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'Yancin Dan Adam a Qatar

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Qatar
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Qatar

Halin 'yancin ɗan adam a Qatar yana da damuwa ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, irin su Human Rights Watch (HRW), wanda ya ruwaito a cikin 2012 cewa dubban daruruwan ma'aikatan bakin haure 'yan kudancin Asiya da ke aikin gine-gine a Qatar suna fuskantar mummunar cin zarafi da cin zarafi, wani lokaci ya zama aikin tilastawa. Qatar kasa ce mai iko kuma ta tabbata cikakkiyar sarauta a ƙarƙashin House of Thani. Dokar Qatari kuma ba ta ba da izinin kafa ƙungiyoyin siyasa ko ƙungiyoyin kwadago.[1] Sanin cin zarafin 'Yancin Dan Adam a Qatar ya karu a duniya bayan zaben Qatar mai rikitarwa don shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022.[2]

Ma'aikatan gida, waɗanda galibi mata ne daga ƙasashen Afirka mafi talauci, ƙasashen Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, ba su da haƙƙoƙi kuma galibi suna shan wahala daga fataucin mutane da jima'i, gami da karuwanci. Hakkin mutum da 'yanci na jama'a gabaɗaya suna da ƙuntatawa sosai a Qatar, kamar' 'yancin tarayya,' 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da' yancin manema labarai. Bugu da kari, dokokin sodomy sun wanzu don azabtar da masu laifi, ga maza da mata.[3] Tsarin shari'a na Qatar cakuda ne na dokar farar hula da dokar Islama (Sharia). Hakanan ana aiwatar da bulala da hukuncin kisa.

Tsarin shari'a da hukunci

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Shari'a ita ce babbar tushen dokokin Qatar, bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Qatar.[4][5] Ana amfani da shari'a ga ka'idojin da suka shafi Dokar iyali, gado, da ayyukan laifi da yawa (ciki har da zina, fashi da kisan kai). A wasu lokuta a Kotunan iyali na Shari'a, shaidar mace ta cancanci rabin namiji kuma a wasu lokuta ba a yarda da shaidar mace da namiji kwata-kwata ba idan ba a dauki shaidar a matsayin abin dogaro.[6] A shekara ta 2002, an kafa Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa, kungiyar da gwamnati ta nada, don binciken cin zarafin. An gabatar da dokar iyali a cikin shekara ta 2006. A aikace, tsarin shari'a na Qatar cakuda ne na dokar farar hula da dokar Islama. [7][8]

Wakilan Qatar zuwa UNHCR sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a ba da hukuncin bulala a Qatar ba, [9] kodayake Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa ba a yi wa "baƙi" hukuncin bulala ba a matsayin horo ga shan barasa ko jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba. [10][11] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2019 akwai shari'o'i 375 na bulala a matsayin horo.[12] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, an yanke wa wani musulmi hukuncin kisa 40 saboda shan barasa.[13][14] A watan Yunin shekara ta 2014, an yanke wa wani musulmi hukuncin bulala 40 saboda shan barasa da tuki a karkashin tasirin.

Stoning ba hukunci ne na shari'a a Qatar ba, tuba ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba.[9][15][16] ridda laifi ne wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da hukuncin kisa a Qatar . Ana iya hukunta cin zarafin har zuwa shekaru bakwai a kurkuku kuma yin wa'azi ga duk wani addini ban da Islama za a iya hukunta shi har zuwa shekaru 10 a kurkuku.[17] Jima'i laifi ne wanda za'a iya hukunta shi a cikin shari'a ta hanyar hukuncin kisa ga Musulmai, kodayake a Qatar hukuncin ga maza masu yarda ya kai shekaru 5 a kurkuku.[18]

Amfani da barasa yana da wani ɓangare na doka a Qatar; wasu otal-otal masu alatu guda biyar suna da izinin sayar da barasa ga abokan cinikin su wadanda ba Musulmai ba. Ba a yarda Musulmai su sha barasa a Qatar ba, kuma Musulmai da aka kama suna shan barasa suna da alhakin bulala ko korar su. Mutanen da ba Musulmai ba za su iya samun izinin sayen barasa don amfani da kansu. Kamfanin rarraba Qatar (wani reshe na Qatar Airways) an ba shi izinin shigo da barasa da naman alade; yana aiki da kantin sayar da giya a kasar, wanda kuma ke sayar da naman aladu ga masu lasisin giya.[19] Jami'an Qatari sun kuma nuna shirye-shiryen ba da izinin barasa a cikin "yanki na magoya baya" a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022.

Har zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, an ba da izinin gidajen cin abinci a Tsibirin Pearl (tsibiran da mutum ya yi kusa da Doha) su ba da abin sha, amma an gaya musu su daina sayar da barasa. Ba a ba da wani bayani game da haramcin ba.[20][21] Tattaunawa game da dalilin ya haɗa da sha'awar gwamnati ta tsara hoto mai tsarki kafin zaben farko na ƙasar na ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta sarauta, da kuma jita-jita game da rikici na kuɗi tsakanin gwamnati da masu haɓaka wurin shakatawa.[22]

A cikin 2014, Qatar ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na tawali'u don tunatar da masu yawon bude ido game da tsarin tufafi mai ladabi. Ana ba da shawarar mata masu yawon bude ido kada su sa leggings, miniskirts, riguna marasa hannaye da gajeren ko tufafi masu tsayi a cikin jama'a. Ana ba da shawara ga maza game da sanya gajeren wando da singlets kawai.[23]

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, wasu tanadi na Dokar Laifuka ta Qatar sun ba da izinin azabtarwa kamar bulala da jajjefewa a matsayin takunkumin aikata laifuka. Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa ya gano cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun zama karya wajibai da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkinobho ta sanya akan azabtarwa.[24] Qatar ta riƙe hukuncin kisa, galibi don barazanar tsaron kasa.

Aiki

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Bautar

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Ma'aikatan gine-gine masu ƙaura daga Kudancin Asiya a yankin West Bay na Doha

Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012 na Human Rights Watch ya kammala da cewa dubban daruruwan ma'aikatan bakin haure 'yan kudancin Asiya da ke aikin gine-gine a Qatar suna fuskantar mummunar cin zarafi da cin zarafi, a wasu lokutan kan zama aikin tilastawa.[25] A cikin 2020, Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya yi iƙirarin yunƙurin ƙasar a kasuwar ƙwadago ta hanyar kyale ma'aikatan ƙaura su canza aiki ba tare da izinin ma'aikata ba tare da saita mafi ƙarancin albashi mara wariya. Rahoton ya kuma hada da bayanai game da aiwatar da dokar hana aiki na lokacin rani na tsakar rana.

Kamar sauran kasashen yankin Gulf na Farisa, Qatar na da dokokin tallafawa, wadanda aka sha suka a matsayin "bautar zamani. " [26] Karkashin tanade-tanaden dokar tallafawa Qatar, masu tallafawa suna da ikon bai-daya na soke izinin zama na ma'aikata, hana ma'aikata ikon canza ma'aikata, kai rahoton ma'aikaci a matsayin "bare" ga hukumomin 'yan sanda, da kuma hana izinin barin kasar. Sakamakon haka, masu ba da tallafi na iya ƙuntata motsin ma'aikata kuma ma'aikata na iya jin tsoron ba da rahoton cin zarafi ko neman haƙƙinsu, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga halin da ake ciki na tilasta musu aiki.

Ma'aikatan cikin gida suna da matukar damuwa ga fataucin mutane tunda an ware su a cikin gidaje kuma ba a rufe su a ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar aiki ba, amma wasu gyare-gyare da aka gabatar a watan Satumbar 2020 sun kai ga duk ma'aikata, gami da waɗanda ke kawo ƙarshen kwangilar aiki da canza ayyukan. [27] Kazalika kasar Qatar ita ce kasar da mata ke yin hijira bisa halastacciyar hanya, daga bisani kuma suka shiga harkar karuwanci, amma ba a san iyakar yadda ake lalata da wadannan matan ba. Wasu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa na iya zama ma'aikatan gida da suka gudu wadanda suka fada tarkon tilasta yin karuwanci ta hanyar wasu da suka yi amfani da matsayinsu na haram.[28]

Gwamnatin Qatari ta bayyana cewa tana yin aiki mai kyau game da haƙƙin ɗan adam [29] da kuma kula da ma'aikata. An kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (NHRC) a cikin 2002 don karewa da karfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam ga duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon jihar.[30] A kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane, Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al-Missned ta kafa Gidauniyar Qatar kan Yaki da fatauccin Dan Adam (QFCHT). Don inganta karin wayar da kan jama'a a wannan yanki, Ritz-Carlton Doha, ya kirkiro Cake mafi girma a Duniya don Sculpture na QFCHT.[31]

Barwa Al Baraha da dare

Kamfanin kwangila na Qatari Barwa yana gina wani yanki na zama ga ma'aikata da aka sani da Barwa Al Baraha (wanda ake kira Workers City). An ƙaddamar da aikin ne bayan wani abin kunya da ya faru kwanan nan a sansanonin ma'aikata na Dubai, kuma yana da niyyar samar da daidaitattun rayuwa kamar yadda sabon Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta bayyana.[32] Kudin aikin gabaɗaya an kiyasta kusan dala biliyan 1.1 kuma zai zama birni mai haɗin kai a yankin masana'antu na Doha. Tare da murabba'in mita 4.25 na sararin samaniya ga kowane mutum, aikin zama zai samar da wuraren shakatawa da ayyuka ga ma'aikata. An shirya matakin farko na aikin a ƙarshen 2008 yayin da duk matakai za su cika a tsakiyar 2010. [ya buƙaci sabuntawa]  

Kamfanin jiragen sama na Qatar Airways, ya dade yana sukar yadda yake mu'amala da ma'aikatansa na kasa ciki har da ma'aikatan jirgin. Cin zarafi sun hada da korar ma’aikata ba tare da wani dalili ba, karancin albashi, yawan lokutan aiki. An bayar da rahoton cewa ma’aikatan jirgin na tsare da su ba bisa ka’ida ba ba tare da an tuhume su ba. An ba da rahoton korar ma’aikatansa zuwa kasashensu ba tare da dalili ba.

A cikin 2019, wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Qatar da ke aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin likita tun 2007 a ofishin jakadancin Qatar da ke Landan an zarge shi da nuna wariyar launin fata ga wani mai karbar fansho da ke aiki a ofishin jakadancin tare da dauke shi kamar "bawan sa na kansa". Jami’in diflomasiyyar, Abdullah Al Ansari, ya amince da cewa Mohamoud Ahmed, mai karbar fansho, zai yi ayyuka kamar su debo siyayyar Al Ansari, da sauke busassun shara da kuma daukar ‘ya’yansa daga makaranta a cikin mako.[33]

A cikin 2021 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ba da jagora ga 'yan ƙasa da ke balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje tare da bayi, masu ba da izini ko direbobi.[34]

Shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma rahoton cin zarafi

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Ci gaban gine-gine a Qatar ya fara ne tun da Qatar ta lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA ta 2022. Lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Sheikh Hamad Al Thani ya karɓi iko da Qatar daga mahaifinsa a 1995 ya buɗe Qatar zuwa saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje. Ya fara gina manyan tashoshin LNG a duniya a Ras Laffan tare da ba da izini ga ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell da Total S.A.. An kawo ma'aikata sama da 100,000 cikin ƙasar don gina Ras Laffans. Kimanin ma'aikata miliyan 1, tare da yawan mutanen Qatar miliyan 2, a halin yanzu suna zaune a Qatar suna taimakawa wajen gina kasar. A shekara ta 1995, lokacin da Sheikh Hamad ya karɓi iko, jimlar yawan baƙi ya kai kusan 370,000.[35] 

A cikin 2013, Amnesty International ta wallafa rahotanni da ke nuna cewa an bar ma'aikatan ƙaura da ba a biya su ba su je yunwa. A cewar rahoton, ana "bi da ma'aikata kamar shanu". [36] A cewar wani rahoto da jaridar Guardian ta bayar, bisa ga takardun da aka samu a ofishin jakadancin Nepal a Qatar, yawancin ma'aikatan ƙaura na Nepal sun mutu a Qatar a cikin 'yan makonni a kusa da Satumba 2013, kuma dubban mutane suna jimrewa da mummunar cin zarafin ma'aikata. [37] Dangane da bincikensu, ayyukan gine-gine na yanzu za su haifar da mutuwar sama da 4,000 a lokacin taron 2022.[37] Hukumomin Qatari sun musanta wannan adadi, wadanda ke jayayya cewa yana yaudara tunda ya haɗa da duk abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa a cikin yawan jama'a kusan miliyan ɗaya kuma sama da shekaru takwas.[38] Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, FIFA ta binciki amma ba ta dauki mataki don tilasta Qatar ta inganta yanayin ma'aikata ba.[36]

Shugabar gidauniyar Qatar Sheikha Moza bint Nasser ta umurci kamfanin lauyoyi na Biritaniya DLA Piper a cikin 2012 da ya gudanar da nazarin yanayin ma'aikatan bakin haure. Bayan shawarwarin da aka bayar, Gidauniyar Qatar ta kirkiro Yarjejeniya ta Jin Dadin Ma'aikatan Hijira, wanda ke aiwatar da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu dangane da ɗaukar ma'aikata, yanayin rayuwa da aiki, gami da kula da ma'aikatan da ke aikin gine-gine da sauran ayyuka. Za a shigar da matakan da suka wajaba a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla tsakanin gidauniyar Qatar da duk ‘yan kwangilar ta, wadanda ake bukatar su bi ka’idoji da ka’idoji. ‘Yan kwangila da ’yan kwangilar da aka samu suna karya dokokin an sanya su cikin jerin sunayen masu ba da kwangila na gaba.

Kwamitin koli na bayarwa da gado, kwamitin shirya gasar cin kofin duniya na 2022, ya bi wannan matakin a tsakiyar 2014 tare da nasa ka'idojin tare da sanya sunayen kamfanoni da yawa. An daure ma'aikatan BBC da ke ba da rahoto a gidan yari na tsawon kwanaki biyu ba tare da tuhumar su ba, bayan yunkurin ganawa da ma'aikatan bakin haure.

A watan Agustan 2015, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta sanar da cewa za a bukaci dukkan kamfanoni a Qatar su biya ma'aikatansu ta hanyar amfani da lantarki. Dokar tana nufin ƴan kwangilar da ke hana albashi ko yin jinkiri.[39]

Ma'aikatar kare hakkin bil'adama a ma'aikatar kwadago, da kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa ne ke da alhakin sa ido kan cin zarafin da ake yi a Qatar.

A watan Janairun 2022, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na kasa (NHRC) ya kaddamar da yakin "Tare Muna Aiki" don yada wayar da kan jama'a game da sanin hakkokin ma'aikata da ayyukansu. Gangamin ya yi nuni da gyare-gyaren shari'a a dokokin Qatar wadanda suka tabbatar da kare hakkin ma'aikata.[40]

A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2022, FIFA da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Qatar sun gana domin tattauna sauye-sauyen da ke faruwa a kasuwar kwadago ta Qatar. A cewar sabon rahoton da ESPN ya tsara, shugaban FIFA Gianni Infantino ya ce, "Na yi farin cikin ganin kwakkwaran alƙawarin da hukumomin Qatar suka yi na tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da gyare-gyare a duk faɗin kasuwannin kwadago".

Tasirin Kofin Duniya

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Masu kwangila suna tallata aikin da farashi. Qatar tana amfani da tsarin kafala.[41] Wannan tsarin yana ba da cibiyar sadarwa (a wannan yanayin dan kwangila) ikon yanke shawarar yadda ake bi da ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yadda suke aiki.[41] Gwamnati ba ta shiga cikin maganin ba.[41] An ba ma'aikata yanayin rayuwa mai datti tare da ɗaki 12 zuwa ɗaya kuma galibi ana barin su ba tare da abinci ko albashi ba.[42] FIFA ta canza mambobin zartarwa kuma ta kara karin mutane a kwamitin su saboda abin da ya faru a Qatar.[43]

A cikin sukar kare hakkin bil'adama akai-akai, Qatar ta gabatar da sauye-sauye na bakin haure da ake amfani da su ga ma'aikatan kowane bangare, ciki har da ma'aikatan gida, ba tare da la'akari da kasarsu ba. Wadannan sabbin gyare-gyare sun fara aiki daga Maris 2021. A watan Agusta 2020 Qatar ta soke tsarin kafala tare da gabatar da sauye-sauyen aiki. A karkashin waɗannan gyare-gyaren ma'aikata na iya canza ayyuka ba tare da izinin ma'aikata ba kuma yanzu ana biyan su mafi ƙarancin albashi ba tare da la'akari da ƙasarsu ba. An saita mafi ƙarancin albashi a QAR 1,000. Dole ne ma'aikata su ba da alawus na abinci da masauki, waɗanda ke 300 QAR da 500 QAR bi da bi.[44]

Qatar ta gabatar da tsarin kare albashi don tabbatar da cewa masu daukar ma'aikata suna bin sauye-sauyen. Tsarin kare albashi yana sanya ido kan ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Wannan sabon tsarin ya rage cin zarafi da rashin jituwa tsakanin ma'aikatan bakin haure.[44]

A cewar Amnesty International, a cikin bincike daban-daban guda biyu game da yanayin aiki na ma'aikatan ƙaura, an gano cewa kashi 94% na ma'aikata a Qatar 'yan kasashen waje ne. 'Yan jarida sun sami yanayinsu ƙasa da ƙa'idodin ɗan adam.[45] An sanya ma'aikata a cikin al'ummomin matalauta, sau da yawa ba tare da kayan more rayuwa ba kamar ruwa mai gudana, datti ko wutar lantarki.[46]

Ayyukan baƙi da fataucin mutane

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Qatar dai makoma ce ga maza da mata daga Kudancin Asiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya waɗanda ke yin ƙaura da son rai, amma daga baya ana fataucinsu zuwa bautar da ba son rai ba a matsayin ma'aikatan gida da ma'aikata, kuma, a ɗan ƙarami, cin zarafin kasuwanci. Laifin da aka saba yi shi ne tilasta wa ma’aikata karɓar sharuddan kwangilar da ya fi na waɗanda aka ɗauka a ƙarƙashinsu. Sauran laifuffukan sun haɗa da aikin haɗin gwiwa, hana biyan kuɗi, ƙuntatawa kan motsi, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da ta jiki, tunani, da cin zarafin jima'i.[47]

A cewar rahoton "Tsarin Mutane" na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, maza da mata da aka lalatar da su zuwa Qatar ta hanyar alkawurran albashi mai yawa, yawanci ana tilasta musu yin aikin da ba a biya ba. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, ba kasafai ake aiwatar da dokokin Qatar kan aikin tilastawa ba, kuma sau da yawa dokokin aiki na sa a tsare wadanda abin ya shafa a cibiyoyin kora, har sai an kammala shari'a. Rahoton ya sanya Qatar a mataki na 3, a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashen da ba su gamsu da mafi karancin ma'auni ba, kuma ba su nuna gagarumin kokarin aiwatar da su ba.

A cikin rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Qatar ta nuna karuwar karfinta na yaki da fataucin bil adama, kuma an daga darajarta zuwa matakin mataki na 2. Dabarun sun hada da bayar da rahoton hukuncin farko na tilasta ma'aikata karkashin dokar yaki da fataucin mutane, gano wadanda abin ya shafa da kuma kai su kulawa a sabuwar matsugunin fataucin.[48]

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da cewa tana saita ma'auni idan ya zo ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kula da ma'aikata.[49]

Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran kasashen Larabawa na Tekun Farisa, dokokin tallafawa aiki sun kasance a Qatar. Wadannan dokoki an bayyana su a ko'ina kamar yadda suke kama da bautar zamani.[50] [./<i id= kafala_system#Qatar" id="mwAfI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kafala system">tsarin tallafawa] ('Kaffil' ko kafala) ya wanzu a ko'ina cikin GCC, ban da Bahrain, kuma yana nufin cewa ma'aikaci (ba mai yawon bude ido ba) bazai shiga kasar ba tare da samun Kaffil ba. Ba za su iya barin ba tare da izinin Kaffil ba. Dole ne mai tallafawa, ko kafeel ya fara bayar da izinin fita. Mai tallafawa yana da damar hana ma'aikaci shiga Qatar a cikin shekaru 2-5 na tashi na farko. Masu tallafawa gwamnati daban-daban sun yi amfani da hakkinsu na hana ma'aikata barin kasar, yadda ya kamata suna riƙe da su ba tare da son rai ba.

Wasu mutane bayan sun yi murabus ba a ba su takardar izinin fita ba, tare da hana su damar ficewa daga kasar. Yawancin masu tallafawa ba sa ba da izinin canja wurin ma'aikaci ɗaya zuwa wani mai tallafawa. Wannan bai shafi tallafi na musamman na ma'aikacin da cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Qatar ke daukar nauyinsa ba, inda aka karfafa shi da kuma kayyade cewa bai kamata a hana daukar nauyin daukar nauyin ba kuma ya kamata a ba da taimako don ba da damar irin wannan canja wurin tallafin.

A watan Mayun shekarar 2014, Ali bin Samikh al-Marri, shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasar Qatar (NHRC), ya bayyana cewa, a hukumance Doha ta sanar da kawo karshen tsarin tallafin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, kuma ta zartar da wata sabuwar doka da ta maye gurbinta da wata sabuwar wacce aka sanya hannu kan kwangiloli tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikatansu. An maye gurbin izinin fita da sabon tsarin lantarki wanda ma'aikatar cikin gida za ta sarrafa. Sakamakon masu daukar ma'aikata da suka keta wannan tsarin suna fuskantar tarar kusan $15,000.

Dokoki biyu da ke kare haƙƙin ma'aikata, waɗanda suka haɗa da sassan kan iyakar lokutan aiki da haƙƙin hutun shekara-shekara, an zartar da su a watan Agustan 2017.[51] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ILO) ta yaba da jajircewar Qatar ga kare hakkin ma'aikata.[52]

A cikin 2018, Sheikh Tamim ya zartar da doka mai lamba 13 na 2018, ta soke bizar fita ga kusan kashi 95% na ma'aikatan bakin haure na kasar. Ragowar kashi 5% na ma’aikata, wadanda adadinsu ya kai kusan mutane 174,000, har yanzu suna bukatar izinin ma’aikatansu na ficewa daga kasar. Yayin da yake bayyana cewa akwai bukatar a kara kaimi domin kare hakkin ma'aikatan Qatar, Stephen Cockburn na Amnesty ya yi ikirarin cewa Amir ya dauki matakin farko na cika alkawarin da hukumomi suka yi na sake fasalin tsarin daukar nauyin cin gajiyar tallafin".[53]

Sauye-sauyen aiki

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A watan Oktoban 2017, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta yaba da kudurin Qatar na samar da dokoki bisa ka'idojin aiki na kasa da kasa da kuma jagorancin kungiyar kwadago ta duniya. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce Qatar ta gudanar da wasu muhimman sauye-sauye na ma'aikata domin kafa mafi karancin albashi, da baiwa kwararru masu zaman kansu damar sanya ido kan ayyukan kwadago, da kuma gyara tsarin kafala. ILO ta ce Qatar a ko da yaushe tana neman ta zama abin koyi ga 'yancin ma'aikata. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga kasashen yankin Gulf da su yi koyi da kasar Qatar, da kuma inganta yanayin ayyukan bakin haure.[54]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Qatar da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya sun fara shirin hadin gwiwar fasaha don inganta yanayin aiki da haƙƙin ma'aikata.[55][56] ILO ta bude ofishinta na farko a Qatar a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2018 don tallafawa aiwatar da shirin. [57][58]

A cikin Janairun 2020, Qatar ta ƙare buƙatunta na ficewar biza a ƙarƙashin tsarin kafala ga duk ma'aikatan ƙaura. Kungiyar ta ILO ta yi marhabin da matakin, ta kuma yaba wa gwamnatin Qatar, tana mai cewa, “Cire takardar izinin ficewa wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a shirin gwamnatin kasar na sake fasalin ma’aikata".

An gabatar da gyare-gyaren ma'aikata a watan Satumba na 2020, gami da ba wa ma'aikatan ƙaura damar canza ayyukansu ba tare da fara samun izini daga ma'aikacin su ba. An kara mafi karancin albashi, wanda zai shafi ma'aikatan dukkan kasashe. Ikon canza ayyuka, wanda ke wargaza tsarin kafala yadda ya kamata, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban canji [ta wa?], domin yana arfafa tsarin aikin tilastawa. Ko da yake ba a rufe ma'aikatan gida da dokokin aiki na gabaɗaya, sabbin ka'idoji game da canza ayyuka da ƙare kwangilar sun shafi su ma.[27]

Still[yaushe?] awaiting reform is the unfair situation  caused by the requirement that it is the employers of migrant workers who enable their entry, residence, and employment permits, but it is the workers who are punished if the employer fails to do the necessary paperwork.[27]

A watan Afrilu na 2020, gwamnatin Qatar ta ba da dala miliyan 824 don biyan albashin ma'aikatan ƙaura a keɓewa ko kuma suna fuskantar magani don COVID-19. [59][60]

A watan Agustan 2020, gwamnatin Qatar ta ba da sanarwar mafi karancin albashi na kowane wata ga dukkan ma'aikata na 1,000 Riyals (US $ 275), karuwa daga mafi karancin albashin wucin gadi na 750 rials a wata.[61][62] Sabbin dokokin sun fara aiki a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021.[63] Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta ce "Qatar ita ce ƙasa ta farko a yankin da ta gabatar da mafi karancin albashi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, wanda shine wani ɓangare na jerin sauye-sauyen tarihi na dokokin ma'aikata na kasar, "[64]

Kungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama ta Migrant Rights ta ce sabon mafi karancin albashin ya yi kadan da zai iya biyan bukatar ma’aikatan bakin haure tare da tsadar rayuwa da Qatar ke fuskanta. Ya wajaba ma’aikata su biya Riyal 300 na abinci da riyal 500 na masauki, idan ba su ba ma’aikata wadannan kai tsaye ba. An cire Takaddar Ƙarfafawa don ma'aikata su iya canza ayyuka ba tare da izinin ma'aikaci na yanzu ba. An kafa kwamitin mafi karancin albashi don duba yadda ake aiwatarwa.[65]

Lafiyar kwakwalwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsalar da ke Qatar ita ce zargi a bayan batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma yadda ake magance su.[66] Kashe sabon wuri, Qatar ta shiga shirin WHO na Lafiya ta Zuciya, wanda ya kai 2013-2020.[66] Wannan shirin, "ya fahimci muhimmiyar rawar da lafiyar kwakwalwa ke takawa wajen samun lafiya ga dukkan mutane" (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya). [67] A Qatar, lafiyar kwakwalwa yawanci tana da kunya a kusa da ita, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da gwamnatin Qatar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa.[68]

An yi bincike a kan kungiyoyi uku da suka hada da Qatar, wadanda su ne masu ƙaura na aiki, masu ƙaura masu fararen ƙuƙwalwa, da waɗanda baƙi ba.[68] Rashin yiwuwar baƙin ciki ya karu sosai a cikin masu ƙaura masu aiki da ƙungiyoyin ƙaura masu farar fata idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba masu ƙaura ba.[68] Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke bayyana wannan bambancin shine ingancin rayuwa.[68] Tsarin tunani shine cewa baƙi dole ne su fuskanci manyan canje-canje na rayuwa kuma dole ne su saba da zama a Qatar. Kwarewar 'tsinkaye na al'adu' babban mai ba da gudummawa ga raguwar lafiyar kwakwalwa.[68]

Qatar ba ta da halin yanzu kamar yadda za ta iya kasancewa tare da sabis na kiwon lafiya.[68] A cikin shekara ta 2014, an kashe kusan 0.36% na kasafin kudin kiwon lafiya a kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa, wanda ya ninka sau bakwai fiye da matsakaicin matsakaicin kasashe masu samun kudin shiga.[66] Babban rikicewar baƙin ciki (20.4%) da rikicewar damuwa (19.1%) sune mafi yawan lokuta da aka gani.[66] A cikin karatun digiri na farko don ayyukan likita kamar likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, kashi 3% ne kawai na horo an sadaukar da shi ga ilimin hauka, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi.[66] Akwai ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin ƙwaƙwalwa 13.5 ga kowane yawan jama'a 100,000.[66]

Taimako na ma'aikata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sai dai Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta buga rahoto a watan Nuwamba 2022 wanda ya kunshi sauye-sauye da dama da Qatar ta yi ga ma'aikatanta na bakin haure. Sauye-sauyen sun hada da kafa mafi karancin albashi, ka'idojin kare albashi, inganta damar yin adalci ga ma'aikata, da dai sauransu. Ya hada da bayanai daga shekaru 4 da suka gabata na ci gaba a yanayin ma'aikata na Qatar. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa an fara ’yancin canza ayyuka, aiwatar da aikin kiyaye lafiyar ma’aikata da duba lafiyar ma’aikata, da kuma kokarin da ake bukata daga bangaren kasar..[69]

'Yancin mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mata a Qatar suna jefa kuri'a kuma suna iya tsayawa takarar mukamin gwamnati. Qatar ta ba da 'yanci ga mata a lokaci guda da maza dangane da zaben Mayu 1999 na Majalisar Majalisa ta Tsakiya.[70] Ita ce ƙasar Larabawa ta farko a cikin Tekun Farisa da ta ba mata damar yin zabe. Wadannan zabuka - na farko da aka taba yi a Qatar - an gudanar da su da gangan a ranar 8 ga Maris 1999, Ranar Mata ta Duniya.[70]

Qatar ta tura mata 'yan wasa zuwa gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara da aka fara ranar 27 ga Yuli a Landan.

Alkali mace ta farko a Qatar ita ce Sheikha Maha Mansour Salman Jasim Al Thani. Ta kammala karatun lauya a Jami'ar Qatar kuma an rantsar da ita a matsayin a cikin 2010.

Haɗin gwiwar mata a Qatar kusan kashi 51% ne, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin duniya, kuma shine mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa.[71]

Bambancin albashi tsakanin maza da mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matan 'yan Qatar da wadanda ba 'yan Qatar ba na fuskantar matsalar gibin albashi. Ana biyan su kashi 25% zuwa 50% kasa da na maza, duk da cewa lokacin aikin su yana da kwatankwacinsu. Bambancin dai ya samo asali ne daga kudaden alawus-alawus da gwamnati ke baiwa maza a matsayin masu kula da gida, kamar na gidaje da na tafiye-tafiye, wanda mata ma’aikata ba sa samun sauki.

Wani rahoto na Afrilu 2022 na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Amirka, ya lura cewa mata a Qatar suna tuka mota da mallakar dukiya, bayan gyare-gyaren da aka yi a cikin 2018, ba da damar mata su yi aiki a gwamnati da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.[72]

A zaben Majalisar Shura, 2 ga Oktoba, 2021, ba a zabi mata ‘yan takara ba amma Amir ya hada mata biyu a cikin nadinsa 15 a majalisar a karon farko a tarihin majalisar Shura.

Jima'i a waje da aure da zubar da ciki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya daure matan Qatari da aka samu da laifin "lalata" (jima'i a wajen aure) har na da shekaru bakwai a gidan yari, talabijin kotuna suna yanke hukuncin kan shekara guda. yawan ma’aikatan gida matalauta ne daga mazauna Kudu-maso-gabashin Asiya da ake yanke musu hoton, ko da an yi musu fuskar idan alkali ya dauki karya suke yi.[73]

Yawancin mata da suka yi ciki da shege suna daure. Wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba, wadanda aka tilasta musu samun masu daukar nauyi, yawanci ana hana su damar barin Qatar don haka ana tilasta su neman mafaka da shawarwari daga ofishin jakadancinsu. Duk da kokarin ofisoshin jakadancin, da yawa har yanzu suna tsare a gidan yari. A cewar Najeeb al-Nuaimi, lauya mai aikata laifuka, kuma tsohon ministan shari'a na Qatar, yawancin mata suna iya gujewa ko kuma a sake su daga gidan yari ta hanyar auren uban jaririnsu, inda a nan ne mace ta bar kasar tare da mijinta.

A watan Oktoba na 2020, an kwashe mata da yawa da ke shiga jirage daga Doha don yin gwaje-gwaje na ilimin mata, bayan an sami jaririn da aka watsar a cikin bayan gida na filin jirgin sama kuma jami'ai suna neman mahaifiyar don azabtar da ita.[73] Wannan ya haifar da lamarin diflomasiyya.[74]

Sauran batutuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mata da yawa sun tsere daga Qatar zuwa Burtaniya saboda cin zarafi. Alal misali, Noof Al Maadeed ta tafi Burtaniya saboda iyayenta sun yi ƙoƙari su tilasta mata ta yi aure ba tare da son zuciyarta ba.[75] Wata mace, Aisha Al Qahtani ta gudu saboda mahaifinta babban jami'in soja ne wanda ya wulakanta ta kuma babu adalci a gare ta.[76]

Tsoron da ke tattare da lafiyar Noof Al Maadeed ya karu lokacin da ta yi maganar samun barazanar a ranar 13 ga Oktoba kuma a asirce ta ɓace bayan ta koma Qatar daga Burtaniya. Jita-jita sun nuna cewa an kashe ta a hannun gwamnati. Matar 'yar gwagwarmayar Qatar daga baya ta fito a cikin jerin faifan bidiyo tare da sanar da lafiyarta da amincinta a shafin Twitter.[77]

taimako ga Maadeed, wanda ake kula da shi a wani wuri mai aminci, wanda ba a bayyana ba.[78]

Mata masu ƙaura

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana ganin mata masu ƙaura a matsayin "ƙananan ƙabilu" saboda jinsi da baƙi.[79] A cewar wani labarin gaskiya daga wata ma'aikaciyar ƙaura, "Na ji an ware ni sau biyu, ɗaya don ba namiji ba, na biyu don ba zan iya zama ɗaya daga cikin Larabawa ba".[80] Wadannan mata sun kirkiro sabon lokacin rarrabuwa, FW-W don "mace mai aiki na kasashen waje".[79] Haɗuwa da waɗannan asalin suna sa wannan rukuni na mata su shiga cikin tsagewa ba tare da an lura da su ba.[81] Mata na kasashen waje sun kai kusan kashi 20 cikin dari na yawan jama'a kuma sun fi yawan 'yan ƙasa mata kusan kusan 1:4 . [82]

Hakkin mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Makeup da zama ɗan ƙasa na Qatar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga cikin yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 2.7, kimanin miliyan 2 maza ne sauran mata ne.[83] Fiye da kashi 90% na yawan mutanen Qatar ba Qatari ba ne.[83] Ma'aikata sun zo ne daga Indiya, Nepal, Bangladesh, Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Masar, da sauran wurare.[83] Daga cikin wannan yawan baƙi, sama da rabin su suna da alamun bakin ciki masu ƙarfi.[68] Tare da duk waɗannan al'adun al'adu daban-daban da ke haɗuwa, ma'aikatan ƙaura suna jin sun ɓace kuma suna da matsala wajen samun wuri a rayuwarsu.[68]

Dokokin da aka zartar a cikin 2021 sun bayyana cewa kawai waɗanda ke da 'yan asalin Qatar tun lokacin haihuwa kuma 'yan ƙasa ne tare da kakan Qatar zasu iya jefa kuri'a.[84] Wadanda asalin ƙasarsu ta Qatari ce kawai za su iya tsayawa takara.[84] Ma'aikatan ƙaura waɗanda suka kasance mafi yawan Qatar ba a ɗauke su 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar da suke aiki a ciki ba.[84]

Shingen harshe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali, mutanen Qatar suna fuskantar cikas a cikin sadarwa da haɗin kai daga shingen harshe.[85] Ba kowa a Qatar ba ne ke magana da Larabci kuma akwai yawan ma'aikatan ƙaura da ke magana da wasu harsuna; haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali yana shafar saboda wannan rashin sadarwa.[85] Misali, samun damar kula da lafiya yana da tasiri.[85] Mai haƙuri wanda ba ya magana da Turanci ko Larabci zai sami wahalar ƙoƙarin samun magani.[85]

Qatar galibi ta kunshi baƙi waɗanda ba sa magana da yarukan ƙasa, kuma za su sami matsala wajen karɓar magani tunda ba za su iya yin magana game da matsalolinsu ba.[85] Saboda matsalar matsalar harshe, marasa lafiya na iya samun magani mara kyau ko magani mara kyau don cutar su, wanda zai iya sa yanayinsu ya fi muni.[85] Baya ga kiwon lafiya, sauran hulɗa tare da mahimman cibiyoyin da ba su da amfani saboda rashin sadarwa.[85] A cewar mujallar, "Hanyoyin Marasa Lafiya a Rashin Jituwa a Lokacin Ziyarar Kiwon Lafiya: Bincike Daga Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Al'adu na Qatar", yana magana da ma'aikatan Qatar, "Qatar, ... da yawa a ci gaban kayan aikin kiwon lafiya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don ci gaba da saurin fadada tattalin arziki. Yawan mutanen da ke zaune da aiki a kasar sun zama 94.14% na jimlar ma'aikata (Kwamitin Jama'ar Dindindin na Qatar, 2011) " .[85]

Yawancin ma'aikatan da ke kula da ci gaban ci gaban Qatar ba sa magana da harshen ƙasa. Ma'aikatan ma'aikata masu ƙaura sune kashin baya na ƙasar kuma waɗanda ke kula da su tabbas ba za su iya sadarwa da su ba.[86] Har ila yau, shingen harshe yana haifar da bambancin al'adu da kabilanci. Kimanin kashi 90% na yawan mutanen Qatar ba 'yan ƙasa ba ne.[86] Qatar tana da mafi yawan baƙi a duniya kuma kashi 94% na yawan mutanen da ke aiki a tattalin arziki ba 'yan asalin Qatari ba ne.[68]

Hukuncin kisa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Qatar tana da hukuncin kisa, da farko don leken asiri, [87] ko wasu barazanar da aka yi wa tsaron kasa. [88] ridda, jima'i na jinsi ɗaya, da saɓo ana ɗaukar su la'akari da manyan laifuka, amma babu wani aikace-aikacen da aka rubuta na hukuncin kisa don wannan cajin.

Sauran laifuffuka kamar kisan kai, tashin hankali da ke haifar da kisa, konewa, azabtarwa, garkuwa da mutane, ta'addanci, fyade, fataucin muggan kwayoyi, kwace ta hanyar barazanar zargin wani laifi na daraja, karya da ke haifar da kisa ba daidai ba, da kuma cin amanar kasa[1] suna da yuwuwar hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, mafi yawan kisa na baya-bayan nan da aka yi a Qatar duka na kisan kai ne (a cikin Maris 2003 da Mayu 2020).

Ana yin hukuncin kisa a Qatar ne ta hanyar harbi da bindiga. Ba kasafai ake aiwatar da kisa ba. Kisa na ƙarshe ya faru ne a watan Mayun 2020, bayan dakatar da shekaru 17. Wanda aka kashen dan kasar Nepal ne.[89]

Hukuncin jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana amfani da Flogging a Qatar a matsayin horo ga shan giya ko jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cewar Amnesty International, a cikin 2012 an yanke wa akalla 'yan kasashen waje shida hukuncin bulala ko dai 40 ko 100.[90]

Mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin sodomy na iya fuskantar ɗaurin rai har zuwa shekaru uku.[3] Musulmai da aka yanke musu hukunci na Zina (dangantaka ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar zina da jima'i da dabba) za a iya yanke musu hukuncin bulala. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba na iya fuskantar ɗaurin kurkuku a irin waɗannan lokuta.

'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani zanga-zangar da aka gudanar wa Mohammed al-Ajami a waje da ofishin jakadancin Qatar a Washington, DC

'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki shine haƙƙin siyasa don sadarwa da ra'ayoyin mutum. An yanke wa mawaki na Qatar Mohammed al-Ajami, wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Ibn al-Dheeb, hukuncin rai da rai, saboda sukar gwamnati a lokacin Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2012 a Qatar. Ba a yarda masu kallo su shiga kotun ba, kuma al-Ajami da kansa bai kasance a lokacin da aka yanke masa hukunci ba. Duk bayanan da ke akwai suna nuna cewa Mohammed al-Ajami fursuna ne na lamiri wanda aka sanya shi a bayan kurkuku kawai saboda maganarsa. An saki Al-Ajami daga kurkuku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 bayan gafarar sarauta ta sauya hukuncinsa.[91]

Dokar ta yanar gizo wacce aka zartar a karshen watan Satumban 2014 ta takaita ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, inda ta baiwa gwamnati da hukumomi ikon hukunta “abun da ka iya cutar da kasar” da hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru uku, da kuma tarar kusan 500,000 QR. Dokar ta bayyana cewa hukuma na iya yin hukunci a kowane shari'a ko abun ciki ya dace ko a'a. Babu jagorori ko nassoshi a halin yanzu akwai don faɗi irin nau'in abun ciki da aka yarda.[92]

A watan Yulin 2020, memba na Cibiyar sasantawa da sasantawa ta Qatar (QICCA) mai kula da huldar kasa da kasa Sheikh Dr Thani bin Ali al-Thani ya yi iƙirarin cewa dokoki da dokokin Qatar "suna tallafawa ayyukan watsa labarai na zamani sosai," suna ba da tabbacin 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki,' yan jaridu da 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai.[93]

Mazaunin da zama ɗan ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Qatar na da sha'awar kula da abubuwa kamar yadda suke, kuma ta damu da sauyin al'adunta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, don haka akwai 'yan hanyoyi don samun 'yan kasa ta hanyar ba da izinin zama. Hanya daya ita ce ta auren dan kasar Qatar, amma hakan ba zai lamunta ba, musamman ga wadanda ba musulmi ba. A wani lokaci, ma'aikaci na iya ba da kyauta ga ma'aikaci nagari kuma mai dadewa wanda ya amfana da kamfani ta hanya mai mahimmanci ta hanyar tabbatar da aikin aiki da izinin zama a gare su, amma wannan ana iya sabuntawa kowace shekara har zuwa ranar haihuwar ma'aikacin 60th, kuma kawai a cikin yanayi na musamman za a iya tsawaita wannan don zama na dindindin a Qatar (ko da yake bai sami zama ɗan ƙasa ba). 'Ya'yan kasashen waje da aka haifa a Qatar dole ne su ɗauki ƙasar iyayensu; idan iyaye ɗaya ɗan Qatar ne, akwai hanyar zuwa ɗan ƙasa, amma ba nan take ba.[94]

Baya ga tsoron tasirin al'adu, akwai damuwa game da ƙarin kashe kuɗi ga sabbin 'yan ƙasa; gwamnati ta bayar da rancen ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kuma gidaje kyauta ga duk ‘yan kasarta. Wani abin damuwa shi ne kiyaye tsarin siyasar Qatar, bisa ga gadon sarauta.[95]

Wasu 'yan kasashen waje mazauna, wadanda dole ne su iya magana da Larabci kuma su zauna a Qatar na akalla shekaru 25 a jere, na iya samun' yan kasa idan Sarkin ya amince da su. 'Yan wasa masu daraja, waɗanda jihar ta dauka don yin gasa a Wasannin Olympics a ƙarƙashin tutar Qatari, an ba su izinin zama ɗan ƙasa a baya.[95]

An dade ana ta cece-kuce kan lamarin, musamman ma matasa 'yan kasar Qatar suna tantama kan dokokin da suka takaita, amma manazarta sun yi nuni da cewa, yayin da tattalin arzikin kasar Qatar ya gaza dogaro da man fetur, al'amura na iya canjawa, saboda "Qatar za ta bukaci jawo hankalin mazauna kasar na dogon lokaci, wadanda za su iya ba da gudummawa ga asusun haraji, da kuma tallafa wa abin da zai zama tsofaffin al'umma".[95]

Hakkin LGBT a Qatar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sodomy between consenting adults (regardless of gender) in Qatar is illegal, and subject to a sentence of up to five years in prison.[3] The law is silent about sodomy between consenting female adults.[96] [failed verification] Sexual orientation and gender identity are not covered in any civil rights laws and there is no recognition of same-sex marriages, civil unions or domestic partnerships.

Under Sharia Law, homosexuality in Qatar is punishable by death penalty for Muslims.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span>] The Amnesty International Report 2008 stated there were no executions for convictions of sexual offences in recent years in Qatar. According to the 2016 ILGA report, the death penalty for same-sex sexual behaviour has not been implemented in Qatar.[97]

Jaridar New York Times'Rahoton haƙƙin ɗan luwaɗi da masu canza jinsi da aka buga daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli 2018 an tantance su a Qatar. Buga na Doha na The New York Times International Edition yana da manyan wuraren da babu kowa a cikin jaridar tare da bayanin cewa an cire abubuwan da ba su da laifi "na musamman". Kasidu takwas cikin tara da aka tantance suna kan batutuwan da suka shafi al'ummomin LGBT.[98]

A cikin 2016, an kama tauraron Instagram na Poland kuma samfurin King Luxy kuma an tsare shi na tsawon watanni biyu a Qatar saboda tuhume-tuhume da yawa, da suka hada da karbar kudi, cin zarafi, da kuma cin zarafi ta yanar gizo. Luxy ya yi ikirarin an kama shi ne saboda "sanye kayan shafa a Snapchat da Instagram".[99]

'Yanci na addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ba a yarda da cocin Katolika na farko na Qatar ya sami alamomin Kirista a waje ba.

Qatar al'umma ce mai yawan Musulmai, tare da kashi 76% na yawan jama'arta masu bin addinin Islama. Gwamnati tana amfani da dokar Sunni a matsayin tushen ka'idojin aikata laifuka da na farar hula. Koyaya, an ba da wasu ma'auni na haƙuri na addini. Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, da masu yawon bude ido, suna da 'yanci su haɗa kai da wasu addinai, watau Kiristoci, Hindu, Sikhs, Buddha, da Bahá'ís, muddin suna da hankali kuma ba sa laifi ga tsarin jama'a ko ɗabi'a.

Alal misali, a cikin Maris 2008 an keɓe cocin Roman Katolika Our Lady of the Rosary a Doha. Koyaya, dangane da buƙatun zama masu hankali, ba a yarda da mishaneri kuma cocin ba za ta sami ƙararrawa, giciye ko wasu alamun kiristoci a zahiri a wajenta ba.

Duk da cewa watsi da Musulunci ana daukarsa a matsayin ridda, wanda laifi ne da za a yanke masa hukuncin kisa, Qatar ba ta zartar da wani hukunci kan wannan laifin ba tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1971.

Yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Har zuwa shekara ta 2005, ana amfani da yara masu shekaru hudu [100] a matsayin masu tsere a tseren raƙumi, wanda shine shahararren wasanni a yankin Gulf. Ana kuma fataucin yara daga wasu ƙasashe, kuma galibi suna fama da yunwa don rage nauyin jikinsu. Wasan yana da haɗari, tare da haɗarin rauni a faduwa ko a tattake shi a ƙarƙashin ƙafa. An gabatar da masu tsere na robot da wani kamfani na Switzerland ya kirkira don amfani maimakon yara [100] lokacin da Sarkin Qatar na lokacin, Hamad Al Thani, ya gabatar da haramcin.[101]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na gwamnati

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Doka ta 39 da aka fitar a shekara ta 2005, ta tanadi kafa “bureau for Human Rights” a ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar. Daya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shi ne shirya amsoshi kan ikirarin ko rahotannin kasashen waje da kungiyoyi kan halin da ake ciki na hakkin dan Adam a cikin jihar.[102]

An kafa Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa a shekara ta 2002 tare da alhakin kula da gudanar da bincike kan cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar.[103] Hanyoyin su na inganta ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasar sun haɗa da ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen bincike da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗanɗano, gudanar da karatu, da kuma ba da shawara da shawarwari ga hukumomin majalisa.[104]

Tarihin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Qatar tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".[105]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The People Want Reform… In Qatar, Too". Jadaliyya. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  2. ↑ Tony Manfred (1 March 2015). "14 reasons the Qatar World Cup is going to be a disaster". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Law No. 11 of 2004 Issuing the Penal Code" (PDF). adsdatabase.ohchr.org.
  4. ↑ "The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar". Government of Qatar. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  5. ↑ "Constitution of Qatar". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. According to Article 1: Qatar is an independent Arab country. Islam is its religion and Sharia law is the main source of its legislation.
  6. ↑ "Qatar Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2014.
  7. ↑ "The World Factbook". U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2025.
  8. ↑ "Qatar" (PDF). US Department of State.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "In Dialogue with Qatar, Experts of the Human Rights Committee Commend Legislative Revision Efforts and Ask about Stance on Capital Punishment". ohchr.org. United Nations. 1 March 2022.
  10. ↑ "Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 – Qatar". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  11. ↑ "Qatar". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
  12. ↑ "QATAR 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). US Department of State.
  13. ↑ "Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol". Al Akhbar English. Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol". Al Arabiya. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014.
  15. ↑ "Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having a mobile phone". Independent.co.uk. 29 September 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013.
  16. ↑ "2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Qatar". Refworld. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iheu
  18. ↑ "What are the worst countries in the world to be gay?". 20 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "Purchasing Alcohol in Qatar". Qatar Visitor. 2 June 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named wsj20120107
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named arabist20120115
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named er6012012
  23. ↑ "Qatar launches tourist modesty scheme on social media". BBC News Online. BBC. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022.
  24. ↑ Kelly, Tobias (2009). "The UN Committee against Torture: Human Rights Monitoring and the Legal Recognition of Cruelty" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 313 (3): 777–800. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0094. S2CID 145632406.
  25. ↑ "Qatar: Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse". Human Rights Watch. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  26. ↑ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 – Qatar (Tier 3)". Refworld. 4 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Qatar: Significant Labor and Kafala Reforms". Human Rights Watch. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2011narrq
  29. ↑ "Qatar: National Human Rights Committee report". Qatar National Human Rights Committee. 3 May 2006. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-25.. According to the source at zawya.com, the web link "...is the unofficial translation by The Peninsula team of the 57-page Arabic text of the report released by the National Human Rights Committee yesterday."
  30. ↑ "NHRC". 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  31. ↑ "Qatar – Biggest cake to find place in Guinness Book". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  32. ↑ "Qatar: National Human Rights Committee Support Expats". The Peninsula via iLoveQatar.net. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  33. ↑ "Qatari diplomat treated pensioner like his 'personal slave'". 12 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
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  35. ↑ "The demographic Profile of Qatar" (PDF). United Nations. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Qatar 2022 World Cup workers 'treated like cattle', Amnesty report finds". TheGuardian.com. 17 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Revealed: Qatar's World Cup 'slaves', Exclusive: Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022". TheGuardian.com. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  38. ↑ Greenslade, Roy (3 June 2015). "Qatar outraged by Washington Post 'myth' about World Cup deaths". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  39. ↑ "World Cup 2022 host Qatar to start enforcing Wage Protection System from November". The National. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
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  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Qatar: Significant Labor and Kafala Reforms". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
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  47. ↑ "Middle East :: Qatar". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
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  49. ↑ "Qatar: National Human Rights Committee report". Qatar National Human Rights Committee. 3 May 2006. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.. According to zawya.com, the web link "is the unofficial translation by The Peninsula team of the 57-page Arabic text of the report released by the National Human Rights Committee yesterday."
  50. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (4 June 2008). "Refworld | Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 – Qatar". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  51. ↑ "Qatar: Two new laws on migrant workers signal degree of progress but major gaps remain". Amnesty International. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  52. ↑ "ILO Governing Body welcomes Qatar's commitment to bolster migrant worker rights". ilo.org. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
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  56. ↑ "Technical cooperation between ILO and Qatar on workers rights; threat of Commission of Inquiry eases". Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved 2021-06-17.
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  58. ↑ "ILO inaugurates its first project office in Qatar". www.ilo.org (in Turanci). 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
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  99. ↑ "Teen Instagram Star Jailed in Qatar for Two Months, Claims it was for 'Being Gay'". The Daily Dot (in Turanci). 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
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  105. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012" (XLS). Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  106. ↑ Freedom House (2013). "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015.
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  108. ↑ Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World 2015" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2015.
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  110. ↑ Freedom House (2017). "Freedom in the World 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2017.
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