'Yancin Dan Adam a Tarayyar Soviet

Hakkin dan adam a Tarayyar Soviet ya yakance sosai. Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance jihar mulkin kama karya daga 1927 har zuwa 1953 kuma jihar jam'iyya daya har zuwa 1990. An hana 'yancin magana kuma an hukunta masu adawa. Ba a yarda da ayyukan siyasa masu zaman kansu ba, ko sun haɗa da shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata masu zaman kansu, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu، majami'u masu zaman kansu ko jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa. 'yancin motsi na' yan ƙasa an iyakance shi a ciki da waje na ƙasar.

A aikace, gwamnatin Soviet ta yi amfani da ita sosai wajen hana mulkin doka mai iko, 'yanci na jama'a, kariya ga doka da tabbacin dukiya, wanda aka dauka a matsayin misalai na "halayyar talakawa" ta hanyar masana kimiyyar shari'ar Soviet kamar Andrey Vyshinsky. Tarayyar Soviet ta sanya hannu kan takardun kare hakkin dan adam na doka, kamar Alkawari na Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa a 1973, amma ba a san su sosai ba ko kuma a iya samun damar su ga mutanen da ke zaune a karkashin mulkin Kwaminisanci, kuma hukumomin Kwaminisancin ba su da muhimmanci. : Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam 117 a Tarayyar Soviet sun fuskanci cin zarafi, zalunci da kamawa a kai a kai.

Tunanin Soviet na haƙƙin ɗan adam da tsarin shari'a

Dangane da Universal Declaration of Human Rights, haƙƙin ɗan adam shine "yancin asali da 'yanci waɗanda duk mutane ke da haƙƙin. " gami da haƙƙin rayuwa da' yanci, 'yanci faɗar albarkacin baki, da daidaito a gaban doka; da haƙƙin zamantakewa, al'adu da tattalin arziki, gami da' yancin shiga cikin al'adu, haƙƙin abinci, haƙƙin aiki, da haƙƙin ilimi.

Tunanin Soviet na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta da doka kasa da kasa. A cewar Ka'idar shari'ar Soviet, "gwamnati ce mai cin gajiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda za a tabbatar da shi a kan mutum". An dauki Jihar Soviet a matsayin tushen haƙƙin ɗan adam. Saboda haka, tsarin shari'ar Soviet ya ɗauki doka a matsayin hannun siyasa kuma ya kuma ɗauki hukumomin kotuna na gwamnati. An ba da iko mai yawa ga Hukumomin 'yan sanda na sirri na Soviet. A aikace, gwamnatin Soviet ta hana mulkin doka, 'yanci na jama'a, kariya ga doka da tabbacin dukiya, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin misalai na "halayyar talakawa" ta hanyar masu ilimin dokar Soviet kamar Andrey Vyshinsky.

USSR da sauran ƙasashe a cikin Soviet Bloc sun guji tabbatar da Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), suna mai cewa "ya fi dacewa" kuma yana iya keta ikon mallakar ƙasa. :-169 Tarayyar Soviet daga baya ta sanya hannu kan takardun kare hakkin dan adam na doka, kamar Alkawari na Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa a 1973 (da Alkawari ta Duniya ta 1966 kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu), amma ba a san su sosai ba ko kuma masu sauƙin samu ga mutanen da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin Kwaminisanci, kuma hukumomin Kwaminisancin sun dauki su da muhimmanci. : 117 A karkashin Joseph Stalin, an ba da hukuncin kisa ga matasa tun suna da shekaru 12 a cikin 1935.

Sergei Kovalev ya tuna "sanannen sashi na 125 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya lissafa duk hakkoki na asali na farar hula da na siyasa" a Tarayyar Soviet. Amma lokacin da shi da sauran fursunoni suka yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da wannan a matsayin tushen shari'a don korafin su na cin zarafin, gardamar mai gabatar da kara ita ce "an rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba don ku ba, amma ga 'yan Negro na Amurka, don su san yadda rayuwar' yan ƙasar Soviet suke farin ciki".

Laifi da aka ƙaddara ba a matsayin cin zarafi na doka ba, a maimakon haka, an ƙaddara shi a matsayin duk wani aiki wanda zai iya barazana ga jihar Soviet da al'umma. Alal misali, ana iya fassara sha’awar samun riba a matsayin wani aiki na adawa da juyin juya hali wanda hukuncin kisa. Martin Latsis, babban jami'in 'yan sandan sirri na Tarayyar Soviet Ukraine ya bayyana cewa: "Kada ku duba cikin fayil ɗin shaidun da za su iya ganin ko wanda ake tuhuma ya tashi a kan Soviets da makamai ko kalmomi. Ku tambaye shi maimakon wane aji ya shiga, menene tarihinsa, iliminsa, sana'arsa. Waɗannan su ne tambayoyin da za su tabbatar da makomar wanda ake zargi. Wannan ita ce ma'ana da ainihin Red Ta'addanci..

Manufar shari'ar jama'a ita ce "ba don nuna wanzuwar ko rashin laifi ba - wanda hukumomin jam'iyya da suka dace suka ƙaddara - amma don samar da wani dandalin tattaunawa don tashin hankali na siyasa da farfaganda don koyar da 'yan ƙasa (duba Moscow Trials misali). Lauyoyin tsaro, waɗanda dole ne su zama membobin jam'iyya, ana buƙatar su ɗauki laifin abokin ciniki ba tare da la'akari ba... "

'Yanci na faɗar siyasa

A cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, ayyukan 'Yan sanda na sirri na Soviet, OGPU da NKVD sun yi amfani da su sosai. An yi amfani da cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi na farar hula - ko dai masu sa kai, ko waɗanda aka tilasta su - don tattara bayanan sirri ga gwamnati da kuma bayar da rahoton shari'o'in rashin amincewa.

Tushen tushensa shine ka'idar Marxism game da gwagwarmayar aji.  Sharuɗɗan "danniya", "ta'addanci", da sauran kalmomi masu ƙarfi sun kasance sharuddan aiki na hukuma, tun lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na proletariat ya kamata ya murkushe juriya na sauran azuzuwan zamantakewa, wanda Marxism ya ɗauka yana adawa da ajin proletariat.  Tushen doka na danniya an tsara shi cikin Mataki na 58 a cikin lambar RSFSR da makamantansu na sauran jumhuriyar Soviet.  An yi shelar tsananta gwagwarmayar aji a karkashin gurguzu a lokacin ta'addancin Stalin.

'Yanci na bayyana wallafe-wallafen da kimiyya

Censorship a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance mai yaduwa kuma an tilasta shi sosai. Wannan ya haifar da Samizdat, kwafin sirri da rarraba wallafe-wallafen da gwamnati ta hana. An sanya fasaha, wallafe-wallafen, ilimi, da kimiyya a ƙarƙashin tsananin bincike na akida, tunda ya kamata su yi wa bukatun masu cin nasara hidima. Gaskiyar zamantakewar al'umma misali ne na irin wannan fasahar da aka tsara ta hanyar teleology wanda ke inganta zamantakewar al-umma da Kwaminisanci. Dukkanin ilimin bil'adama da kimiyyar zamantakewa an gwada su don yin amfani da jari-hujja ta tarihi.

Dukkanin kimiyyar halitta za a kafa su ne a kan tushen falsafar jari-hujja. Yawancin fannoni na kimiyya, kamar su kwayoyin halitta, cybernetics, da ilimin harshe na kwatankwacin, An hana shi a Tarayyar Soviet a wasu lokuta, an hukunta su a matsayin "masanin kimiyya na talakawa". A wani lokaci Lysenkoism, wanda mutane da yawa ke la'akari da pseudoscience, an fi so a aikin gona da ilmin halitta. A cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, an ayyana fitattun masana kimiyya da yawa a matsayin "masu fashewa" ko abokan gaba na mutane kuma an ɗaure su. Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a matsayin fursunoni a cikin "Sharashkas" (bincike da ci gaba a cikin tsarin sansanin Gulag).

Dangane da Dokar Laifuka ta Soviet, tashin hankali ko farfaganda da aka gudanar don manufar raunana ikon Soviet, ko rarraba kayan aiki ko wallafe-wallafen da suka ɓata sunan Jihar Soviet da tsarin zamantakewa ana iya hukunta su ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 2-5; don laifi na biyu, ana iya hukunce su na tsawon shekaru 3-10.

Hakkin jefa kuri'a

A cewar masu ra'ayin gurguzu, tsarin siyasar Soviet shine dimokiradiyya ta gaskiya, inda majalisar ma'aikata ("Soviet") ke wakiltar nufin ma'aikata.  Musamman, Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Soviet na 1936 ya ba da tabbacin zaɓe na duniya kai tsaye tare da jefa ƙuri'a a asirce.[1]  Ayyukan, duk da haka, ya rabu da ƙa'ida.  Misali, kungiyoyin Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ne suka zabo dukkan ‘yan takara, har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa dimokradiyya da zaben Maris 1989.  Masanin tarihi Robert Conquest ya bayyana tsarin zaben Soviet a matsayin "tsari na cibiyoyi da tsare-tsare wadanda suka sanya fuskar dan Adam a kan hakikanin gaskiya: tsarin tsarin mulki da aka amince da shi a cikin mummunan lokaci na ta'addanci da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam, zaɓen da aka samu ɗan takara ɗaya kawai, kuma kashi 99 cikin 100 ne suka kada kuri'a; majalisar dokokin da ba a taɓa tayar da hannu a cikin adawa ko kaurace wa ba.. "

Hakkin tattalin arziki

An ba da izinin Dukiyar mutum tare da iyaka. Real dukiya galibi mallakar Jiha ce. Yawancin nau'ikan kasuwanci masu zaman kansu tare da niyyar samun riba an dauke su "hasashe" (Russian) kuma an dakatar da su a matsayin laifi don a hukunta su da tarar, ɗaurin kurkuku, kwacewa da / ko aiki mai gyarawa. "Tunanin" an shi musamman a cikin Mataki na 154 na Dokar Shari'a ta USSR. An tabbatar da lafiya, gidaje, ilimi, da abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar samar da cikakken aiki da tsarin jin dadin tattalin arziki, amma waɗannan tabbacin ba a cika su da yawa a aikace. Misali, sama da mutane miliyan biyar ba su da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki kuma sun mutu da yunwa a lokacin Yunwa ta Soviet ta 1932-1933, ɗaya daga cikin yunwa da yawa na Soviet. Yunwa ta 1932-33 ta samo asali ne daga hadin gwiwar Soviet, kodayake yunwa a wani bangare kuma ya haifar da yanayin halitta. Don mayar da martani ga karancin sau da yawa, tattalin arziki na biyu ya wanzu ga dukkan nau'ikan kayayyaki da aiyuka.

'Yancin taro da tarayya

Ba a yarda ma'aikata su shirya ƙungiyoyin kwadago kyauta ba. Dukkanin kungiyoyin kwadago da ke akwai an shirya su kuma ana sarrafa su ta jihar. Dukkanin kungiyoyin matasa na siyasa, irin su Pioneer movement da Komsomol sun yi aiki don aiwatar da manufofin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Kasancewa cikin kungiyoyin siyasa marasa izini na iya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku. Shirya a sansanoni na iya kawo hukuncin kisa.

'Yanci na addini

Cocin St. Vladimir a Astrakhan, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin tashar bas a zamanin Soviet.

Tarayyar Soviet ta inganta Rashin yarda da Allah na Marxist-Leninist da kuma tsananta wa addini. Zuwa wannan karshen, mulkin Kwaminisanci ya kwace dukiyar coci, ya yi wa addini ba'a, ya tsananta wa masu bi, kuma ya yada rashin yarda da Allah a makarantu. Ayyuka ga wasu addinai, duk da haka, an ƙaddara su ne ta hanyar bukatun Jiha, kuma yawancin addinan da aka tsara ba a taɓa haramta su ba.

Wasu matakai a kan firistocin Orthodox da masu bi sun haɗa da azabtarwa; ana tura su sansanonin kurkuku, sansanonin aiki, ko asibitocin mahaukaci; da kisa. Yawancin Orthodox (tare da mutanen wasu addinai) sun kuma fuskanci azabtarwa ta tunani ko azabtarwa da gwaji na sarrafa hankali a cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta musu su ba da tabbacin addininsu (duba Punitive psychiatry a cikin Tarayyar Soviet).

An hana Kiristocin Orthodox masu yin aiki da manyan ayyuka da zama memba a ƙungiyoyin gurguzu (misali jam’iyya da Komsomol).  Gwamnati ta dauki nauyin yada farfagandar adawa da addini a fili kuma gwamnati ba a ba wa Coci damar amsawa a bainar jama'a ba.  An rufe makarantun hauza, kuma an hana cocin daga buga littattafai.  An yaɗa atheism ta makarantu, ƙungiyoyin gurguzu, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.  An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi irin su Ƙungiyar Marasa Allah

'Yanci na motsi

Fayil:19730110 Soviet refuseniks demonstrate at MVD.jpg

Janairu 10, 1973. Yahudawa masu ƙin yarda sun yi zanga-zanga a gaban Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida don haƙƙin ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila.

Tsarin fasfo a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya ƙuntata ƙaurawar 'yan ƙasa a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar "propiska" (tsarin izinin zama / rajista) da kuma amfani da Fasfo na ciki. Tsawon lokaci na tarihin Soviet, manoma ba su da Fasfo na ciki, kuma ba za su iya shiga garuruwa ba tare da izini ba. Yawancin tsoffin fursunoni sun sami "tikitin kyarkeci" kuma an ba su izinin zama aƙalla kilomita 101 daga iyakokin birni. An ƙuntata tafiye-tafiye zuwa Birane da aka rufe da yankunan da ke kusa da iyakokin jihohin USSR sosai. Wani yunkuri na tserewa zuwa kasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba ana hukunta shi da ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 1-3.

Yunkurin kare hakkin dan adam

Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam a Tarayyar Soviet sun fuskanci cin zarafi, zalunci da kamawa a kai a kai. A lokuta da yawa, bayanan jama'a ne kawai na masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kamar Andrei Sakharov ya taimaka wajen hana rufe ayyukan motsi gaba ɗaya.

Wani yunkuri na kare hakkin dan adam da aka tsara a cikin USSR ya fito ne daga halin da ake ciki na rashin amincewa da ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970 da aka sani da "masu kare hakkin dan Adam (pravozashchitniki). Mafi mahimmancin littafin samizdat, Tarihin Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, ya rarraba lambar farko a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1968, bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana cewa zai zama Shekarar Kasa da Kasa don 'Yancin Dan Adam (shekaru 20 tun lokacin da aka bayar da Universal Declaration), kuma ya ci gaba da shekaru 15 masu zuwa har sai an rufe shi a shekara ta 1983.

An kafa ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam masu sadaukarwa bayan 1968: Ƙungiyar Ayyuka don Tsaron 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin USSR ta fito fili a watan Mayu 1969 tare da roko ga Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; An kafa Kwamitin Kare hakkin Dan Adam a USSR a cikin 1970; kuma sashen Soviet na Amnesty International ya bayyana a cikin 1973. Kungiyoyin sun rubuta roƙo daban-daban, sun tattara sa hannu don korafe-korafe, kuma sun halarci gwaji.

Kasashe bakwai membobin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw sun sanya hannu kan Dokar Ƙarshe ta Helsinki a watan Agustan 1975. "Kayan na uku" na Dokar Ƙarshe ya haɗa da manyan sassan haƙƙin ɗan adam. : 99-100 A cikin shekarun 1976-77, da yawa "Helsinki Watch Groups" sun fito a cikin USSR, don saka idanu kan bin Tarayyar Soviet da Dokar Ƙarshe ta Helsinki. Ƙungiyar farko ita ce Moscow Helsinki Group, sannan kungiyoyi a Ukraine, Lithuania, Georgia da Armenia suka biyo baya. : 159-194 Sun yi nasara wajen hada bangarori daban-daban na ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam. : 159-166 Irin wannan shirye-shiryen ya fara ne a Jihohin tauraron dan adam na Soviet, kamar Yarjejeniyar 77 a Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Czechoslovakia .

A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa hukumomin Soviet za su tsananta wa kungiyoyin Helsinki kuma a ƙarshe sun tilasta su rufe ayyukansu, yayin da aka kama manyan masu fafutuka, aka gurfanar da su kuma aka ɗaure su ko kuma aka matsa musu su bar kasar. A shekara ta 1979, duk sun daina aiki.

Perestroika da haƙƙin ɗan adam

Lokacin daga Afrilu 1985 zuwa Disamba 1991 ya ga canji mai ban mamaki a cikin USSR.

A watan Fabrairun 1987 Shugaban KGB Victor Chebrikov ya ba da rahoton ga Babban Sakataren Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev cewa mutane 288 suna yin hukunci saboda laifuka da aka aikata a karkashin Mataki na 70, 190-1 da 142 na Dokar Laifin RSFSR; kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci ana tsare su a asibitocin mahaukaci. An saki mafi yawansu a cikin shekara, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar tsohon mai adawa Anatoly Marchenko a kurkuku a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1986. Ba da daɗewa ba 'yan tsiraru, ƙungiyoyin masu ikirari da dukan ƙasashe suna tabbatar da hakkinsu, bi da bi, ga ikon cin gashin kansu na al'adu, 'yancin addini da, jagorancin Jihohin Baltic, ga' yancin ƙasa.

Kamar yadda glasnost ba ya wakiltar "'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki", haka yunƙurin da masu fafutuka suka yi na gudanar da nasu al'amuran da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin siyasa sun ci karo da rashin amincewa da cikas daga Gorbachev da Ofishinsa na Siyasa.  A farkon watan Disamba na 1987 Shevardnadze, Yakovlev da Chebrikov sun ba da rahoto game da wani taron karawa juna sani game da kare hakkin dan Adam da za a gudanar a Moscow a tsakanin 10-14 Disamba 1987 tare da baƙi daga ketare, kuma sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a lalata, ƙuntatawa da kuma ƙunshi taron da tsoffin 'yan tawayen Soviet suka shirya.  kawai a cikin 1920s, abubuwan da suka faru da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda gwamnati ba ta fara ba ko kuma ta kula da su, hukumomin da ake zaton masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi watsi da su kuma sun hana su na taƙaitaccen lokaci na perestroika da glasnost na hukuma.

A cikin sauran shekaru biyu da rabi, canjin ya karu. Majalisar Wakilai ta Jama'a ta gudanar da zamanta na biyu a shekarar 1989 a lokacin yajin aikin ma'aikatan ma'adinai na kasa. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon shi ne kawar da Mataki na 6 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Soviet a watan Maris na shekara ta 1990 , wanda ya kafa a bayyane shugabancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a cikin Jihar Soviet, wanda har yanzu ba a faɗi ba amma duk abin da ya mamaye tsarin.

Hukumomi sun kafa rundunonin 'yan sanda na OMON don magance zanga-zangar da ke ci gaba a duk faɗin USSR. A Moscow, waɗannan sun ƙare a cikin babban zanga-zanga a watan Janairun 1991, suna sukar ayyukan Gorbachev da gwamnatinsa. An dakatar da zanga-zangar a Lithuania, Tbilisi, Baku da Tajikistan wanda ya haifar da mutuwar masu zanga-zambe da yawa.