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'Yancin Dan Adam a Samoa

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Samoa
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
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Ƙasa Samoa
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 13°44′42″S 172°13′03″W / 13.745°S 172.2175°W / -13.745; -172.2175

Samoa, a hukumance Jihar Samoa mai zaman kanta, tana da yawan jama'a kusan 188,000.[1] Samoa ta sami 'yancin kai daga New Zealand a 1962 kuma tana da tsarin Westminster na dimokuradiyya na majalisa wanda ya haɗa da fannoni na al'adun gargajiya. A cikin 2016, Samoa ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa CRPD da kuma ka'idoji uku na zaɓi ga CRC.[2]

Duk da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jihar Samoa mai zaman kanta ya samar da kariya ga wasu muhimman hakkoki na ɗan adam, akwai ci gaba da manyan batutuwa da yawa. Manyan wuraren damuwa sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin mata, tashin hankali na gida da yanayin kurkuku mara kyau. Rahotanni da aka bayar a karkashin kulawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun lura cewa halin al'umma game da haƙƙin ɗan adam yana da shakku, wannan an danganta shi da damuwa cewa tilasta irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin zai kasance da lahani ga al'adun Samoan da al'adun. Wani abin damuwa shine haƙƙin ɗan luwaɗi a cikin ƙasar saboda luwadi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.

Shirin Ma'aunin 'Yancin Dan Adam [3] yana auna ingancin rayuwa, aminci daga jihar da haƙƙin karfafawa. [4] Samoa ta zira kwallaye 89.7% don ingancin rayuwa, 8.0 daga cikin 10 akan aminci daga jihar, da 5.1 daga cikin 10 a kan karfafawa.[5]

Takaddun yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa

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Samoa memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW), Yarjejeniyar Kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC), Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICC), Dokar Roma ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) da kuma manyan tarurruka takwas na Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO). A cikin 2012 Samoa ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukkanin Mutane daga Kashewa (CPPED).

Saboda iyakantaccen albarkatun, Samoa a baya ta kasa bayar da rahotanni a cikin tsarin lokacin da aka tsara na tarurruka. Misali, Samoa ta gabatar da rahotonta na farko, na biyu da na uku a karkashin CEDAW a matsayin takarda daya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003 lokacin da za a yi a 1993, 1997 da 2001 bi da bi.[6]

An nuna damuwa game da iyakantaccen shigar da yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya a cikin dokar ƙasa ta Samoa. Misali, a cikin 2005 CEDAW ta nuna damuwa game da rashin lokacin sake fasalin dokokin cikin gida daidai da yarjejeniyar.

Dangane da shawarwari, Samoa ta ba da gayyatar tsaye ga duk masu riƙe da Dokokin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 2011.

Kariyar Tsarin Mulki

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Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jihar Samoa mai zaman kanta na 1960 ya fara aiki a 1962 kuma yana ba da kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali kamar:

Duk da yake ana ba da 'yanci daga nuna bambanci game da zuriya, jima'i, harshe, addini, siyasa ko wasu ra'ayi, asalin zamantakewa, wurin haihuwa da matsayin iyali babu kariya daga nuna bambancin bisa ga nakasa ko yanayin jima'i.

Wani abu mai ban sha'awa daga kundin tsarin mulki shine 'yancin zama' yanci daga azabtarwa.

Ofishin Mai ba da shawara

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Sashe na 11 na Dokar Komesina ko Sulugai (Ombudsman) ta 1988 ta kafa Ofishin Mai ba da izini a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka ba da izinin bincika korafe-korafe game da ayyukan hukumomin gwamnati a cikin bangaren jama'a.

A cikin Samoa ta 2011 Universal Periodic Review (UPR), Samoa Umbrella for Non-Governmental Organisations (SUNGO) ya damu da cewa ofishin ba shi da damar shiga saboda ƙarancin wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan ofishin da iyakance shi ga ɓangaren jama'a.

Mai ba da shawara na ƙarshe shi ne Luamanuvao Katalaina Sapolu . [7] Bayan murabus dinta a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023 an bar ofishin babu kowa.[8]

Hanyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa

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Duk da yake Samoa ba ta da wata doka ko ma'aikata game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, an sami motsi don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRC). A shekara ta 2009, an amince da hadin gwiwa 'Samoa Declaration' tsakanin jihohin tsibirin Pacific da yawa. Sanarwar ta jaddada muhimmancin cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa kuma ta karfafa jihohi su kafa irin waɗannan hukumomi. Samoa ta aiwatar da Shirin Sashin Shari'a da Adalci na 2008-2012 wanda aka nufa ya haɗa da kafa HRC. Samoa ta sake jaddada niyyar yin hakan a cikin UPR a cikin 2011 kuma ta sami shawarwari cewa da farko za a kafa shi a cikin Ofishin mai ba da shawara. A cikin 2013, Majalisar Dokokin Samoa ta zartar da Dokar Mai ba da shawara (Komesina O Sulugai) Archived 2019-12-19 at the Wayback Machine don haɗawa da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan Mai ba da sabis na yanzu.

Kasancewa cikin siyasa

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An sami damar yin zabe a duniya a shekarar 1991 ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Samoa masu shekaru 21 da sama.

SUNGO ta ba da shawarar cewa a canza tsarin zaɓe don ba da damar kowane ɗan ƙasa ya tsaya don zaɓen maimakon ƙuntata ga waɗanda ƙauyen ya zaba kawai.

Hakkin mata a siyasa

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Matsayin shigar mata a siyasar Samoa yana cikin matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya.[1] 'Yancin mata na kada kuri'a da aka bayar tun farkon zaben gama-gari a shekarar 1991 bai yi wani tasiri ba wajen inganta shigar mata domin kuwa abin da ake bukata na zama 'yar takara a majalisa shine Matai (shugabanni) kuma mafi yawan matai maza ne. Don haka, shiga harkokin siyasa ya kasance mai tafiyar hawainiya domin a kullum mata suna fuskantar kalubale da shingaye da al’adu suka haifar, da hasashe na al’umma, da rashin ilimi, da matakan da suka dace, da tsoma bakin siyasa da dai sauransu. Don magance rashin daidaiton jinsi da karfafa yancin mata a cikin siyasa, an kafa shisshigi, kungiyoyin masu fafutuka, dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Ma'aikatar Mata, Ci gaban Al'umma da Ci gaban Al'umma, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da Dokar Gyaran Tsarin Mulki (2013).

Hakkin jefa kuri'a

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Amma ga mata a cikin majalisun ƙauyuka, an rubuta mace ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 229 na majalisa a cikin 1994. A cikin shekara ta 2011, kashi 10.5 cikin dari na shugabannin mata ne kuma a cikin majalisun ƙauyuka, mata sun kai kashi 36.[9] Bincike daga bincike kan sa hannun mata a siyasa ya gano cewa karancin sa hannun mata na gida yana fassara zuwa ƙananan jama'a a cikin gwamnatin ƙasa.[10]

Shaidar farko game da wakilcin mata a majalisar ta fara ne a shekarar 1970 (duba tebur da ke ƙasa). Mai daraja Taulapapa Faimaala ita ce mace ta farko a Majalisar Dokoki (MP) a Samoa kuma ta yi wa'adi biyu. Ta kasance majagaba ga matan Samoan kamar yadda ta kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar na farko a 1973 har zuwa 1976. [11] Shekaru goma bayan haka, an zabi 'yarta mai suna Honorable Fiame Naomi Mata'afa a matsayin 'yar majalisa kuma ita ce mace mafi tsawo a majalisar da ta yi shekaru 30.[11] A shekara ta 1998, Fiame ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, Mata, Al'umma da Ci gaban Jama'a. A halin yanzu, Fiame shine Ministan Shari'a da Kotuna.[11]

A cikin shekaru akwai karuwar 'yan takarar mata. Akwai 'yan takara 22 a shekarar 1996 inda aka zaba mata 3 a matsayin mambobin majalisa. Kwanan nan a cikin Zaben Maris na 2016, jimlar 'yan takara 24 sun zo gaba inda aka zaba 4.[12] Dangane da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙididdigar da aka tsara a cikin Dokar Kwaskwarimar Tsarin Mulki ta 2013, za a kara ƙarin mace a Majalisar saboda sakamakon zaben.[13]

Tebur 1: Ci gaban Siyasa na Mata a Samoa

1961-2011

Majalisar dokoki A'a na 'yan takara A'a. na 'yan takara masu nasara Nasara (%) 'Yan majalisa (%) Mataimakin Kakakin Ministan majalisar ministoci
1961-63 0 0 0 0 0 0
1964-66 1 0 0 0 0 0
1967-69 0 0 0 0 0 0
1970-72 3 1 33.00 2.1 1 0
1973-75 2 2 100.00 4.2 0 0
1976-78 5 2 40.00 4.2 0 0
1979-81 5 1 20.00 2.1 0 0
1982-84 5 1 20.00 2.1 0 0
1985-87 4 2 50.00 4.2 0 0
1988-90 5 1 20.00 2.1 0 1
1991-95 4 2 50.00 4.1 0 1
1996-00 9 5 56.00 10.2 0 1
2001-05 10 3 30.00 6.1 0 2
2006-10 22 5 23.00 10.2 0 3
2011-15 10 2 20.00 4.1 0 1
Lambobin sun hada da mata da suka yi takara a zaben.

Lura: Zaben 2016 rikodin 'yan takara 24, 4 masu nasara + 1 (ta amfani da ƙididdigar) daidai da kashi 10 cikin 100 na wakilcin mata a Majalisar Tushen: Tebur da aka ambata daga Samoa's Journey 1962-2012

Yawancin malamai sun yi ƙoƙari su bincika ƙalubalen da mata ke fuskanta wajen shiga siyasa a kowane mataki.[14][15][16] Wadannan sun hada da shingen al'adu da na yanayi da rashin tsoma baki na manufofi wanda aka ruwaito don kawo cikas ga mata samun tallafi daga ƙauyuka, [14] ilimin jagoranci na gargajiya, taimakon mai ba da shawara da hanyar sadarwa ta siyasa.[11]

  • Shingen al'adu game da matsayin mata a bangarorin siyasa a cikin al'umma da kuma matakin majalisa yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke rinjayar shiga mata da rayuwar jama'a.[17] Matsayinsu na farko na gargajiya an ƙuntata shi don haɓaka da kuma tabbatar da matsayin iyali.[16] Hanyoyin tarihi na tabbatar da rawar da suka taka na al'ada sun kasance ta hanyar samar da ie toga (mai kyau mats) wanda shine mafi kyawun kuɗin a cikin zamantakewar Samoan, tattalin arziki da siyasa.[16] Fiye da haka, ana kiran mata "o le pae ma le auli" ko harsashi da baƙin ƙarfe suna nufin rawar da suke takawa a matsayin masu zaman lafiya waɗanda ke warware rikice-rikice a cikin iyalinsu wanda har yanzu yake bayyane a yau.[18] Matsayin mata na gargajiya da alhakin ga ma'aurata da yara an bayyana su a matsayin shingen ga mata da yawa don shiga siyasa.[11]
  • Ra'ayoyin zamantakewa na ƙauyuka a Samoa suna kallon mata a matsayin magoya baya, masu shirya da manajojin kamfen ɗin ga matansu ko dangin maza waɗanda ke yanke shawara ko 'yan takarar siyasa.[17]
  • Bukatar ilimi da matakan horo don kalubalanci halayen zamantakewa game da mata da yanke shawara sune magunguna masu mahimmanci don taimakawa ra'ayoyin mata.[19] Akwai rashin damar ilimi don taimakawa wajen inganta halayen mata da imanin kansu a matsayin shugabannin da za su iya jagorantar su ko kuma gabatar da su ga manufar siyasar kasa.[11] Mata da ba a fallasa su ga harshen matai da ladabi ba yayin da suke girma za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin matai na gaba a siyasa.[16] Hakanan, ba ya samar da mata da albarkatun da suka dace da shirye-shiryen shiga cikin yanke shawara a tarurrukan majalisa.[16] Irin wannan ilimi da gudummawa mai ma'ana ga dokokin ƙauye da shugabanci suna samun jagoranci da ilimi daga 'yan siyasa mata masu aiki.[16]
  • Rashin manufofi don fara canji mai kyau ga ƙananan mata masu shiga an bayyana shi ta UNICEF a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci.[17]

A watan Satumbar 1991, Samoa ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) don samar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya danganci daidaiton jinsi.[20] Samoa ita ce ƙasar tsibirin Pacific ta farko da ta zama jam'iyya ga CEDAW . [21] A aiwatar da sadaukarwar Samoa ga CEDAW, dole ne ta gabatar da rahoto game da majalisa, shari'a, gudanarwa ko wasu matakan da ta daidaita don ba da tasiri ga CEDaW.[22] A cewar UNICEF, mambobi da shugabannin shari'a, shari'a da al'umma a cikin al'ummar Samoa dole ne su fahimci CEDAW don inganta aiwatarwa da bin wannan yarjejeniyar.[17]

"Idan ba mu sanya sharuddan da ya dace a cikin dokokinmu ba wanda bai taba sanin ko a cikin zaɓen da ke zuwa ba za a sami mata a cikin majalisa. Don haka wannan wani bangare ne na niyyarmu na tabbatar da cewa koyaushe za a sami Mata a cikin majalisun ba. "

Karɓar gyaran ya kasance duka mara kyau da tabbatacce. A gefe guda, gyare-gyaren ya nuna kyakkyawan sauyi ga Samoa domin zai inganta shigar mata a majalisar dokoki.[1] Shugaban majalisar ya kira ta a matsayin 'sabon alfijir ga mata'[2]. Sai dai a tattaunawar farko da aka yi gabanin zartar da kudirin dokar, jam’iyyar adawa Tautua Samoa ta ce akwai bukatar a tattara ra’ayi da ra’ayi daga kauyukan saboda wasu kauyuka sun haramta wa mata rike mukaman matai. An siffanta adadin a matsayin 'ƙananan' kuma 'bai isa' don yin canji na gaske ba. Dangane da gyaran da aka yi, wata hira da wata ‘yar majalisar wakilai kafin zaben watan Maris na 2016, ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Samoan ba ta gudanar da aikinsu na magance wakilcin mata a harkokin siyasa ba duk da cewa suna son yin hakan. Wani ra'ayi ya yi nuni da cewa, ko da yake gyaran ya kasance farkon farawa mai kyau na yin adawa da shigar siyasa, ana buƙatar shiga tsakani don magance matsalolin al'adu da na gaske ga mata a matsayin shugabannin siyasa..[11]

A bin sabuwar dokar, sakamakon zaben Maris na 2016 ya kunna tsarin ƙididdigar kashi 10 cikin dari.[12] An zabi 'yan takara huɗu kuma saboda haka za a kara dan takara na biyar a majalisar ta amfani da mafi girman kashi na kuri'u kamar yadda gyaran ya buƙaci.[12]

'Yancin Mata

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Rikicin cikin gida akan mata ya kasance sanannen batu a Samoa kamar yadda gwamnati ta amince da shi da CEDAW. Dokar Laifuka ta 2013 ta haramta fyade, gami da fyade na aure.[23] Maluseu Doris Tulifau ta kafa kungiyar ba da riba Brown Girl Woke don ilimantarwa da kuma magance tashin hankali na jinsi a Samoa. [24][25]

Cikakken kididdiga yana da wuyar samun saboda sau da yawa ba a bayar da rahoton ko yin rikodin shari'o'i ba saboda halayen al'umma da ke hana wannan.[1] Canja irin wannan ra'ayi an gano shi da mahimmanci wajen yaki da wannan matsala. Koyaya, an sami karuwar adadin shari'o'in da aka ruwaito a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[1] Wannan karuwar an danganta shi ga sassan gwamnati da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO's) wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun kuma suka karfafa bayar da rahoto.[2]

Samoa ta kafa matakai don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala kamar:

  • A National Plan of Action for the Advancement of Women (2008-2012) wanda ke tsara dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don ci gaban 'yancin mata.
  • Ma'aikatar Mata, Al'umma da Ci gaban Jama'a (MWCSD) wanda aikinsa ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na al'umma tare da jaddada rawar mata. Ma'aikatar kuma tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan cin zarafin gida.
  • An ƙaddamar da Dokar Tsaron Iyali ta 2009 don ba da babban tasiri ga CEDAW da CRC dangane da batutuwan tashin hankali na cikin gida.[2] An soki aiwatar da lissafin saboda ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo.
  • Rukunin Rikicin Cikin Gida yana aiki a cikin Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda da Kurkuku kuma yana kula da batutuwan tashin hankali ga mata da yara.[2]

Zubar da ciki

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Yanayin kurkuku

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Yanayin kurkuku a Samoa, musamman babban kurkuku a Ta desfa, ba su da inganci kuma gwamnatin Samoan ta fahimci bukatar magance halin da ake ciki. Gidajen kurkuku ba su da isasshen albarkatu dangane da kudade da kuma wadatar ma'aikatan da aka horar.[2] SUNGO ta ba da rahoton cewa wasu kurkuku sun kasa samar da isasshen kayan da ake bukata kamar ruwa, abinci da tsabtace jiki. An lura cewa ɗakunan kurkuku suna riƙe da manyan ƙungiyoyin fursunoni fiye da iyawarsu.[1]

Duk da yake Ofishin Mai ba da izini ya karɓi korafe-korafe daga fursunoni, ba a riga an yi amfani da wannan hanyar ba.[1] A karkashin Shirin Sashin Shari'a da Adalci, gwamnati tana sake duba Dokar Kurkuku ta 1967 da kuma tsara dokoki don kawar da alhakin sake dubawa na kurkuku daga Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda kuma ta kafa shi a cikin ikon mai zaman kansa.

'Yanci na Addini

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Mataki na 11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Samoa ya tabbatar da 'Yanci na Addini. Gabatarwa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1960 ya bayyana Samoa a matsayin "jiha mai zaman kanta wanda ya dogara da ka'idodin Kirista da al'adun Samoan da al'adu".[26] Manyan batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin addini a cikin shekaru sun haifar da zargi na kasa da kasa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a. Wadannan batutuwan sun samo asali ne daga rashin daidaituwa a cikin ka'idar, gami da bayyana ma'anar 'yancin addini, fassarar Mataki na 11, da ayyuka a matakin gida a ƙauyuka.

Tushen da tsarin zamantakewa

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Kafin samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1962, Samoa ta sha gwagwarmaya da yawa ta yakin basasa, kuma zuwan ‘yan mulkin mallaka a karni na 18 ya kara ta’azzara matsalar adawar kabilanci. Hakan ya faru ne saboda adawar da ake yi tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ya tilasta wa ’yan asalin yankin yin bangaranci, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikici mai zurfi tsakanin ‘yan asalin yankin. Mallaka ta zo a cikin nau'ikan mishan da 'yan kasuwa a cikin 1830s, tare da mishan na Kirista. Duk da haka, ya kuma haifar da canji a Samoa, ba kawai a cikin imani na al'ada ba har ma a cikin ra'ayin duniya. Turawan mulkin mallaka, masu amfani da kudin Euro, da Kiristanci sun yi tasiri sosai ga Samoa ta hanyar yammacin duniya da rugujewar imani na gargajiya, wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da ra'ayoyin Kirista, [4] da kuma lalata tunani. Ana ganin saurin mayewa da karbuwar addinin Kiristanci yana tare da cika annabcin babban jarumin allahn Nafanua: “… yana annabta cewa shugaban Malietoa zai sami iko daga sama”[5]. Addini da sauri ya zama tushen rayuwar Samowa da ginshiƙin ƙauyuka. Manyan ƙungiyoyin Kirista uku na Samoa su ne Kirista na Ikilisiya (CCC), Methodist, da Cocin Katolika, uku na farko da suka isa. Kauyukan suna biyayya ga wadannan kungiyoyi guda uku, wanda hakan ya haifar da mamayarsu. Masu hidimar Coci suna da girma mafi girma kuma, a yawancin ƙauyuka, suna samun ƙwararrun mutane kwatankwacin babban sarki, tare da tabbacin mutanen ƙauyen cewa albarkar gaskiya daga Allah ta wurin biyayya ga cocin mutum. Kusan dukkan ’yan Samowa suna kiransu Kiristoci.] Samoa ƙauye ne, kuma kowane ƙauye yana da dokokinsa, ciki har da addinin da ƙauyen ya ba mazaunansa damar yin. Wannan shi ne tsarin siyasa na gargajiya a al'adun Samoan. Tsarin ƙauyen ya ƙunshi 'fono a matai' ko 'fono ali'i ma faipule'; Don haka majalisar matai ita ce 'majalisar masu lakabi'. 'Fono a matai' yana ƙarfafa al'adun Samoan, kuma ana kallon majalisa a matsayin doka a ƙauyuka. Ana gudanar da Fono a ƙarƙashin Dokar Fono Village 1990..[27]

'Yanci na Addini da Fono na ƙauyen

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Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Samoa Mataki na 11 ya tabbatar da ’yancin yin addini.[1] Duk da haka, an yi ta bincike, tare da zazzafan muhawara tsawon shekaru a aikace-aikacen sa tare da dokokin ƙauyen fono.[2][3] Duk da tabbacin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba shi na ‘yancin addini, cin zarafi a matakin kananan hukumomi ya zama ruwan dare, wanda galibi ba a bayar da rahoto ba saboda fargabar abin da zai faru ko kuma kimar va-fealoa’i, wanda ke jaddada mutuntawa da daidaito. Yawancin ƙauyuka sun yarda cewa ƙungiyoyin manyan layi (CCC, Methodist, Catholic) ya kamata a ba da izini ga mazauna ƙauye.[4][5] A Gataivai, Savai'i, ɗarikar Methodist kaɗai aka halatta, yayin da a Satupa'itea, Katolika ne kawai aka yarda. A Salamumu, wata sabuwar ƙungiya ta fuskanci koma baya a lokacin da aka hana mabiyanta gudanar da nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki; An daure mutane hudu an yi watsi da su har sai da aka ceto su, yayin da aka kona gidajensu, aka lalata musu dukiyoyi, aka kuma yi wa mambobinsu ciki har da mace mai ciki duka.[2][6]. A game da 'yan sanda na Sovita v. [7] [8] wadanda ake tuhuma sun kasance shugabanni da maza marasa suna (taulele'a) na kauyen Salamumu; wadanda suka ce suna aiki ne bisa tsari da umarni daga hukuncin da fono ya yanke. Shari'ar Mau Sefo da wasu v. Attorney General, kauyen Saipipi sun kori masu kara daga kauyen saboda aiwatar da karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma ayyukan ibada, banda kungiyoyin uku da aka sanya wa takunkumi. Bugu da ƙari, game da Tariu Tuivaiti v. Sila Faamalaga & Others, "an kori masu kara daga ƙauyen Matautu Falelatai saboda rashin zuwa coci"[9]. Yayin da kotuna ke yanke hukunci kan yancin addini da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba su, ba kasafai ake gabatar da kararraki ba.

Akwai dalilai da yawa da ya sa mutane suka guji neman magunguna ko shawara. A bayyane yake cewa a ƙauyen Fano da kuma matakin gida, Samoans sun yi watsi da labarin 11 na kundin tsarin mulki, idan ba a raina shi ba. Batutuwan da aka ambata a sama tsakanin addinan Kirista sun tayar da tambayoyi game da "Yaya addinin Samoans ne?" da kuma "me ka'idodin Kirista ake yi?" kamar yadda Samoa ke da'awar zama al'umma mai addini kuma waɗannan matsalolin sun saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki; na "Samoa an kafa ta ne akan Allah bisa ka'idodin Krista da al'adun Samoan da al'adarsu". Binciken da Angelica Saada ta yi mai taken 'Samoa: Wuri na Addini na Gaskiya? Ra'ayoyi zuwa Addini a Samoa', ƙoƙari ne na samar da amsoshi ga Tsarin Mulki mai rikitarwa. Shari'o'in shari'a da dokokin ƙauyen sun tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin mutum ba a kare shi ba. Akwai babbar rata tsakanin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da dokokin ƙauyen. Dole ne a yaba wa kafofin watsa labarai, saboda suna kawo waɗannan batutuwan da suka dace a cikin jama'a.[28][29][30] A cikin abin da ya faru a Salamumu 1998 ya buɗe tattaunawa, kuma, martani ga kukan 'yan ƙasa da zargi na duniya ya sa majalisar ministocin ta kafa Hukumar Bincike a cikin 2010 "...don yin tambaya da bayar da rahoto game da aikin Mataki na 11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jihar Samoa mai zaman kanta dangane da haƙƙin' yancin addini. " Duk da haka, masu sukar ba za su sauya zargi ga ƙauyen fono ba, saboda mabuɗin fahimtar ilimi ne. Wannan shi ne inda gwamnati ba ta da shi. Ya isa ya sami tabbacin kare haƙƙoƙin asali, amma fahimtar aikace-aikacen waɗannan haƙƙoƙi a matakin gida ba a taɓa bayyana ba. Saboda haka, alhakin gwamnati ne don samarwa da sauƙaƙe tattaunawa da ilimi ga ƙauyuka game da yadda za a iya kare waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da kuma yadda za a inganta su ta hanyar fono. Bryan Zoe, a cikin bincikenta kan "Gwamnatin Ƙananan Addinai a Samoa: Gwagwarmayar Baha'i don fuskantar Matsalar Jama'a", ya ba da haske mai yawa game da samun fahimtar imani daban-daban da ilimi a wasu addinai ban da Kristanci. Imam Mohammed Yahya ya kuma ba da shawarar muhimmancin samun ilimi a cikin wasu addinai zai haifar da kyakkyawar fahimta.[30] Dokta Bin Yahya ya kuma ce 'kocin Kirista guda daya da ya gayyace shi ya yi magana game da Islama shine Kwalejin tauhidin Methodist'. [31]

Gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na Samoa da wajibai na kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai wani lamari mai haɗari da ke ɓoye a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Samoa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, an gabatar da lissafin gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulki ga Majalisar kuma a cikin shekara ta 2017, Kwaskwarimar Kundin Tsarin Duniya ta wuce.[29] A cikin gabatarwa, 'yancin addini ya buɗe don fassara yayin da Kwaskwarimar Tsarin Mulki yanzu ta fi takamaiman; kuma an tsarkake shi cikin doka. Yanzu an bayyana shi zuwa: "Samoa an kafa ta ne a kan Allah Uba, Ɗa, da Ruhu Mai Tsarki".[27] Duk da yake dokokin ƙauyen yanzu sun fi sauƙi ga 'yancin addini na Krista; saboda yawan tallace-tallace da zargi, har yanzu ba su da haƙuri ga' yancin addini na' yan tsiraru waɗanda ba Krista ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kara hana 'yancin addini na waɗannan al'ummomi.[30] A cikin Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya na Samoa na 2013, a bayyane yake cewa yawancin Samoa ba sa son karɓar imanin da ba na Kirista ba tare da 'yancin addini ba. Sashe na 3 na wannan rahoton ya ce; "Manyan shugabannin al'umma sun jaddada a fili cewa kasar Kirista ce. Tattaunawar jama'a game da batutuwan addini wani lokacin sun haɗa da nassoshi marasa kyau ga addinan da ba na Kirista ba". Kodayake akwai iyakancewa ga 'yanci, ba a taɓa samun wata matsala ko rikici daga al'ummar da ba Krista ba kamar Bangaskiyar Baha'i da Islama; wannan zai haifar da wata barazana ga Kiristoci a Samoa. Ka'idodin su musamman addinin Baha'i, sun haɗa da zaman lafiya na duniya, hadin kai, daidaito, kawar da nuna bambanci na addini, launin fata, siyasa da kishin kasa; don ambaci kaɗan. Waɗannan su ne halayen gaskiya da dabi'u game da zaman lafiya da jituwa a kowane al'umma. Abin da ya fi mahimmanci shine rawar da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Kasa ta Samoa ke takawa yayin da suke matsa lamba sosai ga gwamnati don hana imanin da ba na Kirista ba.[32]

Bugu da ƙari, majalisar dokokin Samoa gwamnati ce ta jam'iyya ɗaya kuma har ma da saɓani shine batun 'yancin addini da kuma umarnin jam'iyyar da ke mulki; [33] Jam'iyyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRPP). Sabuwar gyare-gyaren ba wai kawai tana barazana ga ka'idodin dimokuradiyya ba, tana ba da damar keta 'yancin addini na al'ummomin da ba Krista ba, karya yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan' yancin bil'adama da siyasa (ICCPR) wanda Samoa ta shiga a cikin 2008.[32] Har ila yau, a karkashin dimokuradiyya, ba za a yi wani abu mai mahimmanci kamar gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulki ta hanyar raba gardama na 'yan ƙasa ba? Sashe na XI, Janar da Sauran tanadi, Mataki na 109 (1) na Tsarin Mulki na Samoa, ya ce: (1) "Duk wani tanadi na wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na iya yin gyare-gyare ko sokewa ta Dokar, kuma ana iya saka sabbin tanadi a cikin wannan Kundin tsarin mulki ta hanyar Dokar, idan an goyi bayan lissafin kowane irin wannan dalili a karatun ta uku ta hanyar kuri'un da ba kasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar 'yan majalisa ba...", wannan tanadin ya halatta ayyukan amma ya kara keta haƙƙin siyasa. Abin da ya fi damuwa shi ne babu wata jam'iyyar adawa don haka ba za a kada kuri'a a kan duk wani Dokar Majalisar ba sai dai idan kuri'a ce mai hankali.[33] Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba tare da raba gardama na 'yan ƙasa ba yana da kyau a ƙarƙashin tanadin da ke sama. Ba a tabbatar da 'yancin addini ga' yan tsiraru wadanda ba Krista ba a karkashin Sabon Tsarin Mulki. Kiristoci suna da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka gyara don tallafawa da kare su (saboda haka Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Kasa tana kira da ta haramta Islama daga Samoa); yayin da wadanda ba Krista ba za a kalubalanci su a kotuna. Imam Mohammed Bin Yahya ya tayar da wata tambaya mai inganci: "Shin sabon gyare-gyaren zai lalata dangantakar Samoa da taimakon kasashen da ba Krista ba kamar China da Japan?" A halin yanzu, duk da cewa Firayim Minista ya ce gyare-garen "ba zai iya taɓa Mataki na 11 ba", akwai kukan kasa da kasa da kira daga malamai a Samoa da kasashen waje tare da damuwa game da Kwaskwarimar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Samoa. A cikin editan Samoa Observer na 30/2/2016, Gatoaitele Savea Sano Malifa ya bayyana cewa "Manufar Kwaskwarimar Tsarin Mulki ta Firayim Minista Tuilaepa ita ce ta ayyana mamayar Kiristanci a Samoa". Sabili da haka, 'yancin addini na' yan tsiraru wadanda ba Krista ba suna fuskantar rashin tabbas a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da aka gyara kuma ya bayyana cewa keta ka'idojin ɗan adam na asali kamar' yancin addini nan ba da daɗewa ba zai zama doka a Samoa.

Mutanen da suka naƙasa

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Dangane da kididdigar daga shekara ta 2006, akwai kimanin mutane 2100 da ke zaune tare da nakasa a Samoa.[34] Babu takamaiman doka da ke kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa kuma ba tushen 'yanci daga nuna bambanci a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Samoa ba ne. Samoa ba jam'iyya ce ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa (CRPD) duk da haka ya nuna cewa za su yi la'akari da shiga ciki.

Samoa ta kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Naƙasassu ta Kasa wacce ke gina shirye-shiryen da ke ba da taimako ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Wannan yana jagorantar Manufofin Kasa da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Mutanen da ke da nakasa wanda aka kafa a cikin 2009.

Hakkin yaro

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Batun masu sayar da tituna na yara a Samoa an amince da shi tare da damuwa mai girma. SUNGO ta gabatar da cewa ta hanyar barin wannan batun ya ci gaba, Samoa tana aiki ba daidai ba ne da wajibai a ƙarƙashin CRC game da haƙƙin ilimi da yarjejeniyar ILO game da 'yanci daga aiki mai cin zarafi.

Rahotanni sun nuna cewa batutuwan talauci da wahala suna taimakawa ga kasancewar masu sayar da tituna na yara. Samoa tana da manufofin kasa don yara 2010-2015 wanda ke da niyyar rage talauci da samar da kariya ga yara ta hanyar shirye-shirye da ayyuka.[35]

Dubi kuma

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Samoa". state.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-04-13.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceB
  3. ↑ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  4. ↑ "Samoa - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-05-01. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  5. ↑ "Samoa - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-05-01. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceG
  7. ↑ Soli Wilson (1 April 2021). "First woman to head Ombudsman Office sworn in". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  8. ↑ Sialai Sarafina Sanerivi (21 February 2025). "No Ombudsman appointed for two years". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  9. ↑ "Samoa". Field Office ESEAsia. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  10. ↑ Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture and the Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development (2015). "Village Government in Samoa: Do Women Participate". Archived from the original on 2014-12-21. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Martire, Kiki (2014). "Challenges to Women in Political Leadership in Samoa". Independence Study Project (ISP) Collection. Paper 1823.
  12. 1 2 3 "Election 2016". www.samoaelection.ws. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  13. ↑ "Samoan ruling party set for landslide victory in general elections". ABC News (in Turanci). 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  14. 1 2 Lafoa'i, Ioane (1991). "Universal Suffrage in Western Samoa: A Political Review". The Journal of Pacific History. 26 (3): 67–73. doi:10.1080/00223349108572684. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 25169098.
  15. ↑ "Pacific Women in Politics". Pacific Women in Politics. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shardake, Andrew; Peter, Van Diermen (1998). "Influence of Culture and Gender Roles on Women Small Businesses in Western Samoa". Working Paper (98/2).
  17. 1 2 3 4 UNICEF (2006). "A Situation Analysis of Children, Women & Youth" (PDF). UNICEF. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ Latai, Latu (2015). "Changing Covenants in Samoa? From Brothers and Sisters to Husbands and wives?". Oceania. 85: 92–104. doi:10.1002/ocea.5076.
  19. ↑ "Home | MWCSD - Ministry of Women Community and Social Development". www.mwcsd.gov.ws. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  20. ↑ Peggy Fairbairn-Dunlop. doi:Schwalger Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ Plmrana, Jalal (2009). "Why do we need a Pacific Regional Human Rights Commission?". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review. 1 (40): 177–194.
  22. ↑ Lova, Sialafua. "CEDAW". www.ombudsman.gov.ws. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  23. ↑ "Violence against women in Samoa" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  24. ↑ "Feminist activists from the Pacific reflect on the impact of the Beijing Declaration ahead of +30 Regional Review". UN Women – Asia-Pacific (in Turanci). 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2025-01-11.
  25. ↑ "ANZ Bank gives food for families in need". Samoa Observer (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-11.
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  27. 1 2 "iPage". www.samoagovt.ws.
  28. ↑ "SAMOAN CHURCH LEADERS DISAGREE WITH RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION IN SALAMUMU - Pacific Islands Report". www.pireport.org. Archived from the original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
  29. 1 2 "Samoa Observer". www.samoaobserver.ws.
  30. 1 2 3 "Radio New Zealand". Radio New Zealand.
  31. ↑ "RNZ - NZ News, Current Affairs, Audio On Demand". RNZ (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  32. 1 2 "Call to ban Islam in Samoa put down to ignorance". Radio New Zealand. 19 May 2016.
  33. 1 2 Gatoaitele Savea Sano Malifa (30 December 2016). "Only a complete elimination of bureaucratic corruption can solve Samoa's little problem". samoaobserver.ws. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  34. ↑ "Samoa National Population and Housing Census 2006". sbs.gov.ws. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
  35. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceE
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Yancin_Dan_Adam_a_Samoa&oldid=721028"