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'Yancin Dan Adam a Siriya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Akwai nau'o'in 'yancin ɗan adam daban-daban a ƙarƙashin gwamnatoci daban-daban da suka mulki Siriya tun lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Siriya tun daga 1920s.

Tarihin 'yancin ɗan adam

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Mulkin Faransa (1920-1946)

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An rataye 'yan tawayen Siriya uku a filin Marjeh a lokacin juyin juya halin Siriya na 1925-1927

Daga farkon 1920s har zuwa 1946, Syria da Lebanon suna karkashin ikon Faransa, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1923. Abubuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin wannan lokacin sun haɗa da yadda 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa Druze a cikin jiharsu mai cin gashin kanta a kudancin yankin da aka ba da izini, kamar yadda fursunoni da manoma a can sukan yi amfani da su don aikin tilastawa.

A lokacin Babban Juyin Juya Halin, sojojin Faransa sun kewaye yawancin Damascus da ƙauyuka, inda suka kashe akalla 'yan tawaye 7,000 kuma suka kori fararen hula sama da 100,000. Hukumomi za su nuna gawawwakin da aka nakasa a fili a cikin tsakiya a cikin Damascus da ƙauyuka a ko'ina cikin Siriya a matsayin hanyar tsoratar da abokan adawar gwamnati.[1] A cikin 1926, kotun soja ta Damascus ta kashe 'yan Siriya 355 ba tare da wani wakilci na shari'a ba. An yanke wa daruruwan 'yan Siriya hukuncin kisa ba tare da su ba, hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, da kuma ɗaurin rai da rai tare da aiki tuƙuru.

Bugu da kari, a wannan lokacin ne kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata na Syria suka fara tabbatar da kansu, karkashin jagorancin wasu mutane kamar Naziq al-Abid. [2]

Ana nuna wa Yahudawa wariya a Syria, musamman tun lokacin da aka kafa kasar Isra’ila a shekarar 1948. A shekarar 1948 ne aka haramta wa Yahudawa fita daga kasar da kuma sayar da dukiyoyinsu. A shekara ta 1953, an daskarar da duk asusun banki na Yahudawa kuma an kwace dukiyoyin Yahudawa. A shekara ta 1954, an ba Yahudawa izinin yin hijira na ɗan lokaci, amma dole ne su bar duk dukiyarsu ga gwamnati.

Zamanin Ba'athist (1963-2024)

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Juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekara ta 1963 da kwamitin soji na jam'iyyar Baath ta Siriya ya kifar da jamhuriya ta biyu ta Siriya karkashin jagorancin shugaba Nazim al-Qudsi, wanda ya haifar da mulkin Baath na tsawon shekaru da dama. Sabon tsarin mulkin ya aiwatar da manufofin injiniyan zamantakewa kamar kwace kadarori masu yawa, jihar ta ba da umarnin sake rarraba filaye da dukiya, babban aikin tantancewa, kawar da cibiyoyin buga littattafai masu zaman kansu, mayar da bankuna kasa, tsarin ilimi da masana'antu. An kafa dokar ta-baci wacce ta soke duk wasu jam'iyyun siyasa tare da baiwa sojoji iko mai karfi; mulkin kasar yadda ya kamata a matsayin ‘yan sanda. An gudanar da share fage a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, tsarin mulki; kuma sojojin sun cika makil da masu biyayya ga jam’iyyar. Ba'ath na Siriya sun sami tasiri sosai daga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Larabawa ta Akram Hawrani wadda ta yi riko da Marxism.[3]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1964, an dakatar da Yahudawa daga tafiya fiye da kilomita 5 (3 daga garuruwansu.[4] An hana Yahudawa yin aiki da gwamnati ko bankuna, ba za su iya samun lasisin tuƙi ba, kuma an hana su siyan kadarori. Ko da yake an hana Yahudawa fita daga ƙasar, amma a wasu lokuta ana ba su izinin tafiya ƙasashen waje don kasuwanci ko na likita. Duk wani Bayahude da aka ba izinin barin ƙasar dole ne ya bar jinginar dala $300- $1,000 da kuma dangin da za a yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwa don tabbatar da sun dawo. An yi titin filin jirgin sama a kan makabartar Yahudawa da ke birnin Damascus, sannan an rufe makarantun Yahudawa tare da mika wa musulmi. ’Yan sandan sirri suna sa ido a kai a kai a Ƙarshen Yahudawa na Dimashƙu, waɗanda suka halarta a hidimar majami’a, bukukuwan aure, mashaya mashaya, da sauran taron Yahudawa. ’Yan sandan sirri sun sa ido sosai kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Yahudawan Siriya da baƙi kuma suna ajiye fayil a kan kowane ɗan Yahudawa. Yahudawa kuma sun sa ‘yan sandan sirrin sun karanto wayoyinsu tare da karanta wasikunsu.[5] Bayan nasarar da Isra'ila ta samu a yakin kwanaki shida na 1967, an kara tsaurara takunkumi, kuma mai yiwuwa an kashe Yahudawa 57 a Qamishli a cikin wani gungume. Al'ummomin Damascus, Aleppo, da Qamishli sun kasance a tsare tsawon watanni takwas bayan yakin. An kori Yahudawa da yawa ma'aikata bayan yakin kwanaki shida.

Bayan kawar da ƙungiyoyin Baathist masu adawa ta hanyar juyin mulki a shekara ta 1970, Janar Hafez al-Assad ya kafa cikakken rinjaye a kan jam'iyyar Baath tare da kafa mulkin kama-karya wanda ya shafi addininsa. Tsarin gwamnatin Assad na 'yan sandan ya ta'allaka ne da kungiyar Ba'ath, sojojin Siriya cike da manyan 'yan Ba'ath da kuma 'yan Alawiyya masu biyayya ga iyalan Assad. Hafez ya mulki Syria tsawon shekaru talatin, inda ya tura matakan danniya da suka hada da sa ido zuwa hanyoyin ta'addanci na kasa kamar kisan jama'a, korar jama'a da ayyuka kamar azabtarwa, wadanda aka yi gaba daya kan farar hula. SS-Haupsturmfuhrer Alois Brunner, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da Holocaust a matsayin hannun dama na Adolf Eichmann, ya taimaka wa al-Assad wajen shirya 'Yan sanda na sirri na Ba'athist kuma ya horar da su kan ayyukan azabtarwa na Nazi Jamus.[6] Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun kasance ana amfani da su a shekarar 2021.[7]

Wani tanki na sojojin Siriya ya rufa a kan rushewar birni jim kadan bayan kisan kiyashi na Hama na 1982, wanda ya kashe kimanin fararen hula 40,000

In 1982, Hafez al-Assad responded to an insurrection led by the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Hama by sending a paramilitary force that indiscriminately killed between 10,000 and 55,000 civilians including children, women, and the elderly during the Hama massacre.[8] State-violence perpetrated by Assad's reign have targeted women extensively, subjecting them to discrimination and gender-based violence.[9] Between 1980 and 2000, more than 17,000 Syrian civilians were subjected to forced disappearance from the Syrian regime. During Baathist occupation of Lebanon, numerous Lebanese, Palestinian and other Arab civilians went missing. More than 35 torture techniques were reported to be employed in Syrian prisons and military detention centres during this time. A 1983 report published by Amnesty International revealed that Assad regime routinely committed mass-executions of alleged dissidents and engaged in the extensive torture of prisoners of conscience. Various torture methods in Syrian prisons include electrocutions, ablazing, sexual violence, castration, etc.

A shekara ta 2000, Bashar al-Assad ya gaji tsarin mulkin Ba'ath na Siriya bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Gwamnatinsa ta kasance da tashe-tashen hankula da zalunci fiye da na Hafez al-Assad. An danganta hakan da rashin gogewar Bashar a harkokin tsaro da siyasa, baya ga rashin tsaro na kansa dangane da rayuwar mulkin danginsa[1]. Rahoton Freedom House na 2006 ya lissafa Siriya a cikin mafi munin ƙasashe don tauye 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa; ba shi mafi ƙarancin ƙima a cikin matakan biyu. A cikin 2023, Freedom House ta kimanta damar mutane ga 'Yancin siyasa a Siriya a matsayin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na Freedom in the World akan ƙasashe 210. Siriya ta kasance "-3" a cikin haƙƙin siyasa - ƙasa da sikelin ta 1 zuwa 7, tare da Sudan ta Kudu da Yammacin Sahara - kuma an ba Siriya darajar "Ba Free ba". Tun daga 2022, Siriya tana da ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin rahoto.[10][11]

A cewar rahoton 2008 game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayar, "girmama haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta gwamnatin Siriya ta kara muni". Mambobin jami'an taron sun kama kuma sun tsare mutane ba tare da samar da dalili mai kyau ba, sau da yawa suna tsare fursunoni a cikin "tsare mai tsawo da tsare-tsare", da kuma "masu azabtarwa da cin zarafin jiki da fursunoni". Gwamnati ta sanya manyan ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin magana, jarida, taro, da ƙungiya, a cikin yanayin cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. A cewar Cibiyar Harkokin Labaran Larabawa, "duk da yanayin siyasa na gaba ɗaya", akwai "alamu na canji mai kyau," a lokacin zaben 2007.[12] A cewar wani rahoto na 2008 daga Reporters without Borders, "Dole ne 'yan jarida su tantance kansu sosai saboda tsoron jefa su cikin gidan yarin Adra".

A shekara ta 2009 an haɗa Siriya a cikin sashin Freedom House na "Mafi munin Mafi muni" kuma an ba shi darajar 7 don 'Yancin Siyasa: da 6 don' Yancin Bil'adama. A cewar Human Rights Watch, tun daga shekara ta 2009 yanayin talauci na haƙƙin ɗan adam na Siriya ya "ƙasa sosai". Hukumomi sun kama masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da kare hakkin dan adam, sun tantance shafukan yanar gizo, sun tsare masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, kuma sun sanya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye. Hukumomin tsaro da yawa na Siriya suna ci gaba da tsare mutane ba tare da takardar izinin kamawa ba. Babu jam'iyyun siyasa da aka ba da lasisi kuma dokar ta baci, wadda aka ɗora a 1963, ta ci gaba da aiki. Hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa da aka tura a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare da kurkuku na Siriya sun haɗa da duka na yau da kullun, fyade, tashin hankali na jima'i, "Bisat al-rih" (kafet mai tashi), da sauransu.

Mummunan tashin hankali da ta'addancin da gwamnatin Assad da masu mara masa baya na kasashen waje ke yi a duk fadin kasar bayan barkewar juyin juya halin kasar Siriya a shekara ta 2011 ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wanda ya zarta ayyukan sauran masu mulkin kama karya na Larabawa wadanda suka murkushe yunkurin kasashen Larabawa. Har ma ya zarce mummunan tashin hankalin da Hafez al-Assad ya yi a lokacin Kisan Hama. Ta hanyar bin munanan manufofin duniya don murkushe gwagwarmayar makamai, Bashar ya lalata mafi yawan kayayyakin more rayuwa na fararen hula, al'adu da tattalin arzikin Syria. Ba kamar mahaifinsa ba, Bashar ya kashe fararen hular Siriya da yawa kuma ya rasa ƴancin kai na siyasa ga 'yan wasan waje kamar Rasha da Iran.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka sun kai hari kan wani sansanin sojan sama na Siriya [13] wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gudanar da Harin makamai masu guba a kan fararen hula na Siriya. Wannan harin kuma an san shi da Harin makami mai linzami na Shayrat na 2017. A cikin 2018, sojojin hadin gwiwa ciki har da Amurka, Faransa, da Ingila sun kuma gudanar da jerin hare-haren soja a Siriya.

Bayan mulkin Assad (2024-yanzu)

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A watan Maris din shekarar 2025, bayan faduwar gwamnatin Assad, mayakan jihadi da ke da alaka da gwamnatin wucin gadi sun yi wa dubban Alawiiyawa da kiristoci kisan kiyashi a rikicin kabilanci da aka bayyana a matsayin kawar da kabilanci. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Syria, sama da Alawiyawa 2,000 da suka hada da mata da yara da kuma tsoffi aka kashe a takaice a watan Maris, kuma an tilastawa wasu dubbai barin gidajensu. Yayin da akasarin wadannan kashe-kashe an yi su ne a gabar tekun Bahar Rum, akwai rahotannin da ke nuna cewa an kashe fararen hula 'yan Alawiwa a Damascus mai tazarar kilomita kadan daga fadar shugaban kasa. Duk da cewa shugaban kasar Syria Ahmed al-Sharaa ya musanta hannu tare da yin alkawarin gudanar da bincike tare da hukunta wadanda suka aikata wannan laifi, masana yankin da wasu gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin duniya sun yi nuni da cewa sabuwar gwamnatin ‘yan Sunni ce ke da alhakin kungiyoyin masu jihadi tare da bayyana damuwarsu kan yadda gwamnatin Assad ta ci gaba da maye gurbin gwamnatin Assad da tsarin tsarin mulkin ‘yan Sunni da bai jure wa ‘yan tsiraru ba.

'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Gwamnatin Demokradiyya mai cin gashin kanta ta Arewa da Gabashin Siriya

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Cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a kan Kurdawa sun hada da hana' yan asalin Kurdawa daga 'yan asalin su; hana yaren Kurdawa da al'adu; nuna bambanci ga' yan kasa bisa ga kabilanci na Kurdawa; kwace ƙasar Kurdawa kuma Larabawa sun zauna.[14][15] A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Siriya, wasu sassan Arewa da Gabashin Siriya sun sami ikon cin gashin kansu a cikin Gwamnatin Demokradiyya mai cin gashin kanta ta Arewa da Gabas ta Siriya.

A cikin wani rahoto na 2015 "Ba mu da inda za mu je": Tilastawa Matsugunai da Rugujewa a Arewacin Siriya", Amnesty International ta tattara zargin korar Larabawa, Turkmen da Kurdawa daga tilas da kuma lalata gidajensu. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International, Sashen kare hakkin jama'a (YPG) sun zarge su da alaka da ISIL da sauran kungiyoyin Islama. Rahoton ya ce "a wasu lokuta, an ruguje kauyuka baki daya", kuma an umurci mutanen kauyen su fice da bindiga, ana harbin dabbobinsu. Wasu mutane sun yi da'awar Amnesty cewa "sun gaya mana cewa dole ne mu fice ko kuma su gaya wa kawancen Amurka cewa mu 'yan ta'adda ne kuma jiragensu za su afka mana da iyalanmu. An ruwaito barazanar da YPG ta yi na kiran kai hare-haren da Amurka ta kai kan mazauna kauyuka. Amnesty International ta yi ikirarin cewa "wadannan lokuta na gudun hijirar tilastawa sun zama laifukan yaki". [16] [17] [18] Wasu Larabawa da Turkmen sun yi iccirarin cewa 'yan bindigar YPG sun sace gidajensu da dabbobi, sun ƙauyensu sun ƙauyuka sun ƙauye su ƙauyukansu kuma sun ƙauyen su ƙauyuka ne da suka ƙauyansu suka ƙauyuka.[19][20] A lokacin yakin basasar Syria, an kai hare-hare da dama daga Musulman Larabawa ko Kurdawa kan Kiristocin Syria, ciki har da harin bam na Qamishli na shekarar 2015. A watan Janairun shekarar 2016 ne mayakan YPG suka kai wani harin ba-zata a kan shingayen binciken ababan hawa na Assuriya da ke Qamishli, a yankin da galibin mutanen Assuriya ne, inda suka kashe Assuriya daya tare da raunata wasu uku na daban.[21][22][23]

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa YPG ta kori fararen hula daga arewacin Siriya kuma ta lalata gidajensu a matsayin fansa ga alaƙar da aka gani da ISIL. Yawancin gidajen da aka rushe na Larabawa ne, amma wasu na Turkmen da Kurdawa ne. Turkiyya "Daily Sabah" ta yi iƙirarin cewa Amnesty International ta ce Kurdish PYD ta gudanar da tsaftace kabilanci a kan Turkmen da Larabawa bayan sun kwace Tal Abyad. Koyaya, Amnesty International ta buga rahoto ɗaya kawai game da sojojin Kurdawa na Siriya kuma yana da alaƙa da lalata ƙauyuka da gidaje, ba tsabtace kabilanci ba. Rahoton Amnesty International ya kammala cewa akwai rubuce-rubuce na tilasta ƙaura wanda ya zama laifukan yaki.[24] A cikin 2015, kungiyoyin Assuriyawa da Armeniya sun nuna rashin amincewa da tilasta wa Kurdawa gudanar da kai a lardin Hasaka, gami da kwace dukiyar masu zaman kansu ta PYD da tsoma baki a cikin darussan makarantar coci da kuma sukar kwace dukiya ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma kashe-kashen da aka yi niyya Assuriyawa sun kuma soki aiwatar da darussan sake fasalin a makarantun masu zaman kansu da na jama'a tare da nuna son kai na Kurdawa.[25][26][27] Sun yi iƙirarin cewa a cikin litattafan Kurdawa "sun canza gaskiyar tarihi da ƙasa", gami da sunayen wuraren Assuriya waɗanda aka canza zuwa sunayen Kurdawa, kuma ana koya wa ɗalibai cewa Sarki Nabuchadnezzar daga Tsohon Alkawari ya auri wata mace Kurdawa.[28] Abin damuwa na musamman shine "harin da kuma kamawa na 'yan adawar siyasa na Kurdish na PYD" da kuma shugabannin farar hula da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suka lura.[29] An zargi YPG da kama daruruwan fursunonin siyasa. An yi iƙirarin cewa YPG ta sace kusan mutane 150 a cikin 2013 kadai. Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a shekarar 2014 cewa "an sami shari'o'i da yawa na cin zarafi a kurkuku a Rojava". An azabtar da wasu masu adawa kuma an kashe su Amnesty International ta ruwaito a shekarar 2015 cewa PYD "tana amfani da zalunci kan ta'addanci ... a matsayin uzuri don tsare da kuma gwada masu sukar zaman lafiya da fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba. PYD ta kuma harbe masu zanga-zangar, ta kama abokan adawar siyasa, da kuma rufe hanyoyin watsa labarai.[30][31][32][33][34][35] Rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Kurdawa da Larabawa sun kasance a kan gaba a rikice-rikice a Siriya da Iraki. A Siriya, akwai rahotanni da yawa game da cin zarafin Kurdawa a kan fararen hula Larabawa, gami da kamawa, tilasta ƙaura, da rahotanni na sojojin YPG da ke rushe ƙauyuka.[33][36][37] Irin wannan rahotanni game da sojojin Kurdawa da ke lalata gidajen Larabawa sun fito ne a cikin yakin da ake yi wa Mosul.[38][35]

Dubi kuma

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Bayanan da ke ƙasa

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Bayani

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Haɗin waje

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  • Siriya a Human Rights WatchMai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam
  • Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Siriya da' Yanci Tsarin zamani ne na' yancin ɗan adam don tallafi kafin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Siriya.
  • Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2010: Siriya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, 8 ga Afrilu 2011
  •  
  • Tashin hankali a kan Gwamnatin Assad a Siriya: Shin Wannan Libya ce ta biyu? Yunin 2011, Qantara.de
  • Worrall, James; Hightower, Victoria Penziner (2021). "Methods in the madness? Exploring the logics of torture in Syrian counterinsurgency practices". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1080/13530194.2021.1916154. S2CID 234872905 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  1. ↑ Michael Provence; Jamal Wakim (4 October 2011). "Colonial Origins of the Syrian Security State". Al Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  2. ↑ Thompson, Elizabeth (2011-05-01). "Le mouvement féminin et l'essor de l'État-providence colonial en Syrie (1920-1946)". Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire (in Faransanci) (33): 107–124. doi:10.4000/clio.10030. ISSN 1252-7017.
  3. ↑ "This day in history: The Ba'ath Party comes to power in Syria". Al Majalla. 8 March 2023. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023.
  4. ↑ "Jews of Syria". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  5. ↑ "Jews in Islamic Countries: Syria". Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  6. ↑ Chandler, Adam (1 December 2014). "Eichmann's Best Man Lived and Died in Syria". The Atlantic. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYBrunner
  8. ↑ Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath". The Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  9. ↑ "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria". Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  10. ↑ "Countries and Territories". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-26.
  11. ↑ "Syria: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-26.
  12. ↑ "The Arab Press Network". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  13. ↑ Griffin, Jennifer (6 April 2017). "US launches missiles into Syria in response to chemical weapons attack". Fox News. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  14. ↑ "Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria, Report for the 12th session of the UN Human Rights Council" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  15. ↑ "SYRIA: The Silenced Kurds; Vol. 8, No. 4(E)". Human Rights Watch. 1996. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  16. ↑ "Amnesty International accuses Kurdish YPG of war crimes". 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  17. ↑ "Document". 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  18. ↑ "US-backed Kurdish forces 'committing war crimes against Syrian civilians'". The Guardian. Associated Press. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  19. ↑ Mühlbauer, Peter (13 October 2015). "Amnesty International wirft Kurden Vertreibung von Arabern vor". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  20. ↑ "Ethnic cleansing charged as Kurds move on Islamic State town in Syria". Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  21. ↑ "Kurdish YPG Forces Attack Assyrians in Syria, 1 Assyrian, 3 Kurds Killed". aina.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  22. ↑ Antonopoulos, Paul (2016-01-12). "Revisiting Kurdish Tolerance: YPG Attacks Assyrian Militia". AMN – Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  23. ↑ "Syria's Christians pressured by forced PYD assimilation". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  24. ↑ "Document". 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  25. ↑ "PYD Impose Kurdish Education Curricula on Assyrians, Arabs in Syria". Aina. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  26. ↑ "Assyrian Organizations Issue Joint Statement on Human Rights Violations in North-east Syria". aina.org. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  27. ↑ "The Kurds and Assyrians: Everything You Didn't Know". aina.org. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  28. ↑ "PYD Impose Kurdish Education Curricula on Assyrians, Arabs in Syria". aina.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  29. ↑ "HRW, Under Kurdish rule, 2014" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  30. ↑ "Syria: Arbitrary detentions and blatantly unfair trials mar PYD fight against terrorism" (in Turanci). Amnesty International. 7 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  31. ↑ "Four Myths about the Kurds, Debunked". Lawfare (in Turanci). 2016-12-04. Archived from the original on 2024-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  32. ↑ Glioti, Andrea (2013-07-01). "Syrian Kurdish Group Linked to PKK Kills Protesters". Al-Monitor (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  33. 1 2 "Under Kurdish Rule | Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2014-06-19. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  34. ↑ "PYD-linked Assayish arrests Syrian journalist for reporting to 'hostile channel'". ARA News (in Turanci). 2014-08-10. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  35. 1 2 "Four Myths about the Kurds, Debunked". Lawfare (in Turanci). 2016-12-04. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  36. ↑ "Syrian Kurds Accused of Human Rights Abuses Against Arabs". Voice of America (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  37. ↑ "Syria: US ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes" (in Turanci). Amnesty International. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  38. ↑ "Iraqi Kurdistan: Arab Homes Destroyed After ISIS Battles". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2016-11-13. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
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