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'Yancin Dan Adam a Siriya ta Ba'ath

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Hakkin dan adam a cikin Ba'athist Syria ba su wanzu ba. An dauki rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. A sakamakon haka, shahararrun kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun yi Allah wadai da Syria ta Ba'athist, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, [1] [2] da Tarayyar Turai. [3] An ƙuntata 'yanci na jama'a,' yancin siyasa,' yanci na magana da taro a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin neo-Ba'athist na Bashar al-Assad, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatocin da suka fi zalunci a duniya".[4][5] Zaben 50 na Freedom in the World, rahoton shekara-shekara da Freedom House ta buga tun 1973, ya sanya Siriya a matsayin "Mafi muni daga cikin Mafi muni" a cikin ƙasashen "Ba 'yanci ba". Rahoton ya lissafa Siriya a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe biyu don samun mafi ƙarancin sakamako (1/100). [6][7]

Juyin mulkin shekarar 1963 da kwamitin soji na jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Siriya ya yi ne ya kori 'yan Ba'athist a kan karagar mulki, wanda ya ba su damar kafa daular kama-karya a Siriya. Bayan wani lokaci na gwagwarmayar neman madafun iko a cikin jam'iyyu wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin 1970, Janar Hafez al-Assad ya zama shugaban kasar Siriya; kafa mulkin kama-karya na gadon gidan Assad. A cikin shekaru sittin na mulkinta, hukumomin tsaro sun haramtawa duk wani kungiyoyi na zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki masu zaman kansu ba tare da jam'iyyar Baath ko gwamnatin ba; tabbatar da cewa jihar tana da cikakken ikon mallakar duk nau'ikan kungiyoyi. Yanayin gaggawa ya fara aiki daga 1963 har zuwa Afrilu 2011, yana ba da ikon tsaro na kamawa da tsare fararen hula; gami da fursunonin lamiri.[2] Daga 1973 zuwa 2012, Siriya kasa ce mai jam'iyya daya. Yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Syria na shekarar 2012 ya tabbatar da kafa jam'iyyun siyasa da sunan kafa; Tsarin rajista a aikace ya kasance mai wahala kuma gwamnatin ta bincika sosai. Ayyukan siyasa masu zaman kansu ba tare da Ba'ath ba sun raunana a yankunan da gwamnati ke karkashin ikon Mukhabarat kuma suna sa ido sosai.[8]

Babu wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa, domin ya zama wajibi ga dukkan alkalai da masu gabatar da kara su amince da 'yan jam'iyyar Ba'ath. Dakarun sojan Ba'ath suna da ikon kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da gurfanar da su gaban kotu.[9] An zargi hukumomi da tayar da hankali da kuma ɗaure masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da sauran masu sukar gwamnati. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya da taro an sarrafa su sosai, kuma' yan tsiraru na kabilanci sun fuskanci nuna bambanci.[2][10] A Tsawon shekaru da dama na mulkin daular Assad tsakanin 1970 da 2011; Sama da ‘yan Syria 70,000 ne aka yi wa bacewar tilas, sama da 40,000 aka kashe ta hanyar kisan gilla da kuma dubban daruruwan fararen hula suka rasa muhallansu ta hanyar korarsu.

After an initial period of economic liberalization that failed to improve human rights in the early 2000s, Bashar al-Assad launched a string of crackdowns that imprisoned numerous intellectuals and cultural activists; thereby ending the Damascus Spring. At the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011, the country's human rights situation remained among the worst in the world; characterized by arbitrary arrests, mass surveillance by the dreaded secret police and systematic repression of ethnic minorities, such as the Kurds.[11] The government was guilty of crimes against humanity based on witness accounts of deaths in custody[12] including extrajudicial executions,[lower-alpha 1] torture,[lower-alpha 2] rape,[lower-alpha 3] arbitrary detentions, ethnic cleansing, genocides, massacres, state terrorism and forced disappearances during the crackdown against the 2011 Syrian Revolution and the ensuing Civil War. The government had also conducted numerous chemical attacks against its own civilians.[lower-alpha 4]

Tarihin 'yancin ɗan adam

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Juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1963 da kwamitin soji na jam'iyyar Baath ta kasar Siriya ya kifar da jamhuriya ta biyu ta Siriya karkashin jagorancin shugaba Nazim al-Qudsi, wanda ya haifar da mulkin Baath na tsawon shekaru da dama. Sabon tsarin mulkin ya aiwatar da manufofin injiniyan zamantakewa kamar kwace kadarori masu yawa, jihar ta ba da umarnin sake rarraba filaye da dukiya, babban aikin tantancewa, kawar da cibiyoyin buga littattafai masu zaman kansu, mayar da bankuna kasa, tsarin ilimi da masana'antu. An kafa dokar ta-baci wadda ta soke duk wasu jam'iyyun siyasa tare da baiwa sojoji iko mai karfi; mulkin kasar yadda ya kamata a matsayin ‘yan sanda. An gudanar da share fage a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, tsarin mulki; kuma sojojin sun cika makil da masu biyayya ga jam’iyyar. Ba'ath na Siriya sun sami tasiri sosai daga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Larabawa ta Akram Hawrani wadda ta yi riko da Marxism.[29]

A cikin Maris 1964, an hana Yahudawa yin tafiya fiye da kilomita 5 (3 mi) daga garuruwansu. [30] An hana Yahudawa yin aiki da gwamnati ko bankuna, ba za su iya samun lasisin tuƙi ba, kuma an hana su siyan kadarori. Ko da yake an hana Yahudawa fita daga ƙasar, amma a wasu lokuta ana ba su izinin tafiya ƙasashen waje don kasuwanci ko na likita. Duk wani Bayahude da aka ba da izinin barin ƙasar dole ne ya bar jinginar dala $300- $1,000 da kuma dangin da za a yi amfani da su azaman garkuwa don tabbatar da cewa sun dawo. An yi titin filin jirgin sama a kan makabartar Yahudawa da ke birnin Damascus, sannan an rufe makarantun Yahudawa tare da mika wa musulmi. ’Yan sandan sirri suna sa ido a kai a kai a Ƙarshen Yahudawa na Dimashƙu, waɗanda suka halarta a hidimar majami’a, bukukuwan aure, mashaya mashaya, da sauran taron Yahudawa. ’Yan sandan sirri sun sa ido sosai kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Yahudawan Siriya da baƙi kuma suna ajiye fayil a kan kowane ɗan Yahudawa. Yahudawa kuma sun sa ‘yan sandan sirrin sun karanto wayoyinsu tare da karanta wasikunsu.[31] Bayan nasarar Isra'ila a cikin Yakin Kwanaki shida na 1967, an kara karfafa ƙuntatawa, kuma ana iya kashe Yahudawa 57 a Qamishli a cikin kisan gilla. Al'ummomin Damascus, Aleppo, da Qamishli sun kasance a karkashin tsare-tsare na gida na tsawon watanni takwas bayan yakin. An kori ma'aikatan Yahudawa da yawa bayan Yaƙin Kwanaki shida.

Bayan kawar da ƙungiyoyin Baathist masu adawa ta hanyar juyin mulki a shekara ta 1970, Janar Hafez al-Assad ya kafa cikakken rinjaye a kan jam'iyyar Baath tare da kafa mulkin kama-karya wanda ya shafi addininsa. Tsarin gwamnatin Assad na 'yan sandan ya ta'allaka ne da kungiyar Ba'ath, sojojin Siriya cike da manyan 'yan Ba'ath da kuma 'yan Alawiyya masu biyayya ga iyalan Assad. Hafez ya mulki Siriya tsawon shekaru talatin, inda ya tura matakan danniya tun daga satar bayanai zuwa hanyoyin ta'addanci na kasa kamar kisan jama'a, korar jama'a da kuma ayyuka kamar azabtarwa, wadanda aka yi gaba daya kan fararen hula.[1] SS-Haupsturmfuhrer Alois Brunner, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da Holocaust a matsayin na hannun daman Adolf Eichmann, ya taimaka wa al-Assad wajen shirya 'yan sandan sirri na Baath tare da horar da su a kan ayyukan azabtarwa na Nazi Jamus.[32] Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun kasance ana amfani da su nan da 2021.[33]

Tankin sojojin Ba'ath na Syria yana birgima kan rugujewar unguwannin birnin jim kadan bayan kisan kiyashin da Hama ya yi a shekara ta 1982, wanda ya kashe fararen hula kimanin 40,000.

In 1982, Hafez al-Assad responded to an insurrection led by the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Hama by sending paramilitary forces that indiscriminately killed between 40,000 and 55,000 civilians including children, women, and the elderly during the Hama massacre.[34] State-violence perpetrated by Assad's reign have targeted women extensively, subjecting them to discrimination and gender-based violence.[2] Between 1980 and 2000, more than 17,000 Syrian civilians were subjected to forced disappearance from the Ba'athist regime. During Baathist occupation of Lebanon, numerous Lebanese, Palestinian and other Arab civilians went missing. More than 35 torture techniques were reported to be employed in Syrian prisons and military detention centres during this time. A 1983 report published by Amnesty International revealed that Assad regime routinely committed mass-executions of alleged dissidents and engaged in the extensive torture of prisoners of conscience. Various torture methods in Syrian prisons include electrocutions, ablazing, sexual violence, castration, etc.

A shekara ta 2000, Bashar al-Assad ya gaji tsarin mulkin kama karya na Ba'athist Syria bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Tsarin mulkinsa ya kasance da rikice-rikice da zalunci fiye da na Hafez al-Assad. An danganta wannan ga rashin ƙwarewar Bashar a cikin tsaro da harkokin siyasa, ban da rashin tsaro game da rayuwar mulkin iyalinsa. Rahoton Freedom House na 2006 ya lissafa Siriya daga cikin mafi munin kasashe don ƙuntata 'yanci na farar hula da' yancin siyasa; yana ba ta mafi ƙarancin maki a duka matakan biyu. A cikin 2023, Freedom House ta kimanta damar mutane ga 'Yancin siyasa a Siriya a matsayin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na Freedom in the World akan ƙasashe 210. Siriya ta kasance "-3" a cikin haƙƙin siyasa - ƙasa da sikelin ta 1 zuwa 7, tare da Sudan ta Kudu da Yammacin Sahara - kuma an ba Siriya darajar "Ba Free ba". Tun daga 2022, Siriya tana da ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin rahoto.[35][36]

A cewar rahoton na 2008 game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "girmama 'yancin ɗan adam" gwamnatin Siriya ya tsananta. Jami’an tsaro suna kama da tsare mutane ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba, galibi suna tsare fursunoni a “tsawon zaman shari’a da tsare-tsare”, da kuma “ azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni da fursunoni”. Gwamnati ta sanya takunkumi mai yawa a kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yada labarai, taro, da kuma kungiyoyi, a cikin yanayin cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. A cewar Cibiyar Harkokin Labaran Larabawa, "duk da yanayin siyasa na gaba ɗaya", akwai "alamu na canji mai kyau," a lokacin zaben 2007.[37] A cewar wani rahoto na 2008 daga Reporters without Borders, "Dole ne 'yan jarida su tantance kansu sosai saboda tsoron jefa su cikin gidan yarin Adra".

A shekara ta 2009 an haɗa Siriya a cikin sashin Freedom House na "Mafi munin Mafi muni" kuma an ba shi darajar 7 don 'Yancin Siyasa: da 6 don' Yancin Bil'adama. A cewar Human Rights Watch, tun daga shekara ta 2009 yanayin talauci na haƙƙin ɗan adam na Siriya ya "ƙasa sosai". Hukumomi sun kama masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da kare hakkin dan adam, sun tantance shafukan yanar gizo, sun tsare masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, kuma sun sanya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye. Hukumomin tsaro da yawa na Siriya suna ci gaba da tsare mutane ba tare da takardar izinin kamawa ba. Babu jam'iyyun siyasa da aka ba da lasisi kuma dokar ta baci, wadda aka ɗora a 1963, ta ci gaba da aiki. Hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa da aka tura a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare da kurkuku na Siriya sun haɗa da duka na yau da kullun, fyade, tashin hankali na jima'i, "Bisat al-rih" (kafet mai tashi), da sauransu.

Kafin barkewar juyin juya halin Siriya a shekara ta 2011, an dauki halin da ake ciki na 'yancin dan adam na Ba'athist Syria a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. Kayan soja na Ba'athist sun kama fararen hula da yawa, sun azabtar da masu adawa da kuma tsananta wa Kurdawa na Siriya. 'Yan sanda na Siriya sun ci gaba da kama 'yan jarida, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, shafukan yanar gizo mai tantancewa, haramta hanyoyin watsa labarai, tsare masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, da kuma sanya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye. tsare-tsare, azabtarwa, da ɓacewar tilas sun yadu.[38] An kama masu adawa da Kurdawa da masu gwagwarmayar siyasa a kai a kai kuma an ɗaure su.[39] An haramta maganganun asalin Kurdawa, tare da nuna bambanci ga Kurdawa kuma an bi da su a matsayin "yan ƙasa na biyu" a cikin Ba'athist Syria.[40][41]

Mummunan tashin hankali da ta'addancin da gwamnatin Assad da masu mara masa baya na kasashen waje ke yi a duk fadin kasar bayan barkewar juyin juya halin kasar Siriya a shekara ta 2011 ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wanda ya zarta ayyukan sauran masu mulkin kama karya na Larabawa wadanda suka murkushe yunkurin kasashen Larabawa. Har ma ya zarce mummunan tashin hankalin da Hafez al-Assad ya yi a lokacin Kisan Hama. Ta hanyar bin munanan manufofin duniya don murkushe juriya da makamai, Bashar ya lalata yawancin kayayyakin more rayuwa na fararen hula, al'adu da tattalin arzikin Syria. Ba kamar mahaifinsa ba, Bashar ya kashe fararen hular Siriya da yawa kuma ya rasa ƴancin kai na siyasa ga 'yan wasan waje kamar Rasha da Iran. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, fiye da kashi uku na yankunan Siriya sun kasance a wajen ikon gwamnatin Ba'ath.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka sun kai hari kan wani sansanin sojan sama na Siriya [42] wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gudanar da Harin makamai masu guba a kan fararen hula na Siriya. Wannan harin kuma an san shi da Harin makami mai linzami na Shayrat na 2017. A cikin 2018, sojojin hadin gwiwa ciki har da Amurka, Faransa, da Ingila sun kuma gudanar da jerin hare-haren soja a Siriya.

Tsarin shari'a

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Ba'athist Syria tana da dogon tarihi na kamawa, shari'o'i marasa adalci da kuma tsawo tsare wadanda ake zargi. Dubban fursunonin siyasa sun kasance a tsare, tare da da mutane da yawa daga cikin haramtaccen Muslim Brotherhood da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Tun daga watan Yunin 2000, Shugaba al-Assad ya saki fursunonin siyasa sama da 700 na dogon lokaci, kodayake an ruwaito cewa har yanzu ana ɗaure kimanin 4,000.[10] Bayani game da waɗanda aka tsare dangane da tuhumar siyasa ko tsaro ba a bayyana su ba. [10] Gwamnati ba ta yarda da alhakin kusan 'yan Lebanon 17,000 da Palasdinawa waɗanda suka " bace" a Lebanon a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s kuma ana zaton an ɗaure su a Siriya.[10] A shekara ta 2009, an kama daruruwan mutane kuma an ɗaure su saboda dalilai na siyasa. An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda na soja sun kashe akalla fursunoni 17.[2] Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam suna ci gaba da yin niyya da kuma ɗaure su. [10] [2][43]

A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Netherlands ta bukaci a tuhumi shugaban Syria Bashar al-Assad da laifin laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama da aka aikata a lokacin yakin basasa. Jami'an kasar Holland sun aike da sanarwa ga gwamnatin Siriya kan matakan shari'a da ya kamata a dauka tare da gabatar da kara a kotun kasa da kasa kan gazawar gwamnatin Siriya na yin shawarwari karkashin tsarin MDD.[44]

Fursunoni na lamiri

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Zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga al'ummar Siriya a birnin Montreal. Alamar tana cewa: "Dakatar da azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni a Siriya!"

Daga cikin ɗimbin fursunonin lamiri da aka kama a shekara ta 2009, da kuma ɗaruruwan fursunonin siyasa da aka riga aka tsare a kurkuku, wasu fitattun fursunonin sun haɗa da:

  • Kamal al-Labwani, a prisoner of conscience who had three years added to his 12-year sentence for allegedly "broadcasting false or exaggerated news which could affect the morale of the country", on account of remarks he was alleged to have made in his prison cell.[2]
  • Nabil Khlioui, an alleged Islamist from Deir al-Zour, who with at least 10 other Islamists, most are presumed to be from Deir al-Zour, remained in incommunicado detention without charge or trial at the end of 2009.[2]
  • Mashaal Tammo, the killed spokesperson for the unauthorized Kurdish Future Current group, who was 'held incommunicado for 12 days and charged with "aiming to provoke civil war or sectarian fighting", "conspiracy" and three other charges commonly brought against Kurdish activists, charges that could lead to the death penalty.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>]
  • Twelve leaders of a prominent gathering of opposition groups, the Damascus Declaration, continue to serve 30-month prison terms. Among those detained is Riad Seif, 62, a former member of parliament who is in poor health.
  • Habib Saleh was sentenced to three years in jail for "spreading false information" and "weakening national sentiment" in the form of writing articles criticizing the government and defending opposition figure Riad al-Turk.[45]
A wannan daren Hamada ya farka yana bukatar amfani da bandaki. Wani mai gadi ne ya buge shi har zuwa bandaki, amma ya shiga shi kadai. Da ya bude rumfar farko, sai ya ga tarin gawarwaki, an yi masu duka da shudi. Ya kara samun wasu biyu a rumfar ta biyu, a sume suka rasa idanunsu. Akwai wani jiki kusa da nutsewa. Hamada ya fito a firgice, amma mai gadi ya mayar da shi ya ce masa, "pee bisa gawar." Ya kasa. Ya fara jin kamar ya rasa rikonsa akan gaskiya. A cewar U.N. bincike, matattun fursunonin an "ajiye su a bandakuna" a rassan tsaro da yawa a Damascus.
  • Ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni da aka saki shi ne Aref Dalila . Ya yi shekaru bakwai daga cikin shekaru goma da aka yanke masa a kurkuku, yawancin su a cikin kurkuku mai zaman kansa kuma a cikin rashin lafiya, saboda sa hannu a cikin abin da ake kira "Damascus Spring" kafin a sake shi ta hanyar gafarar shugaban kasa.[2]
  • A watan Yunin 2010, Mohannad al-Hassani, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Siriya (Swasiya) kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Martin Ennals ta 2010 don masu kare hakkin dan Adam, an same shi da laifin "raunin halin kasa" da kuma "bayar da labarai na karya a cikin Siriya wanda zai iya raunana halin al'umma". An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku.

Kurkukun Sednaya shi kadai yana da fursunonin siyasa sama da 600. Hukumomin sun tsare mutane da yawa a gidan kurkuku na tsawon shekaru, galibi sun wuce hukuncin da aka yanke musu na shari'a. Kimanin fursunoni 17,000 da suka bace tsawon shekaru sun nuna cewa Syria na iya boye kaburbura.[34]

A wani rahoto da ta fitar a shekara ta 2006, kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayar da rahoton yadda ake ci gaba da tsare "dubban" fursunonin siyasa a Syria, "da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi da kuma jam'iyyar gurguzu ne da aka dakatar." A cewar kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Syria, akwai fursunonin siyasa 4,000 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Syria a shekara ta 2006. [46]

Tortura

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Fayil:Alois Brunner.JPG
SS-Haupsturmfuhrer Alois Brunner, hannun dama na Adolf Eichmann, ya taimaka wa Hafez al-Assad wajen shirya 'Yan sanda na sirri na Ba'athist kuma ya horar da su kan ayyukan azabtarwa na Nazi, a karkashin mafaka ta sirri a Siriya.

A watan Agustan 2016, Amnesty International ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke magance matsalar azabtarwa da cin zarafi a gidajen yarin gwamnatin Syria wadanda suka hada da cin zarafin bil adama. Tun lokacin da rikicin ya fara a watan Maris na 2011, kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta kiyasta cewa mutane 17,723 ne ke mutuwa a gidan yari a Syria – wanda ya kai sama da 300 ke mutuwa a kowane wata. A cewar rahoton, sojojin gwamnati sun yi amfani da azabtarwa don tsoratar da 'yan adawa. Amma a yau, suna amfani da shi a matsayin wani sashe na kai hari kan 'yan adawa. A cewar shaidar wasu da suka tsira, an gallazawa fursunonin azaba iri-iri da nufin bata musu mutuntaka, kuma a lokuta da dama ana kashe su. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce dole ne a gurfanar da wadanda ke da hannu a wannan ta'asa.[47]

A gidan yarin Sednaya kadai, an kashe fursunoni 13,000 ba tare da shari'a ba tsakanin 2011 da 2015, galibi ta hanyar ratayewa. Wannan wani bangare ne na turawar Assad don kawar da duk masu adawa da mulkinsa. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin 2020, iyalai na wadanda aka tsare a cikin kurkuku na Gwamnatin Siriya sun sami hotunan danginsu da suka mutu a cikin hotunan kafofin watsa labarai na mai daukar hoto na 'yan sanda wanda ya zama mai ba da labari, mai suna, Kaisar. Hotunan suna daga cikin dubban hotuna na wadanda aka azabtar, wadanda aka fitar da su daga Siriya a shekarar 2013. An kuma bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan Turai suna cikin wadanda aka azabtar.

An bayyana bayyanar azabtarwa, fyade, Kisan kiyashi, hallaka ta hanyar Rahoton Kaisar na 2014, wanda ya rubuta shaidar hoto na mummunan aiki da ke faruwa a cikin kurkukun soja na Siriya. Rahoton ya rubuta jimlar hotuna na dijital 55,000 na jikin mutum da aka azabtar ko aka raba kusan 11,000 da aka tsare.[48][49] Da yake kwatanta wasu dabarun azabtarwa da aka saki a kan 'yan Siriya da aka kama a kurkukun soja, mai ficewar soja Kaisar ya ce:

"A bayyane yake cewa an azabtar da su, ba a azabtar da su na yini ɗaya ko biyu ba, an azabtar da su na tsawon watanni masu yawa. Jikinsu rafke ne, kwarangwal ne zalla. Akwai mutane, yawancinsu an zare idanuwansu. Akwai wutar lantarki, za ka iya gane duhun da ke jikinsu da aka yi amfani da su a wurin. An yi amfani da wukake da kuma manyan igiyoyi da ake amfani da su a jikinsu. gawarwakin wadannan mutane 'kowane nau'in azabtarwa,'amma lalatawar idanuwa sun bar tunanin yadda aka kirga nakasu don tilastawa bayanai zuwa 2013, gawarwakin sun cika ma'ajiyar gawarwaki tare da zube a wani garejin ajiye motoci a wani asibitin sojoji.

A cikin 2023, Kanada da Netherlands sun haɗa kai don shigar da karar a kan Gwamnatin Assad a Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ); suna tuhumar Assad da ba da umarnin azabtarwa, fyade da sauran dabarun lalata da daruruwan dubban fursunoni a cikin cibiyoyin kurkuku na Siriya, gami da mata da yara. Wannan korafin hadin gwiwa ya yi tir da mulkin Ba'athist don haifar da "ciwo da wahala na jiki da na tunani" a matsayin dabarar da aka yi niyya don azabtar da yawan Mutanen Siriya gaba ɗaya.[50][51][52] A cikin wata sanarwa daban, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Holland ta zargi Bashar al-Assad da aikata mummunan take hakkin dan adam, Laifukan yaki da kuma dabarun rashin mutunci a kan mutanen Siriya "a babban sikelin". Ayyukan hadin gwiwa sun kasance ne bayan maimaita veto na Rasha a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya hana kokarin gurfanar da Bashar al-Assad kan laifukan yaki a Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya.

'Yanci na addini

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Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin addini. Koyaya, Gwamnati ta ƙuntata wannan haƙƙin. Duk da yake babu wata addinin gwamnati, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya buƙaci cewa shugaban kasa Musulmi ne kuma ya ayyana cewa Shari'a Musulunci, fadada dokar Shari'a ta Musulunci, shine babban tushen doka.[53] A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta "Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya na 2007", Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da' yancin bangaskiya da ayyukan addini, idan dai al'adun addini ba su dame tsarin jama'a ba. A cewar rahoton, Gwamnatin Siriya ta sa ido kan ayyukan dukkan kungiyoyi, gami da kungiyoyin addini, sun hana masu tuba, wanda ta dauki barazana ga dangantakar tsakanin kungiyoyin addini. Rahoton ya ce Gwamnati ta nuna bambanci ga Shaidun Jehobah kuma akwai rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci na ƙananan tashin hankali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin addinai, wasu daga cikin su saboda rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki maimakon haɗin addini. Akwai wasu damuwa tsakanin 'yan tsiraru na addini cewa sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya zai haifar da zalunci ga' yan tsiraru masu addini ta ƙungiyoyin Islama waɗanda yanzu aka danne.

’Yan’uwan Zeibak: ’Yan matan Siriya-Yahudawa huɗu (’yan’uwa mata uku da ɗan uwansu) waɗanda aka yi musu fyade, aka kashe su, aka yanka su yayin da suke ƙoƙarin gudu zuwa Isra’ila a shekara ta 1974.

A ranar 14 ga Afrilun 1974, an yi wa 'yan matan Yahudawa hudu fyade, kashe su tare da yanke jiki bayan yunkurin guduwa zuwa Isra'ila. Jami’an ‘yan sandan kan iyaka ne suka gano gawarwakinsu a wani kogo da ke tsaunin Zabdani a arewa maso yammacin birnin Damascus tare da gawarwakin wasu yaran Yahudawa biyu, Natan Shaya mai shekaru 18 da kuma Kassem Abadi mai shekaru 20, wadanda aka kashe a baya-bayan nan.[54] Hukumomin Siriya sun ajiye gawarwakin dukkan shida a cikin jaka a gaban gidajen iyayensu a yankin Yahudawa na Dimashƙu.

Sunni na Sham sun fuskanci tsananin wariya da mugun nufi daga na'urorin Baath na Alawiyyawa; tun da jiga-jigan gwamnatin suka danganta su da 'yan adawar Siriya. Sakamakon haka al'ummar Sunni na kasar Siriya sun fuskanci mafi yawa daga cikin zalunci da laifukan yaki da gwamnatin Ba'ath ta yi a lokacin yakin basasar kasar Siriya. [55]

'Yancin mata

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Gwamnatin Siriya na nuna wariya ga mata ta hanyar matakan gudanarwa da suka toshe muryoyinsu da kuma yin lalata da mata a siyasance. Rikicin jima'i ya dade da zama dabarar gwamnati don tilasta bin jama'a. A lokacin yakin basasar Syria, an yi amfani da manyan laifukan fyade a matsayin wata babbar dabara ta yaki da gwamnatin Assad da mayakan Ba’ath a fadin kasar ta Syria. An bayyana cin zarafin mata ta fuskar siyasa da bangaranci a matsayin wani ginshiki na dabarun mulkin soja. Shabiha masu adawa da Sunna da sauran masu goyon bayan Assad suna aiwatar da wannan manufa ne bisa ka'ida, a kan mata da 'yan mata 'yan Sunna. Mata da yawa da ake zargi da nuna juyayi na 'yan adawa ne wasu jami'an tsaro na Ba'ath na tara su tare da yin lalata da su a cibiyoyin tsare gwamnati da gidajen yarin sojoji. Ana yi wa matan karkara da matalauta fyade, da cin zarafi, duka da azabtarwa ba daidai ba a gidajen yarin sojoji. Wata tsohuwa Mukhabarat ta sace mata da yawa tare da yi mata fyade a ofisoshin 'yan sandan sirri. A cewar yawancin wadanda suka tsira, ba za su iya komawa cikin al'ummarsu ba tare da yin adalci a kan wadanda suka aikata laifin ba.[56]

Hakkin LGBT

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Mataki na 520 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na 1949, ya haramta yin jima'i, watau "dangantakar jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi", kuma ta tanadi daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari.[57]

A shekara ta 2010 'yan sandan Syria sun fara wani farmaki da ya kai ga kama mutane sama da 25. An tuhumi mutanen da laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da luwadi da shan muggan kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, da karfafa dabi'ar luwadi da shirya bukukuwan batsa.[58]

'Yanci na motsi

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'Yan Siriya ba za su iya barin kasar ba tare da "visa na fita" da hukumomi suka bayar ba.[34] Mataki na 13 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya ba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'Yanci na Motsawa kamar haka " (1) Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin' yancin motsi da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha. (2) Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin barin kowace ƙasa, gami da nasa, da komawa ƙasarsa. " An ce haramcin ya karu sosai tun daga shekara ta 2006, kodayake ainihin kididdigar yana da wuya a samu kamar yadda hukumomin tsaro na sirri galibi su ne ke ba da haramcin. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Siriya, a cikin Mataki na 38 (3), ya ba da izinin 'yancin motsi "a cikin yankunan jihar sai dai idan an hana shi ta hanyar yanke shawara ta shari'a ko ta hanyar aiwatar da dokokin kiwon lafiya da aminci na jama'a".

Bayan lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2007 a Siriya da kashi 99.82% na kuri'un da aka ayyana, Bashar al-Assad ya aiwatar da matakai da dama wadanda suka kara zafafa danniya na siyasa da al'adu a Siriya. Gwamnatin Assad ta fadada dokar hana tafiye-tafiye a kan 'yan adawa, masana, marubuta da masu fasaha da ke zaune a Siriya; hana su da iyalansu fita kasashen waje. A shekara ta 2010, jaridar The Economist ta bayyana gwamnatin Siriya a matsayin "mafi muni a cikin kasashen Larabawa", wanda ya shiga cikin dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kuma hana zirga-zirgar jama'a. Fiye da mutane 400 a Syria ne takunkumin hana zirga-zirga na gwamnatin Assad ya takaita a shekarar 2010. A wannan lokacin, gwamnatin Assad ta kama 'yan jarida da yawa kuma ta rufe cibiyoyin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, ban da karfafa tantancewar Intanet.

From 2011 to 2015, the last four years of the Syrian war, the freedom of movement has been most widely restricted in certain areas and on certain individuals.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] Restrictions vary between regions, partly because of continuous fighting in certain areas.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] In rebel held areas there are severe restrictions on the movement of government supporters (or people thought to be government supporters).[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] Foreign diplomats are unable to visit a majority of Syria, and are often not allowed outside of Damascus (Syrian capital).[ana buƙatar hujja]

A yankunan Jindires a Afrin, da Ras al Ayn, an aiwatar da dokar hana fita a 2012 da 2013 yayin da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye suka kafa dokar hana fita da karfe 5 na yamma, bayan haka ba za a iya ganin kowa a bainar jama'a ba. Sai kuma a cikin watan Disamba na 2014, an sanar da hana tafiye-tafiye a kan mazan Siriya masu shekaru 18 zuwa 42 (shekarun soja). Takardar ta bayyana cewa dole ne dukkan mazajen Syria su sami izini na musamman na ficewa daga kasar, daga jami’an soji.

Misali na haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye na mutum shine Louay Hussein, shugaban kungiyar adawa a Siriya (Building the Syrian State, ko jam'iyyar BSS), bai iya halartar tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Moscow a watan Afrilun 2015 ba saboda gwamnati ta ki kawar da haramtacciyarsa ta rayuwa, duk da haka a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2015 Hussein ya yi nasarar kauce wa haramcinsa ya gudu zuwa Spain. Har ila yau, masu kare hakkin dan adam na Siriya suna da ƙuntataccen motsi ta hanyar kama su. An kama masu kare hakkin dan adam Mazen Darwish, Hani Al-Zitani, da Hussein Gharir a watan Fabrairun 2012 saboda 'bayyana ayyukan ta'addanci'. Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira akai-akai da a sake su.

Jami'ar Al-Furat da ke birnin Deir ez-Zor na fuskantar takunkumin hana zirga-zirga daga 'yan ta'addar ISIS. A watan Janairun 2015 ne aka bayar da da'ira ga shingayen binciken ISIS da ke yankin domin binciki duk daliban jami'ar da ke wucewa. Domin karfafa gwiwar dalibai su yi watsi da karatunsu su shiga cikin kungiyar ISIS, ‘yan tawayen suna takurawa daliban shiga tsakanin yankunan gwamnati da yankunan da ISIS ke rike da su, tare da hana dalibai da dama shiga ko fita cikin harabar jami’ar.

Baya ga haka kuma, akwai wasu takunkumin hana motsi da aka sanya wa Mata, alal misali, dokar kasar Syria a yanzu ta bai wa maza damar sanya takunkumi kan wasu 'yan uwa mata. Matan da suka haura shekaru 18 suna da damar yin balaguro zuwa wajen Syria, amma mijin mace na iya gabatar da bukatar a haramta wa matarsa barin kasar. Daga Yuli 2013, a wasu ƙauyuka a Siriya (wato Mosul, Raqqu da Deir el-Zour), ISIS ta daina barin mata su bayyana a bainar jama'a su kaɗai, dole ne su kasance tare da dangi / waliyyi namiji da aka sani da muharrami. Security checkpoints in civilian areas set up by the government and by ISIS have allowed them to monitor these restrictions.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] With the males of Syria often being involved in the fighting, no matter which side, this is leaving many Syrian women at home alone with the children, stranded and unable to leave to purchase food and supplies.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] Further, women in Tel Abyad and Idlib city have been banned from driving by ISIS and Jabhat al-Nursa.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Wasu kasashe sun fara rufe iyakokinsu ga 'yan gudun hijirar Syria. A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2013, Turkiyya ta gina katanga mai tsawon mita biyu a kan iyakar Siriya a gundumar Nusaybin inda ake yawan gwabza fada da 'yan tawaye. Daga nan kuma a ranar 9 ga watan Maris Turkiyya ta rufe wasu mashigarta guda biyu daga Syria, Oncupinar da Cilvegozu, a matsayin mayar da martani ga karuwar tashe-tashen hankula da fargabar wani shiri na ta'addanci. Ya zuwa wannan lokaci Turkiyya ta karbi 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya kusan miliyan biyu. Har yanzu ana maraba da manyan motocin agaji su tsallaka kan iyaka, amma an rufe shi ga daidaikun mutane.

The Ba'athist regime pursued practice of issuing exit visas with strict requirements.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] It also closed the Damascus airport frequently because of growing violence.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] Bans on travel were frequently used against human rights activists and their associates, often these people would not learn about their travel ban until they were prevented leaving the country.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] Usually no explanations are given for these travel restrictions.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] The government often bans members of the opposition and their families from traveling abroad, and they are targeted if they attempt to, causing opposition families to fear to attempt to leave Syria for fear of being attacked at the airport or border crossing.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>] Though this action is illegal under international law, Syrian courts have been known to decline to interfere in matters of national security.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Mataki na 38 (1) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ba'athist Syria ya bayyana cewa "babu wani ɗan ƙasa da za a iya fitar da shi daga ƙasar, ko kuma a hana shi komawa ciki". Wannan, tare da Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya na Haƙƙin Dan Adam ya haifar da haƙƙin haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye na duniya gabaɗaya. Baya ga hana ‘yan kasar ficewa daga Syria, an kuma sha samun hana ‘yan kasar komawa Syria, ko sun fita ba bisa ka’ida ba ko a’a. An dauki mataki mai kyau dangane da hakan ne a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 2015, lokacin da hukumomin Syria suka sanar da cewa 'yan kasar da suka tsere daga yakin za su sake samun fasfo ba tare da tantancewa daga hukumar leken asiri ba, ko kuma ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Hijira da Fasfo. Wadannan ‘yan kasar dai sun gudu ne daga kasar ba bisa ka’ida ba, ko dai ba su dauki fasfo dinsu ba, ko kuma sun rasa su.

Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a cikin Oktoba 2021 cewa 'yan gudun hijirar da suka koma Siriya bisa ga zabin kansu sun sha wahala mai tsanani "cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma tsanantawa a hannun gwamnatin Siriya da kungiyoyin sa kai, ciki har da azabtarwa, kisan gilla, da kuma yin garkuwa da su."[59][60]

'Yanci na magana da kafofin watsa labarai

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Kodayake yawan kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida sun karu a cikin 2000s, Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta ci gaba da kula da iko da kuma tantancewa ga manema labarai. An kama 'yan jarida da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma an gwada su. A shekara ta 2009, kwamitin kare 'yan jarida ya kira Siriya lamba ta uku a cikin jerin kasashe goma mafi munin da za a yi wa mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, saboda kamawa, cin zarafi, da ƙuntatawa da marubutan kan layi a Siriya suka fuskanta.

Tsayar da Intanet a cikin Ba'athist Syria ya kasance mai yawa. Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta haramta shafukan yanar gizo kan dalilai na siyasa kuma ta kama mutanen da ke shiga su. Ana buƙatar cafes na Intanet don yin rikodin duk maganganun da masu amfani suka sanya a dandalin tattaunawa.[61] An toshe shafukan yanar gizo irin su Wikipedia Larabci, YouTube da Facebook daga 2008 zuwa 2011. An gano tacewa da toshewa a cikin wuraren kayan aikin siyasa da Intanet, kuma suna zaɓaɓɓu a cikin zamantakewa da rikice-rikice / tsaro ta hanyar OpenNet Initiative a watan Agusta 2009. Siriya ta kasance a cikin Reporters Without Borders' Enemy of the Internet tun 2006 lokacin da aka kafa jerin.

baya ga tace ire-iren abubuwan da ke cikin gidan yanar gizo, gwamnatin Ba'ath ta Siriya ta sa ido sosai kan yadda ake amfani da Intanet tare da tsare 'yan kasar "saboda bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ko bayar da rahoto ta yanar gizo." Dokokin da ba su da fa'ida da faɗin kalmomi suna gayyatar gwamnati cin zarafi kuma sun sa masu amfani da Intanet su shiga aikin tantance kansu don gujewa dalilan da suka sa jihar ta kama.

Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta rufe cibiyar yada labarai da fadin albarkacin baki ta Syria a watan Satumban 2009. Ita ce kungiya mai zaman kanta daya tilo ta kasar da ta kware kan harkokin yada labarai, shiga yanar gizo, da sa ido kan kafafen yada labarai a lokacin yakin neman zabe. Ta yi aiki ba tare da amincewar gwamnati ba, kuma ta sanya ido kan take hakkin 'yan jarida kuma ta dauki alhakin hana yada jaridu da mujallu da damapq.

Sojojin tsaro na Ba'athist na Siriya sun kama kuma sun doke masu zanga-zangar a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020. An fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2020, a gaban cibiyar gwamnan game da gazawar gwamnati na magance faduwar tattalin arziki, lalacewar yanayin rayuwa da cin hanci da rashawa. HRW ta yi kira ga hukumomin Siriya da su saki fursunonin da ke zanga-zangar lumana.[62] Ko da 'yan jarida masu goyon bayan mulkin da aka ba su damar bayar da rahoto a cikin kasar sun kama su da jami'an tsaro kan sakonnin kafofin sada zumunta ko tuhume-tuhumen da ba a fahimta ba kamar kasancewa "ba tare da layi ba".

Kula da Jama'a

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Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta mallaki Siriya a matsayin mulkin kama karya kuma ta yi wa kowane bangare na al'ummar Siriya tsaro na tsawon shekaru.[63] Kwamandojin jami'an tsaro na gwamnati - wanda ya kunshi Sojojin Larabawa na Siriya, 'Yan sanda na sirri, da' yan bindiga na Ba'athist - kai tsaye sun aiwatar da ayyukan zartarwa na jihar Siriya ba tare da la'akari da tsari da ya dace da mulkin doka ba. Ayyukan tsaro sun rufe kungiyoyin farar hula, sun rage 'yancin motsi a cikin ƙasar kuma sun haramta wallafe-wallafen siyasa da alamomi wadanda ba na Ba'athist ba.[63] A lokacin Mulkin Ba'athist, aikin Soja na al'ummar Siriya ya kara karfi. Adadin ma'aikata a cikin Sojojin Siriya da ƙungiyoyin leken asiri daban-daban sun karu sosai daga 65,000 a 1965 zuwa 530,000 a 1991; kuma sun wuce 700,000 a 2004.

'Yan sandan sirri na Ba'ath sun kunshi fikafikai guda hudu: na janar na leken asiri da kuma daraktocin tsaro na siyasa, wadanda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Syria ke kula da su, da kuma hukumar leken asiri ta soja da kuma daraktocin leken asiri na sojojin sama, wadanda ma'aikatar tsaron Syria ke kula da su. Hukumar kula da harkokin tsaro ta kasa ta jam'iyyar Socialist Baath Party ce ke kula da wadannan daraktoci guda hudu kai tsaye, kuma shugabannin rassa hudun sun kai rahoto kai tsaye ga shugaban kasar Syria, wanda kuma shi ne babban sakataren jam'iyyar Ba'ath. Tsarin sa ido na Mukhabarat ya zama ruwan dare, kuma an kiyasta sama da jami'ai 65,000 na cikakken lokaci suna aiki a rassa daban-daban a cikin 2000s. Bugu da kari, akwai dubban daruruwan ma'aikata na wucin gadi da masu ba da labari a sassa daban-daban na leken asirin Syria. Dangane da kimantawa, akwai memba ɗaya na rassa daban-daban na 'yan sanda na sirri na Ba'athist ga kowane ɗan ƙasa 158, wanda aka ce yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.[63]

Babban jami'in leken asiri, tsaro na siyasa, da kuma sassan leken asiri na soji na 'yan sandan sirri na Ba'ath suna da rassa da dama a dukkanin gwamnonin da gwamnatin Assad ke iko da su, inda dukkaninsu ke da hedikwata a Damascus. Tare da rashin hukunta gwamnati da gwamnatin Assad ta yi, jami'an Mukhabarat sun yi tasiri sosai a kan hukumomin gida, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kuma tsarin mulki, inda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shawarwarin gudanarwa na Ba'ath. Bugu da ƙari, an sami fafatawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da gwagwarmayar mulki a tsakanin sassa daban-daban na ƴan sandan sirri. Masana kimiyya da yawa sun bayyana kayan aikin soja, bureaucratic, da na' yan sanda na sirri na jihar Ba'athist kamar yadda suke samar da tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa na pyramidal tare da tsarin sa ido na Orwellian wanda aka tsara don kawar da ayyukan jama'a masu zaman kansu da rashin amincewa da siyasa tun daga farkonsa.

A lokacin mulkin Baath, Syria na daya daga cikin kasashe biyar da aka jera a cikin jerin sunayen ‘yan jarida mara iyaka na “Makiyin Intanet na Jihohi” a watan Maris na 2013, wanda jerin kasashe ne da gwamnatoci ke gudanar da ayyukan sa ido kan kafafen yada labarai wanda ya haifar da tsauraran matakan hana samun bayanai da kuma rayuwar mutum. Gwamnatin Assad ta kara kaimi wajen sa ido kan yanar gizo da sa ido kan yanar gizo a lokacin yakin basasar Syria da sojojinta ta yanar gizo sun tsunduma cikin fasahohin injiniyan zamantakewa da dama da matakan sa ido irin su phishing, malware da kuma katse kiran Skype.

Yaƙin basasar Siriya

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A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Siriya, wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana ayyukan da jami'an tsaro suka yi a matsayin "babban keta haƙƙin ɗan adam".[64] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya rubuta 'yan bindiga da suka ki harba a cikin jama'a masu zaman lafiya ba tare da gargadi ba, tambayoyi masu tsanani ciki har da abubuwan cin zarafin jima'i na maza da fyade na yara maza, kashe asibitoci lokacin da suka ji rauni suka nemi taimako, da kuma harbe yara a matsayin yara biyu.[65] A cikin shekara ta 2011, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Siriya ya fito fili a yankin. Duk da yake Human Rights Watch ba ta sanya masu laifi ba, mutane da yawa sun nuna rahoton kare hakkin dan adam na Siriya a matsayin mafi muni a duniya a cikin 2010.[11]

Tun a farkon jawabinsa na bainar jama'a a ranar 30 ga Maris 2011, Assad ya bayyana aniyarsa ta kawar da zanga-zangar da karfin tuwo. Ya kuma bayyana zanga-zangar a matsayin makarkashiyar kiyayya da Siriya don tayar da “Fitna” sannan kuma ya ninka matsayinsa na kin jinin Larabawa yana mai cewa: “Binne tada tarzoma aiki ne na kasa, da’a, da kuma addini, kuma duk wanda zai iya bayar da gudunmawa wajen binne ta kuma ba sa cikinta, babu sulhu ko tsaka-tsaki a cikin hakan. A cikin Afrilu 2011, Assad ya kafa Central Crisis Management Cell, wani kwamiti na sirri wanda ya ƙunshi manyan jami'an Baath da kuma manyan dangin Assad, wanda ya shirya tsagaita wuta na ƙasa don murkushe zanga-zangar juyin juya halin Siriya.

Yayin da juyin juya halin Musulunci ya bazu a dukkan lardunan kasar ta Siriya, kungiyar 'yan tawayen kasar ta yanke shawarar zafafa danniya ta hanyar kara kai hare-hare tare da daidaita matakan tsaro, a wani taron jam'iyyar Ba'ath. Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin sabon dabarun murkushe sun hada da:

  • An umarci 'yan sanda na sirri da sojoji da su fara manyan hare-hare a cikin gidajen masu tsara zanga-zangar da' yan jarida masu zaman kansu
  • "da zarar an wanke kowane bangare daga mutanen da ake nema", Sojojin Ba'ath sun mamaye waɗannan yankuna a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Sojojin Siriya kuma sun hana waɗanda suka tsira komawa gidajensu
  • Kafa "kwamitin bincike na hadin gwiwa" karkashin jagorancin shugabannin sassan tsaro na Baathist a duk larduna don tsare masu fafutuka da ake zargi da kuma bincika su a kurkuku
  • Canja wurin binciken a duk rassan tsaro don gano ƙarin wadanda ake zargi
  • An ba da umarnin ga shugabannin lardin jam'iyyar waɗanda aka umurce su da su aiwatar da umarnin cikin sauri a yankunansu

{{Quote box|Muna da kisan kai, muna da halaka, muna da azabtarwa, muna da fyade, muna da sauran nau'ikan fitilar jima'i. Muna da tsarewar zalunci. Muna da gyara. Babu shakka sun kai ga shugaba Assad. Ina nufin, wannan babban ƙasa ne, ƙoƙarin da aka tsara. Akwai takardu da sunansa a ciki. A bayyane yake, yana tsara wannan dabarar.. Mun sami mafi kyawun shaida akan Assad da ƙwaƙƙwaransa fiye da yadda muke da shi a kan [Milosevic] a [Yugoslavia]…|source=- Lauya Stephen Rapp, Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da Laifukan Kasa da Kasa (CIJA), kan laifuffukan yaki na gwamnatin Assad[66] Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya mai zaman kanta ta Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Siriya ta kuma zargi yawancin ta'addanci a kan sojojin Gwamnatin Assad. Sojojin Baathist ne ke da alhakin mafi yawan kashe-kashen a lokacin yakin, wanda ya fi yawan wadanda suka mutu da kungiyoyi kamar IS suka yi. Fiye da mutuwar 21,000 sun faru a cikin 2015 kadai, tare da fiye da 75% daga cikinsu (fiye da 15,700) da sojojin gwamnatin Siriya suka aikata. Har ila yau, hare-haren gwamnati sun haifar da mutuwar fararen hula sama da 12,000, tare da kusan 38% na wadanda abin ya shafa mata da yara ne.

On 2 March 2018, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein said, "Syria must be referred to the International Criminal Court. Attempts to thwart justice, and shield these criminals, are disgraceful." Commission for International Justice and Accountability (CIJA), an independent war-crimes documentation agency has been conducting investigations on the crimes and atrocities committed during the Syrian war, with the organization employing around a hundred Syrians and Iraqis in the country, some of them insiders within the state bureaucratic apparatus. In December 2018, CIJA chief Stephen Rapp who formerly served as the US Ambassador for Global Criminal Justice, stated that war-crimes committed by the Syrian regime constituted a "solid kind of evidence that we haven't really had since Nuremberg, when the Nazis were prosecuted." The proofs of documented crimes included a vast array of sources, ranging from 2 million video footages to the documents seized from the Baathist regional committees and command Crisis Centres. Rapp asserted that despite Russian objections in the UN Security Council, the evidences are sufficient for an international arrest warrant.[67][68]

Cibiyoyin Tsaro

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyoyin tsare mutanen da gwamnatin Assad ke gudanarwa na daya daga cikin manyan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a Syria. A cikin 2014, Rahoton Kaisar ya nuna hotuna masu ban tsoro da aka fitar da su daga gidan yarin Syria sun nuna "kisan kisa na tsare-tsare na sama da fursunoni 11,000 da gwamnatin Syria ta yi a wani yanki" a cikin shekara biyu da rabi na yakin basasar Syria. Wani rahoton bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016 ya bayyana fursunonin da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Syria da cewa suna fama da “mummunan yanayin rayuwa” da ke tattare da rashin tsabta muhalli, rashin tsafta da abinci da kuma azabtarwa ta tsari. Bayan mutuwar fursunonin da ake tsare da su, gwamnatin kasar ta sha raba takardun bogi don ikirarin cewa fursunonin sun mutu ne saboda dalilai na halitta. Rahoton ya kuma yi Allah wadai da manufofin gwamnatin Assad na azabtarwa da yanke hukuncin kisa a wuraren da ake tsare da su a matsayin "kare a matsayin wani laifi na cin zarafin bil'adama". An kwatanta dungeons na Siriya da Sansanin hallaka na Nazi na Yaƙin Duniya na II, saboda girman azabtarwa da kisan kiyashi da ke gudana a cikin hanyoyin kurkuku. Jarida Russ Wellen ya ba da rahoton cewa "na'urar kashewa ta jihar ta wuce ikon tsarin don sarrafawa".[69]

A cikin 2017 cikakkun bayanai sun fito game da gidan yarin Sednaya, gidan yarin sojoji kusa da Damascus wanda gwamnatin Assad ke aiki. An yi amfani da gidan yarin wajen tsare dubban fursunoni, na farar hula da kuma 'yan adawa na gwamnati. Amnesty International ta kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 13,000 ba bisa ka'ida ba a gidan yari daya tsakanin Satumba 2011 da Disamba 2015. [70] Bayanan wadanda suka tsira daga kurkuku na gwamnati sun bayyana yanayin rashin mutunci, yunwa, raunin tunani, da azabtarwa.[71]

Haka kuma mata sun fuskanci cin zarafi da laifukan yaki a cikin gidajen yarin Assad. Rahoton 2017 na Lauyoyi da Likitoci don Haƙƙin Dan Adam (LDHR) [72] ta tattara bayanan sirri daga matan da suka tsira daga fyade da azabtarwa a gidajen yarin Assad. Rahoton Amnesty na shekara ta 2017 kan gidan yarin Sednaya na Siriya ya bayyana hanyoyin azabtarwa da yanayin rayuwa na cibiyoyin tsare sojoji da gidajen yari a matsayin "marasa mutunci", yana mai cewa:

"Ana azabtar da 'yan bindiga tun daga lokacin da aka kama su, a lokacin "bikin maraba" - kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita ta hanyar fursunoni da masu gadi na Siriya don yin amfani da mummunan duka da aka samu bayan isowa a wurin tsare-tsare - kuma a duk lokacin tambayoyinsu. Hanyoyin azabtarwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da mummunan duka, amfani da girgizar lantarki, tashin hankali na jima'i ciki har da wuraren cin zarafi da tsare-tsaren damuwa. Ana amfani da su a cikin tarurruka masu yawa a cikin lokuta masu yawa a kan hanyoyin cin zarafin su, ana gudanar da su, ana amfani da su, suna da su a kan matakan kulawa da su, matakan kulawa da cututtukan iska masu yawa, ana hana su, ana kiyaye su a cikin cututtukansu masu tsabtace, ana amfani dasu, ana amfani dashi, ana amfani amfani da su da su a lokuta masu tsabtace su a cikin yanayin kulawa da su a hankali, ana amfani su a cikin yanayi masu yawa.

A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2020, wasu tsoffin jami’an ‘yan sandan sirri na Syria guda biyu, Anwar R. da Eyad A., da ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaki a cibiyar tsare tsare da gwamnatin Syria ke gudanarwa, sun bayyana a wata kotun Jamus domin yin irinsa na farko. A cewar wani rahoto na 2018 da kwamitin kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar, cibiyoyin tsare tsare da gwamnatin Assad ke gudanarwa sun azabtar da sama da mutane 4,000 daga cikin masu zanga-zangar da aka tsare tare da kashe akalla wasu 58. [73][74]

Rashin Daukakawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun bayan yakin basasa a shekara ta 2011, sama da mutane 100,000 ne ake tsare da su, ko aka tilasta musu bace ko kuma suka bace a Syria a shekarar 2019. Akalla 90,000 daga cikinsu ana tunanin an tsare su ko kuma aka bace a gidajen yari na kasar ta Siriya. Wasu rahotannin kuma sun yi kiyasin cewa sama da fararen hula 128,000 ne dakarun gwamnatin suka yi garkuwa da su ko kuma suka bace ta tilas nan da shekarar 2019. [75][76] Amnesty International ta bayyana a cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta 2019:

"Har zuwa yau, Gwamnatin Siriya ta kasa bayyana makomar, sunaye da kuma wurin mutanen da jami'an tsaro na Siriya suka tsare da kuma bace. An sanar da wasu iyalai game da mutuwar danginsu a tsare, ko kuma daga ƙarshe sun sami damar gano cewa ƙaunataccen su ya mutu a tsare. Wadanda suka karɓi takardar shaidar mutuwa - kawai "shaida" da aka bayar - an ɗaure su bisa doka don yin rajistar mutuwar mutum a cikin bayanan farar hula, don samun takardar shaidaya ta hukuma. "[76]

Tsakanin shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015, an kashe fararen hula sama da 17,700 da aka kama a kurkuku. Tsakanin Maris 2011 da Maris 2023, an kiyasta fararen hula 154,000 da aka ɓace, an sace su ko kuma an tsare su a Syria; tare da mutane sama da 135,000 da ake azabtarwa, daurewa ko mutuwa a Cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na gwamnati tun daga shekara ta 2023.

A watan Yunin 2023, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'a don kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don bincika inda daruruwan dubban fararen hula da suka ɓace da aka tilasta su ɓace, an kashe su ko kuma suna fama da kurkuku a gwamnatin Siriya. Hakan ya biyo bayan kara bukatar kafa hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyin fararen hula na Syria sama da dari suka amince da su da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama kamar Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch da kwamitin Red Cross na kasa da kasa. Manufar sabuwar hukumar ita ce tabbatar da ingantacciyar haɗin kai don tattara bayanan mutanen da suka ɓace. Gwamnatin Assad ta yi tir da zaben a matsayin "tsangwama ga baki daya" a harkokin cikin gida na Syria.

sace yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Navi Pillay, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, ya bayyana a watan Maris na 2012 cewa Sojojin Siriya da sojojin Ba'athist suna satar, tsare da azabtar da yara.[77] Da yake ba da shawarar cewa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kamata ya mika Bashar al-Assad don gurfanar da shi a Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC), Navi Pillay ya ce:

"Sun tafi don neman yaran - ga kowane dalili - da yawa. An tsare daruruwa ana azabtar da su ... abin ban tsoro ne kawai, ... Yara sun harbe a gwiwa, tare da manya a cikin yanayi na rashin jin daɗi, an hana su magani don raunin da suka samu, ko dai an yi garkuwa da su a matsayin tushen bayanai. "[77]

Tun a shekara ta 2011 ne gwamnatin Assad ke kame tare da tsare kananan yara ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba har sai da suka kai shekaru 18, bayan da aka tura su kotunan sojan Ba'ath tare da kashe su. Rahoton bincike na 2024 na Sashin Binciken Jarida na Siriya (SIRAJ) ya gano yara 24 na Siriya da aka tilastawa bacewarsu, aka kwace musu kadarorinsu, aka tsare su daga baya kuma aka kashe su bayan sun kai shekaru 18. Rahoton, bisa wata majiya mai tushe a cikin gwamnatin Assad, tattaunawa da iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa, da majiyoyin jama'a, sun ba da umarnin kashe wadanda suka mutu fiye da 6, wadanda shekarunsu ya kai 8, wadanda suka kai shekaru 6, da haihuwa. Kotuna biyu na sojojin Ba'ath a gidan yarin Seydnaya da kuma cikin garin al-Dimas tsakanin 2014 zuwa 2017, suna ambaton bayanan shaidun gani da ido na wani dan sanda a cikin 'yan sandan sojan Ba'athist. [78]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanan da ke ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  1. ↑ Sources:[13][14][15][16]
  2. ↑ Sources:[17][18][19][20][21]
  3. ↑ Sources:[22][23][24]
  4. ↑ Sources:[25][26][27][28]
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