'Yancin Dan Adam a Rasha

 

Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida masu zaman kansu suna sukar Rasha akai-akai saboda take haƙƙin ɗan adam Wasu daga cikin laifuffukan cin zarafi da aka fi ambata sun haɗa da mace-mace a gidan yari, tsarin da kuma yadda jami’an tsaro da masu gadin gidan yari ke yawan azabtar da su. wanzuwar al'adar hazing a cikin Sojojin Rasha - wanda ake magana da shi a matsayin dedovshchina ('sarautar kakanni') - da kuma yawan keta haƙƙin yara, al'amuran tashin hankali da kyama ga 'yan tsiraru, da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan jarida.

A matsayinta na magada ga Tarayyar Soviet, Tarayyar Rasha tana kallon irin yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda magabata suka rattabawa hannu kuma suka amince da su, kamar ƙulla yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. A ƙarshen 1990s, Rasha kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin ɗan Adam (tare da ajiyar zuciya), kuma daga 1998 zuwa gaba Kotun yancin ɗan adam ta Turai da ke Strasbourg ta zama kotun daukaka kara ta ƙarshe ga 'yan ƙasar Rasha daga tsarin shari'a na ƙasa. A cewar Babi na 1, sashi na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1993, waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa sun fi gaban dokokin tarayya na ƙasa.

A matsayinta na tsohuwar memba a majalisar Turai kuma mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'yancin ɗan adam, Rasha ta ɗauki nauyin kasa da kasa da suka shafi batun 'yancin ɗan adam. A cikin gabatarwa ga rahoton 2004 game da halin da ake ciki a Rasha, Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Turai ya lura da "samun canje-canje masu yawa tun bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ba za a iya musantawa ba".

Duk da haka, tun daga wa'adin shugaban kasa na biyu na Vladimir Putin (2004-2008), ana samun karuwar rahotannin take hakin bil'adama. Bayan zaben Duma na Jiha na 2011 da kuma dawowar Putin kan kujerar shugabancin kasar a cikin bazarar 2012, an yi ta kai farmaki kan 'yan majalisa kan yancin kasa da kasa da dama da tsarin mulki, misali. Mataki na ashirin da 20 ('Yancin Taro da Ƙungiya) na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ke kunshe a cikin Articles 30 da 31 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Rasha (1993). A cikin Disamba 2015, an kafa wata doka da ta ba Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Rasha ikon yanke hukunci ko kuma yin watsi da kudurori daga hukumomin gwamnatoci, kamar Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin Dan Adam. Ya zuwa 16 ga Maris 2022, Rasha ba memba ba ce ta Majalisar Turai.

Tarihi

An tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam sosai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Daga 1927 zuwa 1953 aka yi mulkin kama-karya, kuma har zuwa 1990, ita ma tana mulkinta a matsayin jam'iyya daya. Gwamnati ta saba rufe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki sannan ta kuma yi amfani da tsauraran matakai kan duk masu adawa. Babu ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu zaman kansu da suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, majami'u, da jam'iyyun siyasa masu adawa, da aka yarda. An tsaurara matakan tafiyar da jama'a a cikin ƙasar da kuma na duniya baki ɗaya, kuma an iyakance haƙƙin mallaka na masu zaman kansu.

A aikace, gwamnatin Soviet ta rage yawancin ka'idodin tsarin doka, 'yancin ɗan adam, kariya ta shari'a, da haƙƙin mallaka, tare da la'akari da su wakilan "ɗabi'un bourgeois", a cewar masanin shari'a na Soviet Andrey Vyshinsky. Duk da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam a hukumance, kamar Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa a 1973, waɗannan takardu galibi ba a san su ba kuma ba su samuwa ga mutanen da ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin mulkin gurguzu. Bugu da ƙari, hukumomin gurguzu sun nuna rashin girmamawa ga waɗannan alkawuran. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama a Tarayyar Soviet sun sha fuskantar tsangwama, dannewa, da kamawa.

Shugabancin Putin

Rarrabawar

A lokacin wa'adin farko na Putin a matsayin shugaban kasa (2000-2004), Freedom House ya kimanta Rasha a matsayin "yantacciyar 'yanci" tare da ƙarancin 4 akan 'yancin siyasa da 'yancin ɗan adam (1 kasancewa mafi 'yanci, kuma 7 mafi ƙarancin 'yanci). A cikin tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2008, Freedom House ta kididdige Rasha a matsayin "ba ta da 'yanci" tare da maki 6 don 'yancin siyasa da 5 don 'yancin jama'a bisa ga rahoton ta Freedom in the World.

A shekara ta 2006, The Economist ya buga wani kima na dimokuradiyya, wanda ya sanya Rasha a matsayi na 102 a cikin kasashe 167 kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin mulkin mallaka tare da yanayin tauye kafofin watsa labaru da sauran 'yancin walwala".

A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2016, halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan Adam a Tarayyar Rasha yana ci gaba da tabarbarewa.

A shekara ta 2016, shekaru hudu cikin wa'adin Putin na uku a matsayin shugaban kasa, Tarayyar Rasha ta ci gaba da nutsewa a kan darajar Freedom House:

[T] Kremlin ya ci gaba da murkushe ƙungiyoyin jama'a, yana ƙara matsa lamba kan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na cikin gida (NGOs) da kuma sanya alamar ba da tallafi ga dimokuradiyya na tushen Amurka da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda hamshakin attajirin nan George Soros ke marawa baya a matsayin 'ƙungiyoyin da ba a so'. Har ila yau, gwamnatin ta kara dagula lamurra a kafafen yada labarai, tare da cika shimfidar bayanai da farfagandar kishin kasa tare da danne manyan muryoyin da suka fi fice.

An ba da rahoto a cikin 2019, tare da ci gaba da ƙoƙarin Faransa da Jamus don ceton Moscow daga korar da ta yi daga ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Turai, Rasha na iya ci gaba da zama a kujerarta idan ta dawo biyan kuɗin membobinta.

Bayani game da batutuwan

Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa da masu sa ido na cikin gida sun jera matsaloli masu yawa, sau da yawa masu zurfi a cikin kasar kuma, tare da ba da shawarar su, 'yan kasar sun ba da umarnin kwararar korafe-korafe ga Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai tun daga 1998. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2007, 22.5% na shari'o'in da ke kan gaba sun kasance korafe-korafe kan Tarayyar Rasha ta 'yan kasar. Wannan adadin ya karu a hankali tun 2002 kamar yadda a cikin 2006 akwai 151 da aka yarda da Rasha (daga cikin 1,634 ga duk ƙasashe) yayin da a cikin 2005 ya kasance 110 (na 1,036), a cikin 2004 ya kasance 64 (na 830), a cikin 2050 kuma ya kasance a cikin 2053. 12 (na 578).

Chechnya ya haifar da wata matsala ta daban kuma a lokacin yakin Checheniya na biyu, wanda ya ci gaba daga Satumba 1999 zuwa 2005, an sami lokuta da yawa na kisa da tilasta bacewar fararen hula a can. A cewar mai shigar da kara na Jamhuriyar Chechen, Nurdi Nukhazhiyev, matsala mafi sarkakiya da raɗaɗi a cikin watan Maris na 2007 ita ce gano sama da 2,700 da aka sace kuma aka tsare da su; nazarin korafe-korafen 'yan kasar Chechnya ya nuna cewa matsalolin zamantakewa sun kasance a kan gaba; shekaru biyu da suka gabata, in ji shi, korafe-korafen galibi sun shafi take hakkin rayuwa.

A cikin 2024, tashar labarai ta bincike Proekt ta kiyasta cewa hukumomin Rasha sun gurfanar da masu fafutuka sama da 116,000 a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata, wanda ya zarce matakin danniya na siyasa a karkashin shugabannin Soviet Nikita Khrushchev da Leonid Brezhnev.

Ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji

Dokar Tarayya ta 10 Janairun 2006 ta canza dokokin da ke shafar rajista da aiki na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) a Rasha. An rufe ƙungiyar abokantaka ta Rasha da Chechen, da sauransu. Wani cikakken rahoto da Olga Gnezdilova ya yi ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin sa kai na gaske suna fuskantar rashin daidaito sakamakon buƙatun sabbin hanyoyin: a halin yanzu, manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke da kudade masu yawa ba su shafa ba.

Bayan sake zaben Putin a watan Mayun 2012 a karo na uku a matsayin shugaban kasa, an zartar da sabuwar dokar tarayya, wacce ke bukatar duk kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu su karbi kudade na kasashen waje da kuma "shiga cikin harkokin siyasa" don yin rajista a matsayin "wakilan kasashen waje" tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta RF. A watan Satumba na 2016 an jera ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 144 a cikin Rijista, gami da da yawa daga cikin tsofaffi, sanannun kuma ƙungiyoyin da ake girmamawa, na duniya da na cikin gida. Gwamnati na iya sanya kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a matsayin "maras kyau" don tarar su kuma rufe su. Ana iya biyan membobin "kungiyoyin da ba a so" tarar su kuma a ɗaure su.

Kashewa

Dan siyasar adawa na Rasha Alexei Navalny ya halarci wani yunkuri don tunawa da dan siyasar adawar da aka kashe Boris Nemtsov, Moscow, 29 Fabrairu 2020

Babban abin damuwa shi ne kisan gillar da ba a warware ba na lokaci-lokaci na manyan 'yan siyasa, 'yan majalisa, 'yan jarida, da masu sukar gwamnati, a cikin gida da kuma waje. A cewar rahoton BuzzFeed News a cikin 2017, jami'an leken asirin Amurka da na Burtaniya na yanzu da na Burtaniya sun shaida wa kafar cewa, suna ganin cewa masu kisan gilla na Rasha, mai yiwuwa bisa umarnin gwamnati, na iya danganta su da mutuwar mutane 14 a kasar Burtaniya wadanda 'yan sanda suka yi watsi da su ba tare da wata shakka ba.

A shekara ta 1998, an harbe mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam Galina Starovoitova a St. Petersburg a ƙofar gidanta. A shekara ta 2003, Yuri Schekochikhin ya mutu ta hanyar ban mamaki daga rashin lafiya, wanda ya haifar da hasashe game da mutuwarsa, kamar guba. A shekara ta 2003, an harbe dan siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi Sergei Yushenkov. A shekara ta 2006, Alexander Litvinenko ya kamu da guba da polonium kuma ya mutu. Wani bincike na Burtaniya ya kammala cewa Shugaba Putin "watakila" ya amince da kisansa. A shekara ta 2006, an harbe 'yar jarida mai bincike Anna Politkovskaya. A shekara ta 2009, an harbe Stanislav Markelov mai kare hakkin bil'adama da 'yar jarida Anastasia Baburova a Moscow. A cikin 2015, an harbe dan siyasar adawa Boris Nemtsov a kusa da Kremlin. A cikin 2017, an yi wa ɗan jarida Nikolay Andrushchenko duka har ya mutu.

Fursunoni na siyasa

An yanke wa dan siyasar Rasha Ilya Yashin hukuncin daurin shekaru takwas da rabi a gidan yari a shekara ta 2022 saboda furucinsa na yaki da yaki.

Adadin da aka amince da su a matsayin fursunonin siyasa sun karu sosai a cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata. A watan Mayu 2016, Cibiyar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam ta sanya jimlar a 89. A watan Mayu 2017, Tunawa da aka yi la'akari da cewa akwai akalla fursunonin siyasa 117 ko fursunonin lamiri (66 da ake zargi da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar musulmi Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami wadda aka dakatar a Rasha tun 2010). Daga cikin wadannan fursunonin har da mai kare hakkin bil adama Emir-Usein Kuku daga Crimea wanda aka zarge shi da zama na kungiyar Hizbu Tahrir duk da cewa ya musanta hannu a cikin wannan kungiya. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta yi kira da a kwato shi cikin gaggawa.

A lokuta daban-daban wadanda aka daure sun hada da masu kare hakkin dan adam, 'yan jarida irin su Mikhail Trepashkin, da masana kimiyya irin su Valentin Danilov. Tun 2007, loosely-worded dokokin da "tsattsauran ra'ayi" ko "ta'addanci" da aka yi amfani da su kurkuku da sau da yawa matasa masu fafutuka da suka yi zanga-zangar goyon bayan 'yancin yin taro, a kan zargin taro gurbatattun zabe a 2011 da kuma, tun 2014, da zama na Crimea, da rikici a gabashin Ukraine da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin mafi girma da kuma jihar echelon gwamnati. Fursunonin siyasa galibi ana azabtar da su a gidajen yari da kuma yankunan da ake hukunta su.

Zanga-zangar a wajen Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a Berlin na neman a saki fursunonin siyasa a Rasha, Fabrairu 2024

A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2014, an kama Oleg Sentsov mai shirya fina-finai na Ukraine a Simferopol, Crimea. An kai shi kasar Rasha, inda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari bisa samunsa da laifin ta'addanci. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta dauki shari'ar rashin adalci tare da yin kira da a saki Sentsov. Human Rights Watch ta bayyana shari'ar a matsayin shari'ar nuna siyasa da ke kira ga 'yancin mai shirya fim din. A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2019 aka saki Sentsov a cikin musayar fursunoni.

A watan Mayu 2018 Server Mustafayev, wanda ya kafa kuma mai gudanarwa na kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam Crimean Solidarity hukumomin Rasha sun daure a kurkuku tare da tuhumar "mamba na kungiyar ta'addanci". Amnesty International da Front Line Defenders sun bukaci a sake shi cikin gaggawa.

Akwai lokuta na hare-hare kan masu zanga-zangar da hukumomin yankin suka shirya.

Da shigewar lokaci an saki wasu daga cikin waɗannan fursunonin ko kuma, kamar Igor Sutyagin, an yi musanya da wasu ƙasashe don wakilan Rasha da aka tsare a ƙasashen waje. Duk da haka, lambobin suna ci gaba da hauhawa. A cewar wasu kungiyoyi a yanzu haka akwai mutane sama da 300 wadanda ko dai aka yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari a kasar Rasha, ko kuma a halin yanzu ana tsare da su suna jiran shari’a (a tsare ko a tsare a gida), ko kuma suka gudu zuwa kasashen waje ko kuma suka boye, saboda tsanantawa saboda imaninsu da yunkurinsu na amfani da ‘yancinsu a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Rasha da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa.

A watan Afrilun 2019, an tsare wani Ba’isra’ile da ke ɗauke da gram 9.6 na hashish a Rasha kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru sama da bakwai a watan Oktoba 2019. Wannan hukuncin yana da dalilai na siyasa. An gafarta mata a watan Janairun 2020.

A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2020, Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam tare da Amnesty International sun rubuta wasiƙar hadin gwiwa zuwa ga Babban mai gabatar da kara na Tarayyar Rasha, Igor Viktorovich Krasnov. A cikin wasikar tasu, sun bukaci a saki wasu masu kare hakkin bil adama su shida da aka yanke musu hukunci a watan Nuwamba 2019 zuwa zaman gidan yari tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa 19 bisa tuhume-tuhume da suka shafi ta’addanci.

Hoton da ke nuna ɗan wasan Rasha Aleksandra Skochilenko, wanda aka kama saboda maye gurbin alamun farashin manyan kantuna da saƙon yaƙi.

A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2021, Amnesty International ta ayyana Alexei Navalny a matsayin fursuna na lamiri bayan tsare shi bayan ya koma Rasha tare da yin kira ga hukumomin Rasha da su sake shi.

Ya zuwa watan Yuni 2020, a kowace Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Tunatarwa, akwai fursunonin siyasa 380 a Rasha, gami da mutane 63 da aka gurfanar da su kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, don ayyukan siyasa (ciki har da Alexey Navalny) da 245 da aka gurfanar da su saboda hannu da ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin musulmi da aka haramtawa Rasha. Mutane 78 a cikin jerin, watau fiye da 20% na jimlar, mazauna Crimea ne.

An zargi Rasha da diflomasiyya da aka yi garkuwa da ita kuma ta musayar fursunoni da Amurka.

A ranar 4 ga Maris 2022, Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta gabatar da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru 15 ga waɗanda suka buga "bayanai na ƙarya" game da sojojin Rasha da ayyukansu, wanda ya haifar da wasu kafofin watsa labarai a Rasha don dakatar da bayar da rahoto game da Ukraine ko rufe hanyar watsa labarai. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an gurfanar da mutane sama da 4,000 a karkashin dokokin "labaran karya" dangane da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine.

A farkon 2024, an kama Ksenia Karelina a Yekaterinburg kuma gwamnatin Rasha ta tuhume shi da laifin cin amanar kasa saboda aika dala $51.80 ga Razom, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a birnin New York da ke aika agajin jin kai zuwa Ukraine. An fara shari'arta a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2024 kuma ta amsa laifin a ranar 7 ga Agusta. A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 2024, kotunan yanki na Sverdlovsk da Yekaterinburg sun yanke mata hukuncin shekaru 12 a kurkuku.

A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2025, wasu lauyoyi uku - Igor Sergunin, Alexei Lipster, da Vadim Kabez - na jam'iyyar adawa ta Alexei Navalny an same su da laifi a wata kotu a Rasha kuma an yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. An zarge su da taimakawa Navalny wajen aiwatar da haramtattun ayyuka a wajen gidan yari.

Tsarin shari'a

An yanke wa mataimakin karamar hukumar Moscow Alexei Gorinov hukuncin daurin shekaru 7 a gidan yari a karkashin dokokin yaki da Rasha saboda furucinsa na yaki da yaki a shekarar 2022.

Hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce hukumar shari'a ta Rasha tana fuskantar magudi daga hukumomin siyasa. Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Rasha, Majalisar Tarayya ce ke nada manyan alƙalai, biyo bayan zaben da Shugaban Rasha ya yi. Anna Politkovskaya ta bayyana a cikin littafinta na Putin na Rasha labarin alƙalan da ba su bi “umarni daga sama ba” kuma aka ci zarafinsu ko kuma aka cire su daga mukamansu. A cikin wata budaddiyar wasika da aka rubuta a shekara ta 2005, tsohon alkali Olga Kudeshkina ya soki shugaban kotun birnin Moscow O. Egorova saboda "bayar da shawarar alkalai don yanke hukunci mai kyau", wanda ake zargin ya sa fiye da alkalai 80 a Moscow su yi ritaya a cikin lokaci daga 2002 zuwa 2005.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, tsarin kurkuku na Rasha ya sami rahoto sosai daga kafofin watsa labarai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar yadda yake da matsala. Akwai manyan shari'o'i da jinkirin shari'a, wanda ya haifar da doguwar tsare-tsare kafin shari'a. An kalli yanayin kurkuku a ƙasa da ka'idojin duniya. Cutar tarin fuka matsala ce mai tsanani. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kiyasta cewa kimanin fursunoni 11,000 da fursunoni suna mutuwa a kowace shekara, mafi yawa saboda yawan jama'a, cututtuka, da rashin kulawa. Wani rahoto na kafofin watsa labarai na shekara ta 2006 ya nuna kamfen na sake fasalin kurkuku wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen yanayi. Hukumar Swiss ta Ci Gaban da Haɗin Kai tana aiki don sake fasalin gidajen kurkuku na Rasha tun 1997, tare da kokarin sake fasalin da gwamnatin ƙasa ta yi.

Dokar ta yi iyakantaccen shiga cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka tun lokacin Soviet, musamman a cikin larduna masu zurfi. Gabaɗaya kotuna suna bin ka'idar rashin hukunta masu laifi; A cikin 2004 masu laifi sun kasance kashi 0.7 ne kawai na duk hukunce-hukuncen. Alƙalai sun dogara ga masu gudanarwa, ofisoshin masu gabatar da kara su bi da bi. Ayyukan masu gabatar da kara na gwamnati sun bambanta daga matalauta zuwa maras kyau. Yawancin lauyoyi suna nadin kotu ne kuma ana biyansu karancin albashi. An sami tabarbarewar al'amura cikin sauri da ke tattare da cin zarafi na tsarin aikata laifuka, cin zarafi da tsananta wa 'yan sanda a cikin lamuran siyasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ba a kiyaye ka'idodin adawa da daidaito na bangarorin da ke cikin shari'ar laifuka.

A shekara ta 1996, Shugaba Boris Yeltsin ya ayyana dakatarwar hukuncin kisa a Rasha. Koyaya, gwamnatin Rasha har yanzu tana keta alkawuran da ta yi yayin shiga Majalisar Turai. A cewar Politkovskaya, 'yan ƙasa da ke daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai galibi hukumomin Rasha ne ke gurfanar da su.

An yi amfani da tsarin kotun sosai don murkushe 'yan adawar siyasa kamar yadda yake a cikin shari'ar Pussy Riot, Alexei Navalny, Zarema Bagavutdinova, da Vyacheslav Maltsev [5] da kuma toshe' yan takarar abokan gaba na Kremlin. [5] [6]

Wani rahoto na 2019 na Zona Prava NGO mai suna "Tashin hankali daga Jami'an Tsaro: Laifuka Ba tare da Hukunci ba" ya ba da haske ga adadin masu laifi da kuma watsi da kararrakin da aka yi wa jami'an tilasta bin doka idan aka kwatanta da adadin wadanda aka gurfanar a kotunan Rasha. Na karshen shine kawai kashi 0.43%, yayin da idan aka yi la'akari da jami'an tsaro da jami'an soja da ake zargi da cin zarafi ta hanyar amfani da iko, ciki har da kawo karshen mutuwar wanda ake zargi, kusan kashi 4%. A lokaci guda kuma waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin suna samun hukunci mai sassaucin ra'ayi - kusan rabinsu an dakatar da hukunci ko tara.

A cikin 2021, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta Gulagu.net ce ta buga faifan bidiyo masu tarin yawa daga gidajen yarin kasar Rasha da kuma yankin hukunta masu laifi tare da daukar dubban sa'o'i na azabtar da fursunonin da jami'an gidan yari ke yi, wadanda suka hada da fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi kamar shiga da sanduna. Bidiyon ya shafi shekaru 2015-2020 kuma wani tsohon fursuna Sergei Savelyev ne ya fitar da shi wanda aka sanya shi kula da tsarin rikodin bidiyo hukumomin gidan yari a matsayin ƙwararren IT. Hukumomin Rasha sun kori wasu jami'an gidan yarin da aka zarga da aikata laifuka a cikin wadannan bidiyoyin tare da sanya Savelyev cikin jerin sunayen da ake nema saboda "samun bayanan sirri ba bisa ka'ida ba". An bayyana cin zarafi a matsayin wani sashe na tsari da dabaru na kasa baki daya don karbar kudi da bayanan shaidar karya ta FSB da jami'an tsaro.

Torture da cin zarafi

The Constitution of Russia forbids arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment. Chapter 2, Article 21 of the constitution states, "No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment." However, in practice, Russian police, Federal Security Service kuma ana lura da masu gadin gidan yari da na gidan yari suna azabtar da su ba tare da wani hukunci ba-da suka hada da duka da sanduna iri-iri iri-iri, sanduna da kututtuka, fadan ruwa, buhunan da yashi da dai sauransu, “Hanyar giwa”, wacce ke dukan wanda aka azabtar sanye da abin rufe fuska tare da yanke iska, da kuma “Hanyar Supermarket”, wacce iri daya ce amma tare da kunnuwan roba, da bag din lantarki, da bag din kunni, da bag din kunne, da bag din da ba a saka ba. a cikin matsananciyar damuwa, konewar sigari, needles and electric needles hammered under nails, prolonged suspension, sleep deprivation, food deprivation, rape, penetration with foreign objects, asphyxiation—in interrogating arrested suspects. Wata hanyar azabtarwa ita ce "Telebijin", wanda ya hada da tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya tsaya a tsakiyar squat tare da mika hannu a gabansu yana rike da stool ko ma kujeru biyu, tare da kujerar da ke fuskantar su. An yanke wa tsohon ma'aikacin Andrei Sychev kafafu biyu da kuma al'aura bayan wannan azabtarwa ta hanyar gangrene da ke haifar da yankewar jini. Sauran hanyoyin azabtarwa sun hada da "Rack" ko "Stretch", wanda ya hada da rataya wanda aka azabtar a hannun daure a bayan baya, "Refrigerator", wanda ya hada da yiwa wanda aka azabtar da shi tsirara, wani lokaci ana shayar da shi a cikin ruwan sanyi, zuwa yanayin zafi, "Furnace", inda aka bar wanda aka azabtar da zafi a cikin karamin fili, da "China", inda aka yi wa ƙafafuwan wanda aka azabtar a kan teburi. A shekara ta 2000, Ombudsman Ombudsman Oleg Mironov ya kiyasta cewa kashi 50% na fursunonin da ya yi magana da su sun yi ikirarin an azabtar da su. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce sojojin Rasha a Chechnya suna azabtar da su.

Torture-torture a ofisoshin 'yan sanda, kurkuku, kurkuku da yankunan azabtarwa ya zama ruwan dare kuma ya yadu. Likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya wani lokacin suna shiga cikin azabtarwa da kuma doke fursunoni da wadanda ake zargi.

An san 'yan sanda na Rasha da yin amfani da azabtarwa a matsayin hanyar da za a tilasta ikirarin laifi.

Wani lokaci ’yan sanda ko masu gadin gidan yari suna ɗaukar amintattun fursunoni aikin yi wa waɗanda ake tuhuma dukan tsiya, azabtarwa da kuma yi musu fyade domin tilasta su amsa laifinsu. Ana kiran wannan hanyar azabtarwa "Dakin Latsa" ko "Bukkar Latsa". Waɗancan amintattu suna samun gata na musamman na kurkuku saboda azabtar da wasu fursunoni.

A cikin mafi munin yanayi, daruruwan mutane marasa laifi daga titin an kama su, an yi musu duka, an azabtar da su kuma 'yan sanda na musamman sun yi musu fyade. Irin waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ba kawai a Chechnya ba, har ma a garuruwan Rasha na Blagoveshensk, Bezetsk, Nefteyugansk, da sauransu. A cikin 2007, Rediyo Svoboda ("Radio Freedom", wani ɓangare na Rediyo Free Europe / Rediyo Liberty) ya ba da rahoton cewa an kirkiro wani yunkuri ba bisa ka'ida ba "Russia the Beaten" a Moscow ta masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da 'yan jarida waɗanda "sun sha wahala daga duka a biranen Rasha da yawa".

A watan Yunin 2013, ma'aikacin gini Martiros Demerchyan ya yi ikirarin cewa 'yan sandan Sochi sun azabtar da shi. Demerchyan, wanda ya shafe makonni bakwai yana gina gidaje don wasannin Olympics na lokacin sanyi na 2014, mai kula da shi ya tuhumi shi da satar wayar tarho. Demerchyan ya musanta zargin, amma lokacin da wanda aka kashe ya koma bakin aiki don karbar albashinsa, sai da jami’an ‘yan sanda da dama suka yi masa dukan tsiya, inda suka karya masa hakora biyu tare da yi masa lalata da sandar hankaka. An yi masa jinya a asibiti, amma likitoci sun shaida wa iyalansa cewa ba su sami wani mummunan rauni a jikinsa ba.

Har ila yau, azabtarwa da wulakanci sun yadu a cikin Sojojin Tarayyar Rasha. Kalmar dedovshchina tana nufin cin zarafin sabbin masu shiga soja da sojoji masu dogon lokaci suka yi. Ana kashe samari da yawa, a yi musu fyade ko kuma a kashe su a kowace shekara saboda hakan. An ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa wasu matasan maza masu shiga soja yin aiki a matsayin masu karuwanci ga "abokan ciniki na waje". Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia yana aiki don kare haƙƙin matasa sojoji.

Laifi

A cikin 1990s, haɓakar laifukan da aka tsara (duba mafia na Rasha da oligarchs na Rasha) da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna da cin hanci da rashawa na hukumomin tilasta bin doka a Rasha sun yi daidai da tashin hankali a kan ƴan kasuwa, jami'an gudanarwa da na jihohi, da sauran manyan jama'a. Shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin na biyu ya gaji wadannan matsaloli ne a lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, kuma a lokacin yakin neman zabensa a shekara ta 2000, sabon shugaban ya samu goyon bayan al'ummar kasar inda ya jaddada bukatar maido da doka da oda da kuma samar da doka da oda ga Rasha a matsayin hanya daya tilo ta maido da kwarin gwiwa kan tattalin arzikin kasar.

Bisa kididdigar da Demoscope Weekly ta fitar, adadin kisan kai na Rasha ya nuna karuwar kisa daga kashi 15 cikin mutane 100,000 a shekarar 1991, zuwa 32.5 a shekarar 1994. Sannan ya fadi zuwa 22.5 a shekarar 1998, ya biyo bayan karuwar adadin 30.5 a shekarar 2002, zuwa 000 na mutane a 2002, sannan ya fadi 00 a cikin 2002. 2006. Duk da kyawawan halaye na ragewa, alkaluman kisa na Rasha ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya tare da matsayi na biyar a cikin kasashe 62.

Tare da yawan fursunoni na 611 ga kowane 100,000, Rasha ta kasance ta biyu kawai bayan Amurka (bayanai na 2006). Bugu da ƙari, binciken ilimin laifuka ya nuna cewa a cikin shekaru biyar na farko tun daga 2000 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin 1992 zuwa 1999, yawan fashi ya karu da kashi 38.2% kuma yawan laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya fi girma da kashi 71.7%.

Rikicin cikin gida

Rasha tana da babban tashin hankali na cikin gida idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai kamar Burtaniya. Rasha ta haramta cin zarafin gida na farko a cikin 2017, ta sanya matsakaicin hukunci tarar gudanarwa don raunin da bai haifar da asibiti ba. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun bayyana matsalolin samun kariya daga ‘yan sanda wadanda suka yi sanadin yi musu kaciya ko kisa, da kuma masu ra’ayin al’adu da ke daukar tashin hankalin gida a matsayin iyali maimakon batun gwamnati, kuma ya musanta batun fyaden aure. Cocin Orthodox na Rasha ya taimaka wajen kayar da wani kudirin doka na 2019 wanda zai gabatar da umarnin hanawa a karon farko a Rasha, da kuma kara daurin kurkuku don cin zarafin gida na farko. Cocin ta kira dokar da "antifamily" kuma ta dora laifin a kan "akidun mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi".

A lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Rasha, an ci wasu mata tarar saboda karya dokokin keɓewa lokacin da suka tsere wa masu cin zarafinsu, wanda ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin ka'idojin. A cikin 2020, gwamnati ta yanke kudade don kokarin yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida da kashi 88% daga shekarar da ta gabata. Duk wata kungiya mai adawa da tashin hankali na cikin gida da ke karɓar tallafin kasa da kasa tana ƙarƙashin rajista tare da gwamnati kuma dole ne ta lakafta duk kayan aikinta "wakilin kasashen waje". Kamfanin talla Room 485 a cikin 2020 ya kaddamar da kamfen akan sanannen ra'ayi "idan ya doke ka, yana nufin yana ƙaunarta".

Nuna bambanci

A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2011, an haramta wariya ba tare da amfani da matsayi na hukuma ba. Bambance-bambance ta hanyar amfani da matsayi na hukuma ya kasance da laifi, amma ba a aiwatar da sashe na 136 na kundin laifuka na Tarayyar Rasha a zahiri.

Political freedom

Zabe

Rasha ta gudanar da zabe a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2011. Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi kira da a gudanar da sabon zabe cikin gaskiya da adalci da kuma gudanar da cikakken bincike cikin gaggawa kan duk rahotannin magudi. A cewar MEPs Rasha ba ta cika ka'idojin zabe ba kamar yadda kungiyar tsaro da hadin kai a Turai (OSCE) ta ayyana. Sakamakon farko-farko na Ofishin OSCE don Cibiyoyin Dimokuradiyya da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (ODIHR) na rahoton kan take hakkin tsari, rashin nuna son kai a kafafen yada labarai, cin zarafin masu sa ido masu zaman kansu da kuma rashin rabuwa tsakanin jam’iyya da jiha.

Tsanantawa ga masana kimiyya

Akwai lokuta da dama da hukumar ta FSB ta tuhumi masana kimiyya da zargin fallasa sirrin kasa ga 'yan kasashen waje, yayin da wadanda ake tuhuma da abokan aikinsu suka yi ikirarin cewa bayanan ko fasahar sun samo asali ne daga majiyoyin da aka riga aka buga da kuma fallasa su. Ko da yake shari'o'in sukan haifar da martani ga jama'a, shari'o'in da kansu ana gudanar da su ne a cikin rufaffiyar ɗakuna, ba tare da ɗaukar hoto ko sa ido na jama'a ba.

Masana kimiyya da ake magana a kai sune:

• Igor Sutyagin (an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15).
• Evgeny Afanasyev da Svyatoslav Bobyshev, (an yanke musu hukuncin kisa zuwa 12 da rabi da shekaru 12).
• Masanin kimiyya Igor Reshetin da abokan aikinsa a Rocket na Rasha da mai binciken sararin samaniya TsNIIMash-Export.
• Masanin kimiyyar lissafi Valentin Danilov (an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 14).
• Masanin kimiyyar jiki Oleg Korobeinichev (wanda aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin rubuce-rubuce na alkawarin kada ya bar birni daga shekara ta 2006). A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 FSB ta rufe shari'ar da aka yi masa saboda "rashin wani bangare na aikata laifuka". A watan Yulin 2007 masu gabatar da kara sun nemi gafara ga Korobeinichev saboda "hoton ɗan leƙen asiri").
• Masanin kimiyya Oskar Kaibyshev (an ba shi hukuncin dakatar da shekaru 6 da tarar $ 132,000).

Masanin ilimin halittu kuma ɗan jarida Alexander Nikitin, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Bellona, shima an zarge shi da leƙen asiri. Ya wallafa wani abu da ke fallasa hadurran da jiragen ruwan Nukiliya na Rundunar Sojan Ruwan Rasha ke yi. An wanke shi a shekara ta 1999 bayan ya shafe shekaru da yawa a gidan yari (an aika da kararsa don sake bincike sau 13 yayin da ya ci gaba da zama a kurkuku). Sauran shari'o'in da ake tuhumar su ne shari'ar dan jarida mai bincike kuma masanin kimiyya Grigory Pasko, da aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari sannan aka sake shi a karkashin wata afuwar gaba daya. Vladimir Petrenko wanda ya bayyana hatsarin da ke tattare da tarin yakin sinadarai na soji da aka tsare shi a gidan yari na tsawon watanni bakwai, da Nikolay Shchur, shugaban asusun kula da muhalli na Snezhinskiy wanda aka tsare a gidan yari na watanni shida.

zanga-zangar Rasha ta 2017

Viktor Orekhov, tsohon kyaftin din KGB wanda ya taimaka wa ‘yan adawar Soviet kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru takwas a zamanin Soviet, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a shekara ta 1995 saboda zargin mallakar bindiga da mujallu. Bayan shekara daya aka sake shi ya bar kasar.

An gurfanar da Vil Mirzayanov a gaban kuliya bisa labarin da aka buga a shekarar 1992 inda ya yi ikirarin cewa Rasha na aiki da makamai masu guba, amma ya ci nasara a shari'ar kuma daga baya ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka.

An kama Vladimir Kazantsev wanda ya bayyana sayan na'urorin satar bayanan sirri ba bisa ka'ida ba daga kamfanonin kasashen waje a watan Agustan 1995, kuma aka sake shi a karshen shekara, duk da haka ba a rufe karar ba. An yanke wa mai binciken Mikhail Trepashkin hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a watan Mayun 2004.

An live da Vil Mirzayanov a gaban kuliya bisa labarin da aka buga a aikin 1992 inda ya yi abubuwan cewa Rasha na aiki da masu guba, amma ya ci nasara a shari'ar kuma daga baya ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka. (kimanin 695 USD).

'Yan adawar siyasa daga tsohuwar jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet, irin su Tajikistan da Uzbekistan mai mulki, FSB galibi suna kama da mika su ga wadannan kasashe don gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya, duk da zanga-zangar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa suka yi. Jami'an tsaro na musamman na Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan da Azerbaijan suma suna yin garkuwa da mutane a yankin Rasha, tare da amincewar hukumar FSB.

An kuma tsare mutane da yawa don hana su yin zanga-zanga a lokacin Taron G8 a shekara ta 2006.

Cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam da ke da alaƙa da kasuwanci

Akwai manyan shari'o'i da yawa na cin zarafin bil'adama da ke da alaƙa da kasuwanci a Rasha. Daga cikin sauran cin zarafi, wannan a bayyane ya haɗa da cin zarafin Mataki na 17 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Wadannan sun hada da shari'ar tsoffin shugabannin kamfanin mai na Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, da Platon Lebedev wadanda Amnesty International ta ayyana fursunonin lamiri, da shari'ar lauya Sergei Magnitsky, wanda kokarinsa na fallasa makircin masu laifi da jami'an tsaro na cin hanci da rashawa ya sa ya ci gaba da cin zarafi a gidan yari wanda ya kai ga mutuwarsa. Wani irin wannan shari'ar ita ce mutuwar a hannun 'yar kasuwa Vera Trifonova, wacce ke cikin kurkuku saboda zargin zamba. Shari'o'i irin su waɗannan sun ba da gudummawa ga tuhuma a wasu ƙasashe game da tsarin shari'a na Rasha, wanda ya bayyana kansa a cikin ƙin ba da buƙatun fitar da Rasha ga 'yan kasuwa da ke tserewa zuwa ƙasashen waje. Sanannen misalan haka su ne batutuwan hamshakan attajirin nan Boris Berezovsky da tsohon mataimakin shugaban Yukos Alexander Temerko a Burtaniya, da babban jami’in yada labarai Vladimir Gusinsky a Spain da Girka, Leonid Nevzlin a Isra’ila[3] da Ivan Kolesnikov a Cyprus. Shari'ar da za ta gwada halin hukumomin Faransa game da wannan batu shine na babban jirgin ruwa Vitaly Arkhangelsky. Bayanan da Wikileaks ya fitar ya nuna rashin amincewar da wasu gwamnatoci ke da shi ga gwamnatin Rasha kan irin wadannan batutuwa. Al’amuran da suka shafi manyan kamfanoni na iya samun labarai a kafafen yada labarai na duniya, amma akwai wasu kararraki da yawa daidai da wadanda suka cancanci a kula da su: al’amarin da ya shafi kwace kadarorin, tare da masu laifi da jami’an tsaro masu cin hanci da rashawa sun hada kai don gabatar da tuhume-tuhume na karya a kan ‘yan kasuwa, wadanda aka gaya musu cewa dole ne su mika kadarori don kauce wa shari’ar aikata laifuka a kansu. Wata fitacciyar mai fafutukar yaki da irin wannan cin zarafi ita ce Yana Yakovleva, ita kanta wacce aka azabtar da ita wacce ta kafa kungiyar hadin kan Kasuwanci a sakamakon wahalar da ta sha.

Kashe-kashen da ake zargi

Ana zargin wasu 'yan majalisar adawa na Rasha da 'yan jarida masu bincike da aka kashe yayin da suke binciken cin hanci da rashawa da laifukan da ake zargin hukumomin gwamnati ko FSB: Alexei Navalny, Sergei Yushenkov, Yuri Shchekochikhin, Alexander Litvinenko, Galina Starovoitova, Anna Politkovskaya, Paul Klebnikov.

Hukumomin leken asirin Amurka da na Birtaniya sun yi imanin gwamnatin Rasha da ma’aikatan sirri ne ke da hannu wajen kashe akalla mutane goma sha hudu a kasar Birtaniya.

Yanayin da ke faruwa a Chechnya

Manufofin Gwamnatin Rasha a Chechnya sun haifar da damuwa ta duniya. An ruwaito cewa sojojin Rasha sun sace, azabtar da su, kuma sun kashe fararen hula da yawa a Chechnya, amma 'yan tawaye na Chechnya sun kuma aikata cin zarafi da ayyukan ta'addanci, kamar sace mutane don fansa da kuma jefa bam a tashoshin metro na Moscow. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna sukar shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace a hannun jami'an Rasha. An kuma bayar da rahoton kama-kashen da aka yi da azabtarwa da sojoji a karkashin umurnin Ramzan Kadyrov da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. Akwai rahotanni game da zalunci, toshe bayanai, da yanayin tsoro da fidda rai a Chechnya.

A cewar rahotanni na Tunawa, akwai tsarin "mai kawo tashin hankali" a Jamhuriyar Chechen, da kuma makwabciyar Ingushetiya. Ana zargin mutane da laifuka da suka shafi ayyukan 'yan tawagar masu rabuwa, mambobin hukumomin tsaro sun tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba, sannan suka ɓace. Bayan wani lokaci an sami wasu fursunoni a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na farko, yayin da wasu ake zargin sun ɓace har abada, kuma ana azabtar da wasu don yin ikirarin aikata laifi ko / kuma tsawata wa wani. Har ila yau ana amfani da matsin hankali. Sanannen 'yar jaridar Rasha Anna Politkovskaya ta kwatanta wannan tsarin da Gulag kuma ta yi iƙirarin adadin daruruwan shari'o'i.

An kashe 'yan jarida da yawa a Chechnya saboda bayar da rahoto game da rikici. Jerin sunayen sun hada da wadanda ba su da mashahuri: Cynthia Elbaum, Vladimir Zhitarenko, Nina Yefimova, Jochen Piest, Farkhad Kerimov, Natalya Alyakina, Shamkhan Kagirov, Viktor Pimenov, Nadezhda Chaikova, Supian Ependiyev, Ramzan Mezhidov da Shamil Gigayev, Aleksandr Yefremov, [4] Roddy Scott, Paul Klebnikov, Magomagedzid Vemirov, [4] Natalya Estkovaya.

Kamar yadda kwamishinan kare hakkin bil adama na majalisar Turai Thomas Hammarberg ya ruwaito a shekara ta 2009, "rikicin soji da suka gabata, hare-haren ta'addanci (ciki har da kunar bakin wake), da kuma cin hanci da rashawa da kuma yanayin rashin hukunta duk sun addabi yankin".

A cewar Cibiyar Tunawa da 'Yancin Dan Adam, jimlar adadin wadanda ake zargi da sace-sacen a Chechnya ya kai 42 a duk shekara ta 2008, yayin da a cikin watanni hudu na farko na 2009 akwai irin waɗannan shari'o'i 58. Daga cikin wadannan mutane 58, an saki 45, 2 sun mutu, 4 sun ɓace kuma 7 an same su a cikin rukunin tsare-tsare na 'yan sanda. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an yi korafe-korafe 164 game da ayyukan da jami'an tsaro suka yi, 111 daga cikinsu an ba da su. A farkon rabin shekara ta 2009, an yi irin waɗannan korafe-korafe 52, 18 daga cikinsu an ba su.

A ranar 16 ga Afrilun 2009 hukumomin tarayya suka dage aikin yaki da ta'addanci (CTO) a Chechnya. Bayan haka, hukumomin Checheniya ne ke da alhakin yaki da ta'addanci a Jamhuriyar. Sai dai matakin dage gwamnatin CTO bai kasance tare da raguwar ayyukan kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba a Chechnya.

Akwai rahotanni kan yadda ake aiwatar da hukuncin gama-gari na 'yan uwan da ake zargin 'yan ta'adda ne ko masu tayar da kayar baya: kona gidaje na ladabtarwa na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin dabarun da ake yi wa iyalan wadanda ake zargi da tayar da kayar baya. Hukumomin Checheniya sun tabbatar da faruwar irin wannan lamari tare da nuna cewa "irin wadannan abubuwa sun kasance da wahala a hana su, saboda sun samo asali ne daga al'adun ramuwar gayya da ya zama ruwan dare", duk da haka, ana kokarin ilmantar da jama'a don hana afkuwar irin wannan lamari, tare da hadin gwiwar dattawan kauyuka da malaman addinin Musulunci, kuma an biya diyya ga da yawa daga cikin wadanda aka yi wa kona gidaje.

Shekaru na 2010

Shugaban Chechen Ramzan Kadyrov yana mulkin Jamhuriyar Chechen ta hanyar zalunci da zalunci. Akwai sansanonin gay a Chechnya inda ake azabtar da masu luwadi kuma a kashe su. A watan Satumbar 2017 Tatyana Moskalkova, wakilin gwamnati kan 'yancin dan adam, ta sadu da hukumomin Chechnen don tattauna jerin mutane 31 da aka kashe kwanan nan ba tare da shari'a ba a jamhuriya.

Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba

Majalisar dokokin kasar Rasha ta zartar da wani kudirin doka ta 370-18 da ke bukatar rassa na gida na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje (NGOs) da su sake yin rajista a matsayin kungiyoyin Rasha da ke karkashin ikon Rasha, don haka an tsaurara takunkumin kudi da na doka. Kudirin ya baiwa jami'an Rasha sa ido kan harkokin kudi da ayyukan gida. Kudirin ya sha suka sosai daga Human Rights Watch, kungiyar Tunawa da INDEM Foundation saboda tasirin da zai iya yi kan sa ido na kasa da kasa kan matsayin hakkin dan Adam a Rasha. A watan Oktobar 2006 an dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje ta hanyar amfani da wannan doka; Jami’ai sun ce, “dakatarwar ta biyo bayan gazawar kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu wajen cika ka’idojin doka, ba wai shawarar siyasa ta jihar ba, za a bar kungiyoyin su koma bakin aiki da zarar an kammala rajistar su.” dakatarwar ta samo asali ne kawai daga gazawar kungiyoyi masu masu zaman kansu don biyan bukatun doka, ba daga yanke shawara ta siyasa daga jihar ba. Za a ba wa kungiyoyin damar ci gaba da aiki da zarar an kammala rajistar su. " Wani matsin lamba ya biyo baya a shekara ta 2007.

Shekarar 2015 ta ga rushewar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama biyo bayan rajistar su a matsayin wakilai na kasashen waje a karkashin dokar wakilan kasashen waje ta Rasha ta 2012 da kuma rufe kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a karkashin dokar kungiyoyin da ba a so ta 2015 ta Rasha.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, Rasha ta ba da sanarwar rufe Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Moscow.

'Yanci na addini

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Rasha ya tabbatar da 'yancin addini da daidaito na dukkan addinai kafin doka da kuma rabuwa da coci da jihar. Vladimir Putin ya yi iƙirarin a cikin rahoton mai ba da shawara na 2005 cewa, "jiha ta Rasha ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a kiyaye 'yancin addini da ayyukan doka na ƙungiyoyin addini, shawo kan al'adun mulkin kama karya, mamaye akidar guda ɗaya da mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya. " Koyaya, rahotanni na cin zarafin addini suna ci gaba da fitowa daga Rasha. A cewar International Christian Concern, a cikin 2021 "rashin amincewa da 'yancin addini ya kara tsanantawa a Rasha". A watan Yunin 2021, Forum 18 ya nuna cewa "sau biyu kamar yadda fursunonin lamiri da yawa ke yin hukunci ko kuma suna cikin tsare-tsare suna jiran roko don nuna 'yancin addini ko imani kamar yadda a watan Nuwamba 2020". Yawancin malaman addini da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kwanan nan sun yi magana game da cin zarafin da ke faruwa a Rasha akan 'yan tsiraru. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta dauki Rasha daya daga cikin "mafi munin masu keta" 'yancin addini a duniya.

Alvaro Gil-Robles ya jaddada yawan tallafin jihar da hukumomin tarayya da na yanki suka bayar ya bambanta ga al'ummomin addini daban-daban. Daidai da hakan, ba koyaushe hukumomin tarayya da na gida ba ne ke kula da Katolika da sauran addinai.

Vladimir Lukin ya lura a shekara ta 2005, cewa 'yan ƙasar Rasha ba sa fuskantar keta' yancin lamiri (wanda aka tabbatar da Mataki na 28 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki) a lokacin. Ofishin Kwamishinan a kowace shekara ya karɓi korafe-korafe tsakanin 200 zuwa 250 da suka shafi take hakkin, yawanci daga masu bauta, waɗanda ke wakiltar ikirari daban-daban: Orthodox (amma ba na Moscow ba), Tsofaffi, Musulmi, Furotesta da sauransu. Anna Politkovskaya ta bayyana shari'o'in gurfanar da har ma da kisan Musulmai da hukumomin tilasta bin doka na Rasha suka yi a Arewacin Caucasus. Koyaya, akwai Musulmai da yawa a cikin gwamnati mafi girma, Duma, da kasuwanci.

Ƙarin damuwa game da ƙuntatawa na haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na ƙungiya (mataki na 30 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki) ya taso. Kamar yadda Vladimir Lukin ya lura sama da shekaru 15 da suka gabata, cewa yawan kungiyoyin addinai da aka yi rajista suna ci gaba da ƙaruwa (22,144 a shekara ta 2005), duk da haka a halin yanzu yawancin kungiyoyin addinin sun kasa samun amincewar doka ko kuma an cire su daga amincewar doka da aka ba su a baya: misali Shaidun Jehobah, Ƙungiyar Duniya don Krishna Consciousness, da sauransu.

Dangane da mayar da martani, Duma ta zartar da sabuwar doka, mai takurawa, kuma mai yuwuwar nuna wariya a cikin Oktoba 1997. Dokar tana da sarkakiya, tare da tanadi da yawa masu cike da shubuha da sabani. Mafi yawan tanadin dokar ya raba “kungiyoyi” da “kungiyoyi” na addini tare da gabatar da wata doka ta shekaru 15, wacce ke ba ƙungiyoyin da suka wanzu shekaru 15 ko sama da haka damar samun matsayin da aka amince da su. A cewar limamin kasar Rasha kuma dan adawa Gleb Yakunin, sabuwar dokar addini “tana matukar goyon bayan Cocin Orthodox na Rasha da cin gajiyar duk wasu addinai, da suka hada da Yahudanci, Katolika, da Furotesta”, kuma “wani mataki ne na koma baya a tsarin dimokuradiyya na Rasha.” Tun shekara ta 2017, Shaidun Jehobah sun fuskanci tsanantawa don wasu dalilai.

Da'awar tabbatar da "ban da duk wani nuna bambanci na doka, gudanarwa da na kasafin kudi game da abin da ake kira ikirarin da ba na gargajiya ba" an karbe shi ne ta hanyar PACE a watan Yunin shekara ta 2005.

'Yanci na motsi

Fiye da ma'aikata miliyan huɗu da ke da alaƙa da sojoji da ayyukan tsaro an hana su tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje a ƙarƙashin dokokin da aka bayar a cikin shekara ta 2014.

A watan Satumba na 2022, Vladimir Putin ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka da ke gabatar da daurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru 15 don ayyukan yakin, gami da mika wuya na son rai da ficewa yayin hada kai ko yaki.

'Yanci na kafofin watsa labarai

'Yancin watsa labarai a fadin Tarayyar Rasha, 2006Green: Gaskiya kyauta Orange: Ba kyauta sosai ba Ja: Ba kyauta Grey: Babu data. Ba a sami yankuna kyauta ba. Source: Glasnost Defence Foundation

Reporters Without Borders sun sanya Rasha a matsayi na 147 a cikin World Press Freedom Index (daga jerin kasashe 168). A cewar Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida, an kashe' yan jarida 47 a Rasha saboda ayyukansu na sana'a, tun 1992 (kamar 15 ga Janairu 2008). An kashe talatin a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Boris Yeltsin, sauran kuma an kashe su a karkashin Shugaba Vladimir Putin. A cewar Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Glasnost, akwai shari'o'i 8 na mutuwar 'yan jarida a cikin 2007, da kuma hare-hare 75 a kan' yan jarida, da hare-hare 11 a kan ofisoshin edita. A shekara ta 2006, adadin ya kasance mutuwar 9, hare-hare 69, da hare-hare 12 a ofisoshi. A shekara ta 2005, jerin dukkan shari'o'in sun hada da mutuwar mutane 7, hare-hare 63, hare-haren 12 a ofisoshin edita, laifuka 23, laifuka 42, laifuffuka 11 ba bisa ka'ida ba, shari'o'in tsare 47 da 'yan bindiga, 382 kararraki, 233 kararrakin rufe ofishin, edita 1, 3 kotu. kwace 28 na bugu, shari'o'i 23 na dakatar da watsa shirye-shirye, 38 sun ƙi rarraba ko buga kayan aiki, ayyukan tsoratarwa 25, da wasu 344 na take haƙƙin 'yan jarida na Rasha.

An kashe 'yar jaridar kasar Rasha Anna Politkovskaya, wadda ta shahara da sukar ayyukan Rasha a Chechnya, da kuma gwamnatin Chechya mai goyon bayan Kremlin, a birnin Moscow. Tsohon jami'in KGB Oleg Gordievsky ya yi imanin cewa kisan gillar da aka yi wa marubuta Yuri Shchekochikhin (marubucin Slaves of KGB), Anna Politkovskaya, da Aleksander Litvinenko ya nuna cewa FSB ta koma aikin kisan gillar siyasa, [1] wanda Sashen Sha Uku na KGB ya yi a baya.

'Yar jarida mai adawa Yevgenia Albats a wata hira da Eduard Steiner ta yi iƙirarin, "A yau ana gayyatar darektocin gidajen talabijin da jaridu a kowace Alhamis a cikin ofishin Kremlin na mataimakin shugaban gwamnati, Vladislav Surkov don sanin abin da ya kamata a gabatar da labarai, da kuma inda. Ana sayen 'yan jarida tare da albashi mai yawa."

A cewar Amnesty International a lokacin da kuma bayan gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi ta 2014 hukumomin Rasha sun dauki karin kalaman nuna kyama ga kasashen yammaci da Ukraine, wadanda suka yi ta yadawa a kafafen yada labarai na gwamnati. Hakan ya biyo bayan yakin Russo-Ukrain da sanya takunkumin kasa da kasa.

A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2020, an tsare 'yan jarida bakwai da marubuci yayin wata zanga-zangar lumana. Suna rike da kuri'un mutum daya don nuna goyon baya ga 'yan jaridar da aka tsare a baya. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2020, 'yan sandan Moscow sun kama karin mutane 30, ciki har da 'yan jarida, masu fafutuka da wakilan majalisar gundumomi.

A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2020, wata kotu a Rasha ta yanke wa 'yar jarida Svetlana Prokopyeva hukunci kan zargin ta'addanci na karya. An ci ta tarar dala 500,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 7000). Ta yi aiki a Echo of Moscow da kuma Radio Free Turai. A cikin gidan rediyonta na Nuwamba 2018 kan harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai kan ginin Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya (FSB) a Arkhangelsk, ta soki gwamnati kan manufofinta na danniya da murkushe 'yancin yin taro da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki wanda ya sa fafutukar lumana ba ta yiwu ba. A watan Yulin 2019, an saka ta a matsayin "'yan ta'adda da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" kuma hukumomi sun dakile kadarorinta. A watan Satumba na 2019, an zarge ta da " farfagandar ta'addanci " wanda gaba daya ya dogara da watsa shirye-shiryenta na Rediyo.

Na'urar tantancewa ta Rasha Roskomnadzor ta umurci kungiyoyin watsa labarai da su goge labarun da suka bayyana mamayewar Rasha na Ukraine a 2022 a matsayin "harin kai", "mamaye", ko "bayanin yaki". Roskomnadzor ya kaddamar da bincike a kan Novaya Gazeta, Echo na Moscow, inoSMI, MediaZona, New Times, TV Rain, da sauran kafofin watsa labaru na Rasha don buga "bayanan da ba daidai ba game da harbe-harbe na garuruwan Ukrainian da fararen hula a Ukraine sakamakon ayyukan da sojojin Rasha suka yi" A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2022, hukumomin Rasha sun hana shiga Echo of Moscow da TV Rain, tashar TV ta ƙarshe ta Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, Roskomnadzor ya yi barazanar toshe damar shiga Wikipedia na Rasha a Rasha a kan labarin "Вторжение России на Украину (2022) " ('Rasha ta mamaye Ukraine (2022) '), yana mai da'awar cewa labarin ya ƙunshi "bayanai da aka rarraba ba bisa ka'ida ba", gami da "ra'idoji game da yawan wadanda suka mutu tsakanin ma'aikatan sabis na Tarayyar Rasha da kuma fararen hula na Ukraine, gami da yara".

On 4 March 2022, Roskomnadzor blocked access to several foreign media outlets, including BBC News Russian, Voice of America, RFE/RL, Deutsche Welle and Meduza, as well as Facebook and Twitter.

A ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba Vladimir Putin ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta gabatar da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru 15 ga waɗanda suka buga "bayanai na ƙarya" game da sojojin Rasha da ayyukanta, wanda ya haifar da wasu kafofin watsa labarai don dakatar da bayar da rahoto game da Ukraine. Fiye da 'yan jaridar Rasha 1,000 sun tsere daga Rasha tun watan Fabrairun 2022. Hugh Williamson, daraktan Turai da Tsakiyar Asiya a Human Rights Watch, ya ce, "Wadannan sabbin dokokin wani bangare ne na rashin tausayin kokarin Rasha na murkushe duk wata adawa da kuma tabbatar da cewa yawan jama'ar [Rasha] ba su da damar yin amfani da duk wani bayani da ya saba wa labarin Kremlin game da mamayewar Ukraine. bayanai game da harin jirgin saman gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariupol.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ɗan jaridar Rasha Alexander Nevzorov ya rubuta wa Shugaban Kwamitin Bincike na Rasha Alexander Bastrykin cewa dokokin tantancewa yaki na Rasha na 2022 sun keta tanadin 'yancin magana na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Rasha. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Rasha ya haramta tantancewa a cikin Mataki na 29 na Babi na 2, Hakki da 'Yancin Mutum da Dan kasa. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an gurfanar da mutane sama da 4,000 a karkashin dokokin "labaran karya".

A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi Allah wadai da ci gaba da ta'addancin da Rasha ke yi a kan ƙungiyoyin jama'a, masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da kafofin watsa labarai. An rufe galibin kafafen yada labaran Rasha masu zaman kansu don gudun fuskantar tuhuma, ko kuma an toshe su tare da dimbin kafafen yada labaran kasashen waje. Daga cikin dubban 'yan kasar Rasha da suka yi zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine, an tsare sama da 16,000 daga cikinsu, ciki har da masu kare hakkin bil'adama da dama.

A ranar 5 ga Satumba 2022, an yanke wa ɗan jaridar Rasha Ivan Safranov hukuncin shekaru 22 a kurkuku dangane da zargin "cin amana". Jaridar yau da kullun ta Rasha Kommersant ta kira zargin cin amana "ba daidai ba". A watan Yunin 2019, an zargi Kommersant a kotunan Rasha da bayyana asirin jihar; a cewar BBC News, shari'ar ta dogara ne akan wata kasida da Safronov ya rubuta tare game da tallace-tallace na jiragen yaki na Rasha zuwa Masar.

'Yanci na taro

Kaddamarwa a zanga-zangar adawa da yaki a Moscow, 24 Fabrairu 2022

Tsarin Mulki na Rasha (1993) ya bayyana 'yancin yin taro cewa 'yan ƙasar Rasha za su sami 'yancin yin taro cikin lumana, ba tare da makamai ba, da kuma gudanar da tarurruka, tarurruka, zanga-zangar, zanga-zanga da kuma zaɓe.

A cewar rahoton na Amnesty International (rahoton 2013) zanga-zangar lumana a duk fadin kasar Rasha, gami da tarurrukan kananan gungun mutanen da ba su gabatar da wata barazana ko damuwa ba, ‘yan sanda ne suka tarwatsa su akai-akai, da karfin tuwo. Kwana daya gabanin rantsar da shugaba Putin, 'yan sanda sun dakatar da masu zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da zaben dandalin Bolotnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Masu zanga-zangar 19 sun fuskanci tuhume-tuhume masu alaka da al'amuran da hukumomi suka bayyana a matsayin "taron tarzoma". An bayyana sunayen manyan masu fafutukar siyasa da dama a matsayin shaidu a lamarin kuma an bincikar gidajensu a ayyukan da gidajen talabijin da gwamnati ke yadawa. Sama da 6 da 7 ga Mayu, an kama ɗaruruwan mutane masu zaman lafiya a duk faɗin Moscow. According to Amnesty International police used excessive and unlawful force against protestors during the Bolotnaya Square protest on 6 May 2012. Hundreds of peaceful protesters were arrested.

Bisa wata dokar Rasha da aka gabatar a shekara ta 2014, za a iya ba da tarar ko daurin kwanaki 15 saboda gudanar da zanga-zanga ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, kuma za a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na laifuka uku. Masu zaɓen mutum ɗaya sun haifar da tarar da daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari.

A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2020, an tuhumi wata mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo ta mata Yulia Tsvetkova da "yaɗa hotunan batsa". Ta gudanar da wata ƙungiya ta kafofin watsa labarun da ke ƙarfafa jin daɗin jiki tare da nuna rashin amincewa da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar mata. An daure ta na wata 5 a gidanta kuma an hana ta tafiya. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2020, kafofin watsa labarai na Rasha 50 sun shirya "Yajin aikin Media ga Yulia", suna rokon gwamnati da ta yi watsi da duk wasu tuhume-tuhume da ake yi wa Yulia. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, masu fafutuka sun gudanar da zanga-zangar lumana ta nuna kin amincewa da gwamnati cikin lumana. 'Yan sanda sun tsare masu fafutuka 40 saboda goyon bayan Yulia Tsvetkova. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bukaci hukumomin kasar da su yi watsi da duk wasu tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi wa Yulia saboda kasancewarta mai ra'ayin mata kuma mai fafutukar 'yan LGBTQ.

A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2020, Human Rights Watch ta ce, an tsare 'yan jarida da dama a Rasha a wani mataki na murkushe zanga-zangar lumana kuma suna fuskantar tara. Kungiyar ta HRW ta bukaci hukumomin Rasha da su yi watsi da tuhumar da ake yi wa masu zanga-zangar da 'yan jarida da kuma kawo karshen hare-haren da ake kai wa 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki.

A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2020, Human Rights Watch ta bukaci hukumomin Rasha da su yi watsi da tuhumar da ake yi wa Yulia Galyamina, 'yar majalisa, wacce ake zargi da shirya da kuma shiga zanga-zangar da ba ta da izini, ko da yake sun kasance cikin lumana. Laifinta ya keta mutuncin 'yancin taro.

A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2021, rahoton "RUSSIA: BABU WURIN ZANGA-ZANGA" daga Amnesty International wanda a ciki ya bayyana cewa hukumomin Rasha sun sa kusan ba zai yiwu ba ga masu zanga-zangar yin amfani da 'yancinsu na 'yancin yin taro na lumana. Kungiyar ta kuma zargi Rasha da murkushe zanga-zangar lumana ta hanyar amfani da manyan tsare-tsare na 'yan sanda da kuma yin amfani da tsauraran dokoki.

Ƙananan kabilun

Manyan kabilun biyu, ban da Rashawa, a kowane yanki (Census 2010)

Tarayyar Rasha kasa ce mai yawan al'umma da ke da ƙabilu sama da 170 da aka ware a matsayin ƙasashe, yawan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun bambanta da yawa, daga miliyoyin mutanen Rasha da Tatar zuwa ƙasa da dubu goma na Nenets da Samis. Daga cikin batutuwa 83 da suka ƙunshi Tarayyar Rasha, akwai jumhuriyar ƙasa 21 (da nufin zama gida ga ƙayyadaddun ƙabilanci), 5 okrug masu cin gashin kansu (yawanci tare da ƴan tsiraru masu yawa ko mafi rinjaye) da yanki mai cin gashin kansa. Ko da yake, kamar yadda kwamishinan 'yancin ɗan adam na Majalisar Turai Gil-Robles ya lura a cikin wani rahoto na 2004, ko yankin yana "kasa" ko a'a, duk 'yan ƙasa suna da 'yancin kai daidai kuma babu wani wanda ke da gata ko nuna wariya saboda bambancin ƙabila.

Kamar yadda Gil-Robles ya lura, ko da yake haɗin gwiwa da kyakkyawar dangantaka har yanzu shine tsarin mulki a yawancin yankuna, tashin hankali yana tasowa, wanda asalinsu ya bambanta. Majiyoyinsu sun haɗa da matsalolin da suka shafi al'ummomin da suka fuskanci zalunci na Stalin, matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ke haifar da rikici tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, da kuma halin da ake ciki a Chechnya da hare-haren ta'addanci da ke da nasaba da rashin jituwa ga mutanen Caucasus da tsakiyar Asiya, wanda ke daukar nau'i na wariya da nuna wariyar launin fata ga kungiyoyin da ake magana.

Kwamitin Ministocin Majalisar Turai a watan Mayun 2007 ya nuna damuwa cewa har yanzu Rasha ba ta amince da cikakkiyar dokar nuna wariya ba, kuma ba a cika yin amfani da tanadin nuna wariya da ake da shi ba duk da rahotannin da aka bayar na nuna wariya.

Kamar yadda Gil-Robles ya lura a cikin 2004, ƴan tsiraru gabaɗaya suna wakiltar ƙananan hukumomi da na yanki, kuma suna shiga cikin harkokin jama'a. Gil-Robles ya jaddada irin hadin kai da fahimtar juna tsakanin kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a yanki daya, da kuma rawar da hukumomin yanki da na kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen tattaunawa da ci gaban kabilanci. Tare da wannan, Kwamitin Ministoci a cikin 2007 ya lura da wasu koma baya a cikin shigar da tsiraru a cikin rayuwar jama'a, ciki har da soke tanadin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na rabon 'yan asalin yankin a majalisun yankuna.

Ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Rasha ya amince da Rashanci a matsayin harshen hukuma, kowane jumhuriya na iya bayyana harshe ɗaya ko fiye na hukuma. Yawancin batutuwa suna da aƙalla biyu-Rashanci da yaren ƙabilar "lalata". Kamar yadda Ministoci suka lura a cikin 2007, akwai yanayin yare ƴan tsiraru a yawancin batutuwan tarayya, tare da jaridu da mujallu sama da 1,350, tashoshin talabijin 300 da gidajen rediyo 250 a cikin harsunan tsiraru sama da 50. Bugu da ƙari, sabuwar doka ta ba da damar yin amfani da ƙananan harsuna a rediyon tarayya da watsa shirye-shiryen TV.

A cikin 2007, akwai makarantu 6,260 waɗanda ke ba da koyarwa a cikin ƙananan harsuna 38. Sama da ƙananan harsuna 75 an koyar da su azaman horo a makarantu 10,404. Ministocin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai sun lura da kokarin inganta samar da litattafai da malamai marasa rinjaye, da kuma samar da karin koyar da harsunan tsiraru. Sai dai kuma kamar yadda Ministoci suka yi nuni da cewa, akwai sauran nakasu wajen samun ilimi na wasu ‘yan tsiraru.

Akwai kungiyoyin jama'a na kananan kabilu sama da 2,000 da masu cin gashin kansu na al'adu 560, duk da haka kwamitin ministocin ya lura cewa, a yankuna da yawa, adadin tallafin da jihohi ke bayarwa don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun tsiraru har yanzu bai isa ba. Alvaro Gil-Robles ya lura a cikin 2004 cewa akwai bambanci sosai tsakanin kabilun "masu sani" da 'yan kasa ba tare da nasu yanki na kasa ba, saboda albarkatun na karshen suna da iyaka.

Har ila yau, Rasha gida ce ga wani rukuni na 'yan tsiraru, watau ƙananan' yan asalin Arewa da Gabas ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke kula da salon rayuwa na gargajiya, sau da yawa a cikin yanayin yanayi mai haɗari, yayin da suke daidaitawa da duniyar zamani. Bayan faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, Tarayyar Rasha ta zartar da dokoki don kare haƙƙin ƙananan 'yan asalin arewa. Gil-Robles ya lura da yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin wakilan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kamfanonin mai, waɗanda ke biyan diyya ga yiwuwar lalacewar mazaunan mutane saboda binciken mai. Kamar yadda Kwamitin Ministocin Majalisar Turai ya lura a cikin 2007, duk da wasu shirye-shiryen ci gaba, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ƙananan 'yan asalin ƙasar ya shafi gyare-gyaren majalisa na baya-bayan nan a matakin tarayya, yana cire wasu matakan da suka dace game da samun damar zuwa ƙasa da sauran albarkatun ƙasa.

Alvaro Gil-Robles ya lura a cikin 2004 cewa, kamar yawancin ƙasashen Turai, Tarayyar Rasha kuma tana da baƙi da yawa waɗanda idan aka tattara su a wani yanki na musamman, waɗanda ake kira sabbin tsiraru, waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli misali. tare da jinya saboda rashin rajista. Wadanda aka yi rajista suna fuskantar wasu matsalolin haɗin kai saboda shingen harshe.

Kwamitin Ministoci ya lura a cikin 2007 cewa, duk da kokarin inganta damar yin rajistar zama da zama ɗan ƙasa ga 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa, waɗannan matakan har yanzu ba su daidaita halin da ake ciki na duk waɗanda suka shafi ba.

Baƙin haure da en-gudun hijira

A cikin Oktoba 2002 Tarayyar Rasha ta gabatar da sabuwar doka game da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin baƙi, wanda aka tsara don sarrafa shige da fice da fayyace haƙƙoƙin baƙi. Duk da wannan nasara ta doka, tun daga shekara ta 2004, yawancin al'ummomin kasashen waje a Rasha sun fuskanci matsaloli a aikace (a cewar Álvaro Gil-Robles).

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, kusan baƙi miliyan 8 ne aka yi rajista a hukumance a Rasha, yayin da wasu baƙi miliyan 5-7 ba su da matsayin doka.  

Yawancin baƙi da suka isa Rasha suna neman aiki. A lokuta da yawa ba su da kwangila na farko ko wasu yarjejeniyoyi tare da ma'aikacin gida. Matsalar da ta dace ita ce matsayin ba bisa ka'ida ba na baƙi da yawa (watau, ba a yi rajista ba kuma ba su da takardun shaida), wanda ke hana su duk wani taimako na zamantakewa (kamar na 2004) kuma sau da yawa yana haifar da cin zarafin su ta hanyar ma'aikaci. Duk da haka, ma'aikatan kasashen waje har yanzu suna amfana, abin da ke da alama da rashin son hukumomin yanki don warware matsalar ya zama wani nau'i na modus vivendi. Kamar yadda Gil-Robles ya lura, yana da sauƙin tunanin cewa matsayin ba bisa ka'ida ba na baƙi da yawa yana haifar da dalilin cin hanci da rashawa. Baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba, koda kuwa sun kwashe shekaru da yawa a Rasha za a iya kama su a kowane lokaci kuma a sanya su a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare don baƙi ba bisa doka ba don ƙarin fitarwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, yanayin rayuwa a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare ba shi da kyau, kuma tsarin korar ba shi da kuɗi, abin da zai iya tsawaita tsare baƙi na watanni ko ma shekaru. Tare da wannan, Gil-Robles ya gano tsayin daka na siyasa don neman mafita mai gamsarwa tsakanin hukumomin da ya yi magana da su.

Akwai shari'a ta musamman na tsoffin 'yan Soviet (yan asalin Tarayyar Rasha a halin yanzu). Da rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, Tarayyar Soviet ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ci gaban Tarayyar Soviet har ma ta hau kujerar Tarayyar Soviet a Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Saboda haka, Dokar Ƙasa ta 1991 ta amince da duk tsoffin 'yan Soviet na dindindin a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a matsayin 'yan kasar Rasha. Duk da haka, mutanen da aka haifa a Rasha wadanda ba su cikin yankin Rasha lokacin da dokar ta fara aiki, da kuma wasu mutanen da aka haifa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da suka zauna a Rasha amma ba a cikin ƙa'idar ba a can ba a ba su izinin zama 'yan kasar Rasha ba. Lokacin da a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2003 tsohon fasfo na Soviet ya zama marasa aiki, waɗannan mutanen dare ɗaya sun zama baƙi, kodayake yawancinsu sun ɗauki Rasha gidansu. Yawancin an hana su matsayin 'yan asalin Tarayyar Rasha, sun rasa 'yancin zama a Tarayyar Rasha, har ma an hana su fa'idodin ritaya da taimakon likita. Hankalinsu ma ya yi tasiri sosai tun lokacin da suka ji an ƙi su.

Wani lamari na musamman shine Turkawa Meskhetian. Wadanda aka kora Stalin daga Kudancin Jojiya da 1989 pogroms a cikin kwarin Fergana a Uzbekistan, wasu daga cikinsu sun watse a cikin Rasha. Yayin da a yawancin yankuna na Rasha Turkawa Meskhetian sun sami izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha kai tsaye, a yankin Krasnodar kusan Turkawa Meskhetian 15,000 an hana su izinin zama doka tun 1991. Abin takaici, ko matakan da Alvaro Gil-Robles ya ɗauka a 2004 bai sa hukumomin Krasnodar su canza matsayinsu ba; Vladimir Lukin a cikin rahoton na 2005 ya kira shi "kamfen da hukumomin yankin suka kaddamar kan wasu kabilu". Hanyar fita ga ɗimbin Turkawa Meskhetian a yankin Krasnodar ta zama sake matsuguni a Amurka. Kamar yadda Vladimir Lukin ya lura a cikin 2005, akwai irin wannan matsala tare da 5.5,5 Yazidis, wanda kafin wargajewar Tarayyar Soviet ya koma Krasnodar yankin daga Armenia. Dubu daya ne kawai daga cikinsu aka bai wa zama dan kasa, sauran kuma ba a halatta su ba.

A cikin 2006 Tarayyar Rasha bayan yunƙurin da Vladimir Putin ya gabatar ya amince da doka wacce don "kare muradun al'ummar ƙasar Rasha" ta ba da gagarumin hani kan kasancewar baki a kasuwannin sayar da kayayyaki na Rasha.

An yi wani ɗan gajeren yaƙin neman zaɓe akai-akai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma korar 'yan kabilar Georgian bisa zargin keta hurumin biza da kuma murkushe 'yan kasuwa da ƙungiyoyin mallakar Jojiya ko masu jigo a Jojiya a shekara ta 2006, a zaman wani ɓangare na takaddamar leƙen asirin Georgian-Rasha na 2006.

Newsweek ya ruwaito cewa, "[A shekara ta 2005] an ci tarar wasu mutane 300,000 saboda cin zarafin bakin haure a birnin Moscow kadai.

An kama wani dan jarida na Jaridar Wall Street Journal, Evan Gershkovich, a watan Maris na 2023 a Rasha bisa zargin leken asiri. Gwamnatin Biden ta gano aƙalla 'yan ƙasar Amurka 2 waɗanda aka tsare da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Rasha.

Nuna wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin shudi

  Kamar yadda Álvaro Gil-Robles ya lura a shekara ta 2004, manyan al'ummomin da xenophobia ke niyya sune al'ummar Yahudawa, kungiyoyin da suka fito daga Caucasus, baƙi da baƙi.

A cikin rahotonsa na shekara ta 2006, Vladimir Lukin ya lura da hauhawar ra'ayoyin kishin kasa da xenophobic a Rasha, da kuma lokuta masu yawa na tashin hankali da tashin hankali a kan tushen wariyar launin fata, kishin kasa ko rashin haƙuri na addini.

Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun nuna cewa an kashe mutane 44 kuma kusan 500 sun kai hari saboda launin fata a shekara ta 2006. A cewar majiyoyin hukuma, akwai "ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" 150 tare da mambobi sama da 5000 a Rasha a shekara ta 2006.

Kwamitin Ministoci na Majalisar Turai ya lura a cikin 2007, cewa manyan wakilan gwamnatin tarayya sun amince da yaki da wariyar launin fata da rashin haƙuri a bainar jama'a, kuma an ɗauki wasu shirye-shirye don aiwatar da waɗannan manufofin. Hakan ya biyo bayan karuwar hukuncin da aka yanke da nufin tayar da kiyayya ta kasa ko kabilanci ko addini. Sai dai kuma, an samu karuwar hare-haren ta'addanci masu nasaba da kabilanci a Tarayyar Rasha cikin shekaru hudu, amma duk da haka jami'an tilasta bin doka da yawa a lokuta da yawa ba sa son amincewa da kabilanci ko kishin kasa a cikin wadannan laifuka. Kalaman kyama sun zama ruwan dare a kafafen yada labarai da kuma maganganun siyasa. Halin mutanen da suka samo asali a Arewacin Caucasus yana da damuwa musamman.

Vladimir Lukin ya lura cewa rashin aiki na buƙatar bin doka na iya haifar da sakamakon, kamar rikicin kabilanci a watan Satumbar 2006 a garin a Jamhuriyar Karelia. Lukin ya lura da rawar da ake kira Movement Against Illegal Immigration. A sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na Kondopoga, an kori dukkan dukkan "ƙungiyar tilasta" na jamhuriya daga addsu, an bude shari'o'in aikata haram da yawa.

Dangane da binciken ra'ayi na kasa da kasa wanda VCIOM ta gudanar a shekara ta 2006, kashi 44% na masu amsa sun dauki Rasha a matsayin "gidan al'umma na kasashe da yawa" inda dukansu dole ne su sami daidaito, kashi 36% suna tunanin cewa "ya kamata Rashawa su sami ƙarin hakkoki tunda sun kasance mafi yawan jama'a", kuma kashi 15% suna tunanin "Rasha dole ne ta zama jihar mutanen Rasha". Koyaya, tambayar ita ce ainihin abin da kalmar Rasha ke nunawa. Ga kashi 39% na masu amsa Rashawa duk waɗanda suka girma kuma an tashe su a cikin al'adun Rasha; ga kashi 23% Rashawa waɗanda ke aiki don amfanin Rasha; 15% masu amsa suna tunanin cewa Rashawa ne kawai da jini za a iya kiran Rashawa; ga kashi 12% Rashawa duk suna da harshen Rasha na asali; ga kashi 7% Rashawa masu ƙwarewa ne na al'adar Orthodox ta Rasha.

Bisa kididdigar da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Rasha ta buga, a cikin 2007 a cikin Rasha 'yan kasashen waje da mutanen da ba su da 'yan kasa sun aikata laifuka 50,1, yayin da yawan laifukan da aka aikata a kan wannan rukunin zamantakewa ya kasance 15985.

Kamar yadda kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ruwaito, a cikin 2010 Cibiyar SOVA ta lura da raguwar tashin hankali mai nasaba da launin fata a Rasha a cikin 2009, dangane da 2008: "An kashe mutane 71 kuma 333 sun jikkata a hare-haren wariyar launin fata a bara [2009] shekara, ƙasa daga 110 da aka kashe da 487 a 2008." A cewar rahoton cibiyar SOVA, raguwar ta kasance mafi yawa "saboda kokarin da 'yan sanda suka yi na wargaza kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi mafi girma a Moscow da kuma yankin da ke kewaye". Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa “masu duhun fata ne, ma’aikatan bakin haure ba Slavic daga tsohuwar jamhuriyar Soviet a tsakiyar Asiya… da kuma Caucasus”. Kamar yadda dan jaridar Associated Press Peter Leonard ya yabawa, "Binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna ya tabbatar da ikirarin gwamnati na kokarin yakar ta'addancin wariyar launin fata."

A karkashin matsin lamba na 'yan sanda, yawan ayyukan wariyar launin fata ya fara raguwa a Rasha daga shekara ta 2009.

A cikin 2016, an ruwaito cewa wariyar launin fata a Rasha ya ga raguwar "mai ban sha'awa" a cikin laifukan ƙiyayya.

Jima'i da jinsi

Ba a yarda da auren jinsi ko ƙungiyoyin ma'auratan a Rasha. Mataki na 12 na kundin tsarin iyali ya bayyana cewa aure haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin mace da namiji.

A cikin watan Yunin 2013, majalisar dokoki baki ɗaya ta amince da dokar farfagandar 'yan luwadi ta Rasha, ta haramta haɓakawa tsakanin yaran " farfagandar dangantakar jima'i da ba ta dace ba ", ma'ana ɗan madigo, ɗan luwaɗi, bisexual, ko alaƙar transgender (LGBT). Masu cin zarafi suna fuskantar tara tara mai tsanani, kuma a game da baƙi, har zuwa kwanaki 15 na tsare da kora. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, an zartar da irin wannan dokokin da suka haramta " farfagandar luwadi " a tsakanin yara a yankuna 11 na Rasha. Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin dokar ta haramta gudanar da duk wata zanga-zangar jama'a don goyon bayan 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi, magana don kare haƙƙin LGBT, da rarraba abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da al'adun LGBT, ko kuma bayyana cewa alaƙar jima'i daidai take da dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi.

Har ila yau, a cikin watan Yuni, majalisar dokokin kasar ta zartar da wata doka da ta haramta daukar yaran Rasha daga kasashen waje da ma'auratan da ba su yi aure ba daga kasashen da aka halatta auren jinsi daya . A watan Satumba, wakilai da yawa sun gabatar da wani kudirin doka wanda zai sa iyaye su luwadi da madigo su zama dalilai na kin hakkin iyaye. An janye shi daga baya don sake dubawa.

Maganganun yan luwadi, da suka hada da jami'ai, da karuwar tashin hankalin 'yan luwadi sun hada da muhawara kan wadannan dokoki. An bayar da rahoton kashe-kashen ’yan luwadi uku a yankuna daban-daban na Rasha a watan Mayun 2013.

Kungiyoyin ’yan banga, da suka kunshi ’yan kishin kasa masu tsattsauran ra’ayi, da ‘yan Nazi, suna jawo maza ko samari zuwa taro, suna zarginsu da kasancewa ‘yan luwadi, suna wulakanta su da dukan tsiya, suna yada bidiyon yadda lamarin ke gudana a shafukan sada zumunta. Alal misali, a cikin watan Satumba na 2013, wani faifan bidiyo ya nuna yadda aka yi wa wani ɗan gudun hijirar Uzbekistan fyade a Rasha wanda aka yi masa barazana da bindiga kuma aka tilasta masa ya ce shi ɗan luwaɗi ne. An kaddamar da wasu ‘yan bincike, amma har yanzu ba a kai ga gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba.

A cikin wani rahoto da aka fitar a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2017, wani kwamitin kwararru biyar masu ba da shawara ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya—Vitit Muntarbhorn, Sètondji Roland Adjovi, Agnès Callamard, Nils Melzer da David Kaye—sun yi Allah wadai da guguwar azabtarwa da kisan gillar da ake yi wa mazan luwadi a Chechnya.

Cibiyoyin kula da kwakwalwa

Akwai lokuta da yawa waɗanda aka daure mutanen da ke da matsala ga hukumomin Rasha a cikin cibiyoyin tabin hankali a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.

Kadan ya canza a Cibiyar Serbsky ta Moscow inda aka tsare da yawa daga cikin manyan 'yan adawar Soviet bayan an gano su da ci gaba da schizophrenia. Wannan Cibiyar tana gudanar da kimantawa fiye da 2,500 da kotu ta ba da umarnin a kowace shekara. Lokacin da aka gwada mai laifin Yuri Budanov a can a shekara ta 2002, kwamitin da ke gudanar da binciken ya jagoranci Tamara Pechernikova, wanda ya la'anci mawallafin Natalya Gorbanevskaya a baya. An sami Budanov ba shi da laifi saboda "hauka na wucin gadi". Bayan da jama'a suka fusata, wani kwamitin da ya hada da Georgi Morozov, tsohon darektan Serbsky ne ya same shi cikin hayyaci a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Cibiyar Serbsky ta kuma yi ƙwarewa game da guba ga daruruwan yara a makarantar Chechen ta hanyar sinadarin da ba a sani ba na aiki mai ƙarfi da tsawo, wanda ya sa su gaba ɗaya ba su da ikon watanni da yawa. Kwamitin ya gano cewa cutar ta samo asali ne kawai daga "tsananin motsin rai".

Mutanen da suka naƙasa da haƙƙin yara

A halin yanzu, kimanin yara miliyan 2 suna zaune a gidajen marayu na Rasha, tare da wasu yara miliyan 4 a kan tituna. "Yaran Rasha an watsar da su zuwa jihar a kan kudi na 113,000 a shekara a cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce, sama da 67,286 a 1992. Daga cikin fiye da yara fiye da 600,000 da aka rarraba a matsayin 'ba tare da kulawar iyaye ba', yawancin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zama a cikin cibiyoyi, yayin da sauran masu kula da su ke zaune a cikin cibiyoyin, yayin da sauran masu kula da su ke zaune tare da masu kula da su. a Rasha - wanda kashi 95 cikin dari har yanzu suna da iyaye masu rai - suna fuskantar matsanancin rashin tausayi da rashin kulawa." Da zarar a hukumance labeled a matsayin retarded, Rasha marayu suna "akan ajiye don rayuwa a psychoneurological cibiyoyin. Baya ga samun kadan zuwa babu ilimi a irin wadannan cibiyoyin, wadannan marayun na iya zama a tsare a cikin tufafi buhu, tethered da wata gabar jiki zuwa furniture, hana kara kuzari, da kuma wani lokacin bar su kwanta rabin-tsirara a cikin nasu ƙazantar. a cikin gidajen jarirai, kuma a wasu lokuta an yi watsi da su har mutuwa”. Marubuci Rubén Gallego ya bayyana rayuwa da mutuwar yara naƙasassu a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati.  

Cinikin mutane

Ƙarshen gurguzu da rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet da Yugoslavia ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwar fataucin bil adama, inda akasarin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci. Rasha ƙasa ce ta asali ga mutane, musamman mata da yara, waɗanda aka yi safarar su don yin lalata da su. Har ila yau, Rasha wata hanya ce da kuma hanyar wucewa ga mutanen da aka yi safarar su don yin lalata da su da kuma yin lalata da su daga ƙasashen yanki da maƙwabta zuwa cikin Rasha da kuma bayanta. Kasar Rasha ce ke da kashi daya bisa hudu na mutane 1,235 da aka gano wadanda aka yi safararsu a shekarar 2003 zuwa Jamus. Gwamnatin Rasha ta nuna wani kuduri na yaki da fataucin mutane amma an soki lamirin kasa samar da ingantattun matakai wajen tabbatar da doka da kare wadanda abin ya shafa.