo na biyu a cikin shekara don tsare yara masu shekaru 10 saboda a cikin sel na 'yan sanda saboda rashin sarari a cibiyin tsare matasa. Batun tsare yara a Queensland ya shafi yara 'yan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda suka kai kusan kashi 63% na waɗanda ke tsare, duk da kasancewa kawai kashi 4.6% na yawan jama'ar jihar.[44]

Rashin babban gida a majalisar dokokin Queensland ya ba da damar jam'iyyar da ke mulki ta zartar da dokoki da ke dakatar da dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na jihar ba tare da isasshen bincike ba. Dakatarwar a watan Satumba ta yi daidai da yakin neman zabe na tarayya don raba gardama na 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ya haifar da zarge-zargen munafunci.[45]

Kula da wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan tsiraru

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'Yan asalin Australiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai bambanci sosai na lafiya a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar Ostireliya da wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba.[46]

Ofishin Jakadancin Aboriginal Tent da aka kafa a Canberra ta hanyar mai fafutuka da ke fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan asalin Australia.

Tushen halin da ake ciki yanzu za a iya gano shi zuwa tarihin tarihi na mutanen Aborigin da kuma korar ƙasar da ta faru bayan mulkin mallaka na Turai na Ostiraliya, inda haɗuwa da cututtuka, asarar ƙasa (da haka albarkatun abinci) da tashin hankali ya lalata al'ummar Aboriginal. Daga baya, daga 1830s, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka sun kafa ofisoshin masu kare Aborigine na yanzu da ake ta cece-kuce a cikin ƙoƙari na kauce wa zalunci ga 'yan asalin asali da kuma gudanar da manufofin gwamnati a kansu. Ikklisiyoyi na Kirista a Ostiraliya sun nemi su canza mutanen Aboriginal, kuma yawancin gwamnati suna amfani da su don aiwatar da manufofin jin daɗi da haɗa kai.

Rikicin Caledon Bay na 1932–4 ya ga ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙarshe na tashin hankalin kan iyaka, wanda ya fara lokacin da mafarautan Japanawa waɗanda ke lalata da matan Yolngu ya biyo bayan kisan wani ɗan sanda. Yayin da rikicin ya kunno kai, ra'ayin kasa ya koma bayan mutanen Aborigin da abin ya shafa, kuma aka kaddamar da daukaka kara na farko a madadin wani dan asalin Australiya zuwa Babbar Kotun Ostiraliya. A wani wuri a wannan lokacin, masu fafutuka irin su Sir Douglas Nicholls suna fara kamfen ɗin su na neman 'yancin ɗan asalin ƙasa a cikin tsarin siyasar Ostiraliya da aka kafa da kuma lokacin rufe iyakokin iyaka.

A cikin 1962, Dokar Zabe ta Commonwealth ta Gwamnatin Menzies ta ba da cewa duk 'Yan asalin Australiya ya kamata su sami damar yin rajista da jefa kuri'a a zaben tarayya (kafin wannan, an cire' yan asalin Queensland, Yammacin Australia da wasu a yankin Arewa daga jefa kuri'u sai dai idan sun kasance tsoffin sojoji). [47] Gwamnatin da ta gaji Holt ta kira Zaben raba gardama na 1967 wanda ya cire sashi na nuna bambanci a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Australiya wanda ya cire 'Yan asalin Australiya daga ƙidaya a cikin ƙidayar - zaben raba gardamar yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da masu jefa kuri'a na Australiya suka amince da su (fiye da 90% sun kada kuri'a "yes"). [48]

Daga 1960s, marubutan Australiya sun fara sake tantance zato na Turai game da Aboriginal Ostiraliya - tare da ayyuka ciki har da tarihin Geoffrey Blainey na Triumph of the Nomads (1975) da kuma littattafan tarihi Henry Reynolds.

Siffar mai fafutukar kare hakkin Aboriginal Sir Doug Nicholls, Gidan Aljanna na Majalisar, Fitzroy, Victoria

Tun daga ƙarshen 1960s an haɓaka wani yunkuri na yancin ƙasar Aboriginal, musamman a Kudancin Ostiraliya a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista na Don Dunstan. Wannan zamanin ya sami babban gyara dangane da haƙƙin ƙasa, kyamar wariya da haƙƙin mutum.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, daya daga cikin 'yan asalin Aboriginal da suka kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Sydney, Charles Perkins, ya taimaka wajen shirya tafiye-tafiye na' yanci a wasu sassan Ostiraliya don fallasa nuna bambanci da rashin daidaito. A cikin 1966, mutanen Gurindji na tashar Wave Hill (mallaka ta Vestey Group) sun fara aikin yajin aiki karkashin jagorancin Vincent Lingiari a cikin neman daidaito da albashi da kuma amincewa da haƙƙin ƙasa.[49]

Gwamnatocin Whitlam Labor da Fraser Liberal sun gabatar da Dokar 'Yancin Ƙasar Aboriginal ta 1976, wanda, yayin da aka iyakance shi ga Yankin Arewa, ya tabbatar da "maras izini" na asali ga wasu ƙasashen gargajiya.[50] A shekara ta 1985, Gwamnatin Hawke ta mayar da mallakar Uluru (wanda aka fi sani da Ayers Rock) ga mutanen asalin Pitjantjatjara.

’Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya sun fara ɗaukar wakilci a majalisun Ostiraliya a cikin shekarun 1970s. A cikin 1971 ne Majalisar Queensland ta nada Neville Bonner na Jam'iyyar Liberal don maye gurbin Sanata mai ritaya, wanda ya zama Babila na farko a Majalisar Tarayya. An mayar da Bonner a matsayin Sanata a zaben 1972 kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1983. Hyacinth Tungutalum na Jam'iyyar Liberal Party a Arewacin Territory da Eric Deeral na National Party of Queensland, ya zama na farko 'yan asalin da aka zaba zuwa yankuna da majalisun dokoki na jihohi a 1974. A 1976, a karkashin shawarar farko na Firayim Minista, Douglas Duncho, ya zama Gwamnan Jihar Ostiraliya. Aboriginal don riƙe ofishin mataimakinsa a Ostiraliya. Aden Ridgeway na jam'iyyar Democrats ta Ostiraliya ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata a shekarun 1990, amma ba a zabi wani dan asalin kasar a Majalisar Wakilai ba, sai Ken Wyatt mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Yammacin Australia, a watan Agustan 2010. [35]

Lauyan lauya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin, Noel Pearson na Cape York.

A cikin 1992, Babban Kotun Ostiraliya ta yanke hukuncinta a cikin shari'ar Mabo, tare da amincewa da take na asali. A wannan shekarar, Firayim Minista Paul Keating ya fada a cikin jawabinsa na Redfern Park cewa mazauna Turai ne ke da alhakin matsalolin da al'ummomin Aboriginan Australiya ke ci gaba da fuskanta. A cikin 1999 Majalisar ta zartar da wani kuduri na sulhu wanda Firayim Minista John Howard da Sanata Aden Ridgeway na Aborigin suka shirya suna mai suna cin zarafin ’yan asalin Ostireliya a matsayin mafi “babi mara lahani a tarihin ƙasarmu".[51]

Kafin kiran zaben tarayya na 2007, Firayim Minista na lokacin, John Howard, ya sake duba ra'ayin kawo kuri'ar raba gardama don neman amincewa da 'yan asalin Ostireliya a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki (gwamnatinsa ta fara neman shigar da amincewar 'yan asalin Aboriginal a cikin Preamble to the constitution a cikin kuri'ar raba gardama na 1999). Da farko 'yan adawar Labour sun goyi bayan ra'ayin; duk da haka, Kevin Rudd ya janye wannan goyon bayan kafin zaben.

A cikin shekara ta 2007, Firayim Minista John Howard da Ministan Harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar Mal Brough sun ƙaddamar da Amsa ta Gaggawa ta Arewacin Yankin. Dangane da rahoton Little Children are Sacred Report game da zargin cin zarafin yara tsakanin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin Yankin, gwamnati ta haramta barasa a cikin al'ummomi da aka tsara a Yankin Arewa; ta keɓe kashi ɗaya na biyan kuɗi don sayen kayan masarufi; ta aika ƙarin' yan sanda da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya zuwa yankin; kuma ta dakatar da tsarin izini don samun damar zuwa al'ummonin' yan asalin ƙasar. An kiyaye manufofin ne a karkashin gwamnatocin Rudd da Gillard.

Shahararrun masu fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan asalin zamani sun hada da: 'yan siyasa na tarayya Ridgeway da Wyatt, lauya Noel Pearson; masanin kimiyya Marcia Langton; da' 'Yan Australia na Shekara Lowitja O'Donoghue (1984), Mandawuy Yunupingu (1992), Cathy Freeman (1998) da Mick Dodson (2009). [52] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, akwai 'yan asalin ƙasar guda biyar da ke aiki a Majalisar Tarayya ta Ostiraliya.

A cikin 2016-17, ƙididdigar kuɗin kai tsaye ga kowane mutum ya kasance $ 44,886 ga Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Australians, wanda ya kasance kusan sau biyu na adadin ga waɗanda ba 'yan asalin Australiya ba ($ 22,356).

Wani rahoto na shekara-shekara da ake kira "Closing the Gap" an gabatar da shi ga majalisa ta ofishin Firayim Minista da Ma'aikatar [53] kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rata a bangarori da yawa na rayuwa da ke shafar mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ciki har da ilimi, tsammanin rayuwa, mutuwar jarirai, aiki, gidaje da adalci na laifi. Duk da shekaru goma na aiki duk da haka, gibin tsammanin rayuwa yana ci gaba da fadada tare da iyaka kawai idan akwai ci gaba a wasu bangarorin harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma a cewar Oxfam "har yanzu an hana su samun damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyukan da ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba".[54]

A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2019, Ken Wyatt, Ministan 'yan asalin Australiya a cikin Gwamnatin Morrison, ya ba da sanarwar fara "tsarin haɗin gwiwa" da nufin samar da muryar' yan asalin ga gwamnati. Babban Kungiyar Ba da Shawara (SAG) tana karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Tom Calma AO, Shugaban Jami'ar Canberra, da Farfesa Dr Marcia Langton, Mataimakin Provost a Jami'ar Melbourne, kuma ya ƙunshi jimlar shugabannin 20 da masana daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar.[55] Akwai wasu shakku game da tsari tun daga farko, tare da zargi cewa bai girmama Sanarwar Uluru ba daga rokon Zuciya don "yi tafiya tare da mu a cikin motsi na mutanen Australiya don kyakkyawar makoma".[56] A cewar Michelle Grattan, "...ya zama sananne cewa yana kiran shi 'murya ga gwamnati' maimakon 'murya zuwa majalisa' ". Firayim Minista Scott Morrison ya ki amincewa da shawarar da ke cikin Sanarwar Uluru don a sanya murya ga majalisa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Australiya; a maimakon haka, za a sanya muryar a cikin doka. Gwamnati ta kuma ce za ta gudanar da raba gardama a lokacin da take yanzu game da amincewa da 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin kundin tsarin mulki "ya kamata a cimma yarjejeniya kuma idan ya kamata ya yi nasara".[57]

Ikon iko Hakkin ƙasa De jure daidaito bidaidaitattun kulawa A zahiri daidaitodaidaitattun kulawa Hakkin ƙuduri'a[58] Gyara Yarjejeniya
 Australia Yes[59] Yes[60][61][62] No[60][63][64] No[65][62] No[66] [67] (a halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi a jihohi da yawa) No

Baƙi da masu neman mafaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ostiraliya ƙasa ce mai ƙaura tare da babban shirin ƙaura na ƙaura mai yawa.

A tarihi, daga 1890s zuwa 1950s ƙasar ta bi ka'idodin White Ostiraliya, wanda ya hana ko hana mutanen da ba na Turai ba daga ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya. Gwamnatoci da suka yi juyin mulki sun wargaza manufar bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kuma daga shekarun 1970 gwamnatocin da suka shude suka goyi bayan al'adu da yawa a hukumance.[68]

Ƙofar tsohon Woomera IRPC.

Ostiraliya ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira kuma wani ɓangaren shirin shige da fice na Ostiraliya ya keɓe don ba da kariya ga 'yan gudun hijira. Mafi yawan 'yan gudun hijirar da Ostiraliya ta karɓa, UNHCR ce ta gano su kuma ta tura su. Shirin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Musamman ya ƙara ba da mafaka ga mutanen da ke fuskantar "bambancin wariya wanda ya kai ga cin zarafi na haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasarsu" kuma waɗanda wani mai ba da shawara a cikin Ostiraliya ke samun tallafi. A cikin 2009-10 an ba da adadin biza 13,770 a ƙarƙashin waɗannan nau'ikan. Adadin shekara-shekara ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali na tsawon shekaru tsakanin 2004-2010 kuma an karɓi masu nema daga ƙasashe kamar Myanmar, Iraq, Bhutan, Afghanistan da ƙasashen Afirka shida.[69]

Ga matakai daban-daban na nasara, gwamnatocin Australiya na baya-bayan nan sun nemi hana isowar da ba a ba da izini ba ta hanyar mutanen da ke neman matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a Ostiraliya ta hanyar kiyaye tsarin tsare-tsare don sarrafa mutanen da suka isa ba tare da biza ba. A shekara ta 1992, Ostiraliya ta amince da manufofin da gwamnatin Ostiraliya za ta iya tsare kowane mutum a kasar ba tare da takardar visa ba. A shekara ta 1994 an tilasta tsare 'yan kasa marasa izini'.[70] A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, waɗannan isowar da ba a ba da izini ba, waɗanda aka fi sani da "mutane na jirgin ruwa", an canja su zuwa ɗaya daga cikin wuraren tsare shige da fice na Australiya a ƙasar Australiya, ko zuwa Tsibirin Manus ko Nauru a matsayin wani ɓangare na Pacific Solution. Wadannan sarrafawa na waje da manufofin tsare-tsare sun jawo zargi. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya ta wallafa wani rahoto, wanda ya gano cewa an hana yara da ke zaune a tsare shige da fice da yawa da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara.[71]

Tsarin shige da fice na Ostiraliya ya jawo fushin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya saboda "mummunar cin zarafi [...] na baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba", ta hanyar dakatar da habeas corpus, raba iyalai, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka-tsare na baƙi da cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi / kiwon lafiya marasa isasshen. kuma yayin da Ostiraliya "ta kasance cikin tattaunawa mai aiki" tare da 'yan gudun hijira da aminci, tsari & sassan ƙaura na yau da kullun na Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan ƙaura, Firayim Minista Morrison ya bayyana cewa yarjejeniyar za ta "raunin kariya mai ƙarfi na iyakar Ostiraliya" kuma ba za ta sanya hannu a kanta ba. [72] Dokokin kwashewar likitoci (Medevac) tun daga lokacin majalisa ta zartar da su. Koyaya, dokokin Medevac sun zama batun jayayya yayin da cibiyar Medevac ta gida a Kangaroo Point, Brisbane ta haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a bayan ta zama Cibiyar tsare-tsare wacce ta tsare 'yan gudun hijira a Brisbane sama da shekaru bakwai.

Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam na shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch ya tsara batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin 'yan gudun hijira, yadda ake bi da' yan asalin ƙasar da kuma sauyin yanayi. Rashin nasarar da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na magance mummunar zalunci ga masu neman mafaka duk da matsin lamba na kasa da kasa ya lalata matsayin kasar a duniya.[73]

Mutanen LGBTI

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsanantawa ta tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafin tuntuɓar Turai, ba a san hukunce-hukuncen shari'a ko na zamantakewa don yin luwadi ba. Jima'i da alama ya kasance batun buɗaɗɗe a tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar. A cikin mutanen Arrernte, wasan kwaikwayo na jima'i ya kasance musamman a ko'ina, har ma a tsakanin yara ƙanana waɗanda za su yi wasan "uwa da uba" a zahiri. Yawancin lokaci za su kwaikwayi ayyukan jima'i da suka ga iyayensu da sauran manya suna yi. Da alama an yi waɗannan ayyukan ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. Har ila yau, akwai al’adun “mata-maza” inda samari maza, yawanci ‘yan shekara 14, za su yi hidima na kud-da-kud ga manyan mazaje har sai sun kai shekarun qaddamarwa, a nan ne saurayin za a yi masa azzakari. ’Yan asalin ƙasar ba su da ra’ayin Yammacin Turai game da madigo da madigo.[74]

A matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Burtaniya, yankunan Australiya sun gaji dokokin adawa da luwadi kamar Dokar Buggery ta 1533. Wadannan tanadi an kiyaye su a cikin sodomy_law" id="mwA44" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sodomy law">Dokokin sodomy na aikata laifuka da majalisun mulkin mallaka na karni na 19, sannan kuma majalisun jihohi bayan Tarayyar.[75] Yin jima'i tsakanin maza an dauke shi babban laifi, wanda ya haifar da kisan mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin sodomy har zuwa 1890.

Hukumomi daban-daban a hankali sun fara rage hukuncin kisa don sodomy zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai, tare da Victoria jihar ta ƙarshe don rage hukuncin a cikin 1949.[75] Tattaunawar al'umma game da kawar da ayyukan luwadi ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1960, tare da kungiyoyin farko na ''Ya'ya mata na Bilitis, 'yan bindiga na 'yan luwadi da kuma Kamfen da ke adawa da tsanantawa da aka kafa a cikin 1969 da 1970.

Rashin nuna laifi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Oktoban 1973, tsohon Firayim Minista John Gorton ya gabatar da wani kuduri a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya cewa "a ra'ayin wannan majalisa ayyukan luwadi tsakanin manya a cikin sirri bai kamata su kasance ƙarƙashin dokar laifi ba". An baiwa dukkanin manyan jam'iyyu uku kuri'ar amincewa, kuma an amince da kudurin da kuri'u 64 zuwa 40:

Duk da haka, yunkurin Gorton ba shi da wani tasiri na doka saboda halaccin luwadi lamari ne na gwamnatocin jihohi da na yanki. Sama da shekaru 22 tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1997, jihohi da yankuna sannu a hankali sun soke dokokin su na luwadi yayin da goyon bayan sake fasalin dokar luwadi ya karu.

Nuwamba 1978: Magoya bayan Gay Solidarity Group sun yi tafiya a cikin Sydney CBD don nuna rashin amincewa da Shirin Briggs, wanda zai haramta malamai masu luwadi da mata a jihar California ta Amurka.

Duk da haka, a karkashin shugabancin Firayim Minista Don Dunstan, Hakkin LGBT a Kudancin Australia ya fadada, kuma Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama iko na farko da ya haramta ayyukan ɗan luwaɗi na maza a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1975, tare da kawar da laifi na Babban Birnin Australiya, wanda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Fraser ta fara gabatar a 1973, wanda ya amince da shi daga 4 ga Nuwamba 1976.[75] Victoria ta biyo baya a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980, kodayake tanadin "roƙo don dalilai na lalata" da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka kara ya ga ci gaba da cin zarafin 'yan sanda a wannan jihar na wasu shekaru.

Sauran hukunce-hukunce don kawar da luwadi na maza sune Yankin Arewa (wanda ya fara aiki a 4 ga Oktoba 1983), New South Wales (22 ga Mayu 1984) da (bayan yunkurin da ya gaza hudu) Yammacin Australia (7 ga Disamba 1989). [75] Don musayar sake aikata laifuka, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Yammacin Australia sun buƙaci shekaru masu yawa na yarda da kuma tanadin rigakafin fashewa mai kama da sashi na 28 na Burtaniya, duka biyu tun lokacin da aka soke su.[75]

Queensland ta halatta aikin namiji na jinsi ɗaya daga ranar 19 ga Janairun 1991 bayan gwamnatin Nationals ta rasa iko.[75][76]

Gwamnati Tasmania ta ki soke dokar sodomy, wanda ya haifar da shari'ar Toonen v Australia, inda Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yanke hukuncin cewa dokokin sodomy sun keta Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. Tasmania ta ci gaba da kin soke dokar da ta aikata ta sa Gwamnatin Keating ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam (Halin Jima'i) ta 1994, wanda ya halatta aikin jima'i tsakanin manya masu yarda a duk faɗin Ostiraliya kuma ya haramta dokokin da suka tsoma baki da halayyar jima'i na manya a cikin masu zaman kansu.

A cikin shari'ar Croome da Tasmania ta shekara ta 1997, Rodney Croome ya nemi Kotun Koli ta Ostiraliya da ta soke dokar hana luwadi ta Tasmania saboda ta saba wa dokar tarayya; Bayan da aka kasa fitar da batun, gwamnatin Tasmania ta haramta yin luwadi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1997, ta zama hurumin Ostiraliya na ƙarshe don yin hakan. [77]

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, Gwamnatin Gillard Labor ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bita ga dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci na tarayya, tare da manufar gabatar da aikin daidaito guda ɗaya wanda zai haɗa da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi. A cikin shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta gabatar da sabbin jagororin da za su ba da damar mutane masu jima'i da jinsi daban-daban su rubuta jinsi da suka fi so a cikin fasfo.[78]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, Mark Dreyfus ya gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Nuna Bambanci na Jima'i (Jima'i, Gender Identity da Intersex Status), [78] kuma a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2013, Majalisar Tarayyar Australiya ta zartar da shi tare da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin gidaje biyu. Dokar Gyaran Nuna Bambanci na Jima'i (Jima'i, Gender Identity da Intersex Status) Dokar 2013 ta zama doka daga Royal Assent kwana uku bayan haka ta Gwamna-Janar.[79] Ya zama mai tasiri daga 1 ga Agusta 2013, yana nuna bambanci ga lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender kuma a karo na farko a duniya, mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i, ba bisa ka'ida ba a matakin ƙasa. Masu ba da kulawa ga tsofaffi waɗanda ke mallakar ƙungiyoyin addini ba za su iya cire mutane daga ayyukan kula da tsofaffi ba bisa ga matsayin su na LGBTI ko dangantakar jima'i. Koyaya, makarantun masu zaman kansu da asibitoci na addini ba su da alaƙa da asalin jinsi da tanadin jima'i.[80] Babu wani izinin addini da ya wanzu bisa ga matsayin intersex.[80]

An taƙaita abubuwan da ke cikin dokokin da suka shafi daidaiton mutanen LGBT a cikin tebur mai zuwa:

Ikon iko Aure na jinsi ɗaya Matsayin dangantaka na zahiri Matsayin dangantakar da aka yi rajista Daidaitawar shekarun yarda Dokar adawa da nuna bambanci Samun tallafi da kuma kula da iyaye Sanarwar iyaye a kan takardar shaidar haihuwa Samun damar haihuwa (watau IVF da / ko maye gurbin) Hakkin canza jinsi na doka ba tare da tiyata baAikin sake fasalin jima'i
 Australia (tun daga shekara ta 2017) Yes (dokar iyali) Yes (An rufe shi da dokar jihar / yanki; tsarin rajistar dangantakar da ba ta aure ba ya bambanta) Yes (an rufe shi da dokar jihar / yanki) Yes (Sex Discrimination Amendment (Jima'i na Jima'i, Gender Identity da Intersex Status) Dokar 2013 [81]) Yes (dokar iyali) Yes (dokar iyali) Yes / (dokar iyali) WA ta haramta maye gurbin ma'aurata masu jinsi guda.[82]YesNo (2013 a karkashin Jagororin Gwamnatin Australiya kan Sanar da Jima'i da Jimaʼi; in ba haka ba dokar jihar / yanki ta rufe shi) Yes
Jurisdiction Expungement scheme implemented Gay panic defence abolished Conversion therapy banned Hate crime laws include sexual orientation Anti-vilification law Right to change legal gender without sex reassignment surgery
ACT Yes (2015) Yes (2004) Yes (Since 2020)[83][84][85] Yes Yes[86] Yes
NSW Yes (2014) Yes (2014) Yes (Since 2025) Yes Yes[86] Yes
NT Yes (2018)[87][88] Yes (2006)[89] No (Proposed) No No[86] Yes
QLD Yes (2018)[90][91] Yes (2017)[92] Yes (Since 2020)[93] Yes Yes[86] Yes
SA / (2013; can apply to have recorded as spent conviction, not expunged) Yes (2020)[94][95][96] Yes (Since 2025) Yes No[86] Yes
TAS Yes (2018) Yes (2003)[89] No (Proposed) Yes Yes[86] Yes[97][98][99]
{{country data Victoria}} VIC Yes (2015) Yes (2005)[89] Yes[100] Yes Yes (eff. 30 June, 2026) Yes[101][102]
WA Yes (2018)[103][104] Yes (2008)[89] No (Proposed)[105] No No[86] Yes[106]

Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ostiraliya ita ce kasa ta farko da ta fara gudanar da wani bincike na majalisar dokoki game da ayyukan jinya na son rai ko tilastawa kan masu jima'i a cikin Oktoba 2013, amma ba a aiwatar da rahoton ba.[yaushe?][<span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous.[107]

Wani shari'ar Kotun Iyali ta 2016 da ta ba da izinin gonadectomy da kuma tiyata a kan wani yaro ya ja hankalin jama'a don bayyana waɗancan matakan likita, ra'ayoyinsu, da kuma Clitorectomy da Labiaplasty da suka gabata. [108]

A cikin Maris 2017, ƙungiyoyin al'umma na Ostiraliya da New Zealand sun ba da kiran haɗin gwiwa don yin gyare-gyare na doka, gami da aikata laifukan tsaikon jinya tsakanin jima'i a kan yara, kawo ƙarshen rabe-raben jima'i na shari'a, da haɓaka damar samun tallafin takwarorinsu.[109]

Ikon iko Aminci na jiki da ikon cin gashin kansa na jiki Gyara Tsaro daga nuna bambanci Samun damar samun takardun shaida Samun dama iri ɗaya da sauran maza da mata Canjin takardun ganewa na M / F Jima'i na uku ko rarraba jima'i
OstiraliyaAustralia No No (2013 don kariya ta tarayya) [110]Yes (Federal) [110]Yes (Rashin game da wasanni) [110]Yes (Manufofin sun bambanta dangane da iko) [111]Yes (An cire shi a matakin tarayya, manufofin jihohi / yankuna sun bambanta) [111][112]Yes

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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