Jump to content

'Yancin Dan Adam a Thailand

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
'Yancin Dan Adam a Thailand
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Thailand
Wuri
Map
 14°N 101°E / 14°N 101°E / 14; 101

Thailand ta kasance daga cikin kasashe na farko da suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya' ta shekarar 1948 kuma kamar sun himmatu ga tabbatar da ka'idodinta; a aikace, duk da haka, waɗanda ke mulki sau da yawa sun yi amfani da' yancin dan adam na al'ummar Thai ba tare da hukunci ba. Daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa shekarar 1988, Amnesty International (AI) ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai shari'o'in da aka yi wa mutane sama da dubu daya da ake zargi da tsare-tsare, mutane hamsin da aka tilasta su bace, da kuma akalla shari'oʼi ɗari na azabtarwa da kisan kai. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, AI ta nuna cewa kadan ya canza, kuma rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Thailand ya kasance matsala. : 358-361 Rahoton shekarar 2019 Human Rights Watch (HRW) ya fadada kan bayyani na AI yayin da yake mai da hankali musamman kan batun Thailand. Lokacin da sabuwar gwamnatin Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ta hau mulki a tsakiyar shekara ta 2019, rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Thailand bai nuna alamun canji ba. : 7–8 :7–8

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin lokacin Ayutthaya a cikin ƙarni na 14-18, bayi sune mafi ƙanƙanta matsayi a cikin tsarin tsarin zamantakewa da aka sani da sakdina . An ɗaure su a ƙarƙashin bauta ga ubangijin da, bisa ga doka, 'yana da cikakken iko a kan bayinsu, ban da 'yancin ɗaukar rayukansu'. Mutane na iya zama bayi ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam, ciki har da zama fursunoni na yaƙi, ta hanyar bashi, da kuma haife su cikin bauta. Ayyukan Masters na bayinsu sun bambanta, kamar yadda Simon de la Loubère ya rubuta, wanda ya ziyarci Ayutthaya a 1687. Rushe bautar a Tailandia ya faru a lokacin mulkin Sarki Chulalongkorn, ta hanyar aiwatar da gyare-gyare a hankali a cikin shekaru da yawa, farawa a 1874 tare da dokar sarauta ta nuna cewa waɗanda aka haifa a cikin bauta bayan shekaru ashirin da 18. Wani doka ta ƙarshe, mai kwanan wata 1905, ta gabatar da raguwar farashin yanci da iyakokin shekaru, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare aikin a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta 1908, a ] sashe [ 269, wanda ya haramta sayarwa da siyan bayi. Ayyukan daga 1911 zuwa 1913 sun faɗaɗa ɗaukar bayanan da suka gabata, kuma bauta bisa doka ta daina a Thailand a 1915.

juyin juya halin a shekara ta 1932 ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya rinjayi dan jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya, Pridi Banomyong, wanda ya gabatar da dimokuradiyar da kundin tsarin mulkin farko na Thailand. Mataki na farko na wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana cewa ikon mallaka na mutanen Siam ne. A shekara ta 1937, an gudanar da zaben farko, tare da rabin majalisa da mai shekaru tara na Sarki Ananda Mahidol, Aditya Dibabha ya nada. Mata kuma suna da 'yancin jefa kuri'a da tsayawa takara, kuma an zabi mace ta farko a majalisa a shekarar 1947. [1]

Daga 1977 zuwa 1988, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa "...akwai shari'o'i 1,436 da ake zargi da tsare-tsare, 58 da tilasta bacewar mutane, 148 azabtarwa [sic] da kuma kashe-kashen da ba na shari'a ba 345 a Thailand.... Hukumomi sun bincika kuma sun wanke kowane shari'a"

An gabatar da sabbin hakkoki da yawa a cikin kundin Tsarin mulki na Shekarar 1997. Wadannan sun hada da haƙƙin Ilimi kyauta, na al'ummomin gargajiya, don yin zanga-zanga cikin lumana, da kuma haƙƙin yara, tsofaffi, nakasassu, da haƙƙin daidaito tsakanin jinsi. An kuma amince da 'yancin bayanai, haƙƙin kiwon lafiya da ilimi na jama'a, da haƙƙin mabukaci. Wannan ya kawo jimlar haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su zuwa 40, idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙoƙi tara a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1932. [2] Kundin Tsarin mulki na shekarar 2007 ya sake dawo da yawancin haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Jama'a na shekara ta 1997. Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya tsara haƙƙin 'yancin magana,' 'yancin yada labarai, taron zaman lafiya, ƙungiya, Addini, da motsi a cikin ƙasar da ƙasashen waje.

Tsarin shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 1948, Thailand ta kasance daga cikin kasashe na farko da suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[3] An sadaukar da shi ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa game da' yanci,' yancin siyasa da' yancin bil'adama tun daga shekara ta 1997.

Tsarin kariya na cikin gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 2017, wanda wani kungiya ta nada ta Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Hanyar (NCPO), rundunar soji da ta zo mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki a shekarar 2014, ta bayyana a sashi na 4: "Za a kare mutuncin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙi, 'yanci da daidaito na mutane".[4] Wannan bai canza ba daga kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 2007.[5] Sashe na 26 zuwa 63 sun tsara takamaiman hakkoki a fannoni kamar shari'ar aikata laifuka, ilimi, rashin nuna bambanci, addini, da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Bugu da ƙari, kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 2017 ya gabatar da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya.[6]

Hakki da 'yanci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka yi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Shekara ta 2020, Binciken 'Yanci a Duniya na shekara-shekara da rahoto na Freedom House na Amurka, wanda ke ƙoƙarin auna matakin dimokiradiyya da 'yancin siyasa a kowace al'umma, ya inganta ƙimar Thailand daga Ba 'Yanci zuwa 'Yanci kaɗan saboda ƙaramin raguwar iyakancewa kan taro da zaɓen da aka sarrafa sosai wanda, duk da manyan gazawa, ya ƙare lokacin mulkin soja kai tsaye. [7] Duk da haka, an sake rage shi daga Partly Free zuwa Ba Kyauta saboda rugujewar wata babbar jam'iyyar adawa, Future Forward Party, wadda ta yi nasara a babban zaben kasar Thailand na shekarar 2019, da kuma yunkurin gwamnatin Prayut Chan-o-cha da sojoji suka mamaye kan zanga-zangar Thai na 2020-2021 da ke kira da a sake fasalin dimokradiyya. [8] A shekara ta 2021, Masarautar da gwamnati mai mulki ta kara tsananta 'yancin jama'a ta hanyar amfani da wata kakkausan doka ta lese-majesté kan masu fafutuka, tare da rashin amana Tsarin adalci, takura albarkacin baki, da rashin 'yancin yin tarayya . [9] An kuma rage kididdigar cin hanci da rashawa daga 36 zuwa 35, inda Thailand ta zama ta 110 a cikin kasashe 180. [10]

Rarrabawar Thailand, ta Freedom House, The Economist Intelligence Unit da Transparency International
Shekara Gidan 'Yanci Sashin leken asiri na tattalin arziki Bayyanawa ta Duniya
Rahoton-Ranking 'Yanci a Duniya Lissafin Dimokuradiyya[12] Rashin fahimta na cin hanci da rashawa[14]
Rarrabawar 'yanci[16], Wani ɓangare na' yanci, Ba' yanci ba
''Yanci', Wani ɓangare na' Yanci, Ba 'Yanci ba 		'Yancin siyasa
 'Yancin Jama'a
 Dimokuradiyya Rarraba Dimokuradiya Cikakken Dimokuradiyar, Dimokuradiyan da ba su da kyau, Tsarin Mulki
Cikakken dimokuradiyya, Dimokuradiyya mara kyau, Tsarin Mulki na Hybrid, Tsarin MulkiTsarin mulki na mulkin mallaka 		Cikakken Sakamakon Ra'ayoyin cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa
2019[17] Wani bangare na 'yanci 6 / 40 26 / 60 Dimokuradiyya mara kyau 6.32 36
2020 Ba 'Yanci ba 5 / 40 25 / 60 Dimokuradiyya mara kyau 6.04 36
2021 Ba 'Yanci ba 5 / 40 24 / 60 Dimokuradiyya mara kyau 6.04 35

Daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ra'ayi na launin fata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nuna bambancin launin fata matsala ce mai yawa a Thailand [18] amma ba a tattauna shi akai-akai a bainar jama'a. Thailand ta gabatar da shirye-shirye biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci na launin fata, tare da batutuwan da ke gudana ciki har da manufofin gwamnati ga kabilun, musamman Thai Malays, da kuma rashin dokokin nuna bambanci ta launin fata. [19]

Jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don yin bikin Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta 2020 a ranar 8 ga Maris, Tsaro ta Duniya da cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyin Thai sun baiwa gwamnati "Kardar Rahoton Mata". Gwamnati ta fadi a duk manyan fannoni na kariya ta haƙƙoƙi. Binciken ya nuna cewa alkawarin gwamnati na kare haƙƙin mata ba wai kawai an dauke shi ba kome ba ne, amma an yi imanin cewa jihar kanta ce ke aikata tashin hankali a kan kokarin mata na Thai. An tilasta wa Thailand a karkashin Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) don kare haƙƙin mata da bin shawarwarin manufofi daga kwamitin CEDAW don gyara kurakurai. A ranar 30 ga Satumba 2020, Shugabannin Kasuwanci 110 na kamfanonin da ke Thailand sun sanya hannu kan Ka'idodin Ƙarfafa Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, suna ba da gudummawa ga daidaito tsakanin jinsi, daidaitaccen albashi da kuma wurin aiki mafi aminci ga mata. An sanya hannu kan takardar ne a ranar cika shekaru 10 na ka'idodin karfafa mata (WEP). "WeEmpowerAsia" ce ta shirya taron.[20]

Sirriyar sirri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ƙarshen 2016, ƙungiyar Thai Hacktivist ta zargi Sojojin Thai da sayen fasahar fassara don saka idanu kan software na saƙo da shafukan sada zumunta. A cikin 2020, jami'an tsaro sun fara amfani da Tsarin gane fuska wanda ke da alaƙa da wayoyin salula a kudancin Thailand; an rufe mutanen da suka kasa yin rajistar wayoyinsu daga tsarin. Mataimakin Firayim Minista Prawit Wongsuwan ya ba da sanarwar cewa kyamarorin tsaro 8,200 da ke aiki a kudancin Thailand za a iya haɗa su da tsarin gane fuska kuma za a iya gudanar da su tare da hankali na wucin gadi (AI) a nan gaba. A watan Oktoba 2020, wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zargi sojojin Thai da yin leken asiri ga mutane ta amfani da tsarin CCTV mai amfani da AI, tattara bayanan biometric. Sojojin Thai daga baya sun musanta hakan.

A watan Satumbar 2021, Nattacha Boonchaiinsawat, dan majalisa na Move Forward Party, ya fitar da bidiyo, shirye-shiryen murya, da takardu game da ayyukan soja da ke haifar da asusun kafofin sada zumunta na karya don gudanar da yakin basasa akan mutane. Kwamandan Ayyukan Tsaro na Cikin Gida ya kuma shiga cikin sa ido mai zurfi ga 'yan siyasa na adawa, wanda ake gani a matsayin Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha's political enemies, da kuma' yan gwagwarmayar Thai.

A ƙarshen 2021, akalla masu gwagwarmaya 17 a Thailand ta amfani da na'urorin Apple Apple Apple sun yi gargadi da Apple cewa 'masu tallafawa' sun yi niyya da su. Sun hada da Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul da Arnon Nampa, wadanda suka yi kira ga sake fasalin mulkin mallaka, Prajak Kongkirati, masanin kimiyya a Jami'ar Thammasat, Puangthong Pawakapan, masanin ilimi a Jami'an Chulalongkorn, Piyabutr Saengkanokkul, fitaccen dan siyasa na adawa, da Yingcheep Atchanont, na haƙƙin doka ba da riba ba.

LGBTQ

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dukkanin jima'i na maza da mata na jinsi guda doka ce a Thailand, amma ma'aurata na jinsi guda da gidaje da ma'auratan jinsi guda ke jagoranta ba su cancanci ba. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, kungiyoyin LGBTQ sun gabatar da dokokin auren jinsi guda. A cikin 2021, Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa ma'anar aure tsakanin namiji da mace ta kasance ta tsarin mulki. Hukuncin ya bayyana cewa membobin al'ummar LGBTQ ba za su iya haifuwa ba, saboda ya sabawa yanayi, kuma ba su da kama da sauran dabbobi masu halayyar da ba a saba gani ba ko halaye na jiki. Wasu sun dauki hukuncin a matsayin mai nuna bambanci da siyasa ba daidai ba kuma ya fusata al'ummar LGBTQ da masu kare hakkin.

A watan Yunin 2022, wani rukuni na lissafin da zai iya halatta auren jinsi guda ya wuce ta majalisar dattijai. Mafi sassaucin ra'ayi daga cikin waɗannan takardun kudi, wanda Jam'iyyar Move Forward Party ta gabatar, zai halatta cikakken auren jinsi ɗaya.

Aure na jinsi ɗaya ya kasance doka a Thailand tun daga 23 ga Janairu 2025. [21]

Tattalin Arziki da zamantakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2021, Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ya ba da ma'anar daidaito cewa masu arziki suna amfani da babbar hanya, kuma matalauta suna amfani da hanya a ƙarƙashinta, ya yi ƙoƙari ya gina hanyoyi biyu don mutane su iya rayuwa cikin warwatse.

Ayyukan giya da microbrewery ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Thailand, [22] kamar yadda dokar barasa ta Thai tana da ɗayan tsananin kula da talla da babban tarar, tana hana ƙananan kamfanoni yin gasa tare da manyan kamfanoni. A watan Yunin 2022, an nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne saboda lissafin Move Forward Party MP, Taopiphop Limjittrakorn, ya wuce majalisar dattijai.

'Yanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Arnon Nampa, lauyan kare hakkin dan adam, jami'ai ne ke ja shi a lokacin da aka kama shi na farko a cikin jerin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a shekarar 2020

Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa tanade-tanaden batanci ga kundin laifuffuka na Thailand barazana ce ta zahiri ga 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Duka ka'idojin farar hula da na kasuwanci suna da tanadi don magance cin zarafi, amma masu gabatar da kara sukan fi son shigar da kararrakin laifuka kan masu fafutuka ko 'yan jarida. Laifukan laifuka, wadanda za su iya sa a kama su, da kwace fasfo din wadanda ake tuhuma idan bako ne, da kuma shari’ar kotu da za ta iya daukar shekaru da yawa, ba sa bukatar shigar ‘yan sanda ko masu shigar da kara na gwamnati amma wanda ake tuhumar zai iya shigar da shi gaban kotu kai tsaye; Kotu ba kasafai suke yin watsi da waɗannan shari'o'in ba. Laifi yana da hukuncin daurin shekara guda a gidan yari da/ko tarar har zuwa baht 20,000, yayin da laifin cin zarafi zai kai shekaru biyu a gidan yari da/ko tarar har zuwa baht 200,000.

'Yanci na' yan jarida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ta lura cewa' 'yancin magana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida na Thailand - kafin juyin mulkin 2006 an dauke shi daya daga cikin 'yanci da karfi a Asiya - ya lalace da sauri bayan korar soja na Thaksin Shinawatra. Ya lura da rufe tashoshin rediyo na al'umma a lardunan Thai, toshe tashoshin labarai na USB, da kuma dakatar da wasu shafukan yanar gizo na Thai da aka sadaukar don tattauna tasirin shiga tsakani na soja a cikin dimokuradiyya ta Thai. SEAPA ta kuma lura cewa yayin da ba a yi kama da wani zalunci a kan 'yan jarida ba, kuma yayin da' yan jarida na kasashen waje da na cikin gida suka kasance da 'yanci su yi yawo, hira, da kuma bayar da rahoto game da juyin mulkin kamar yadda suka ga ya dace, tantance kai wani batu ne a cikin gidajen labarai na Thai.[23][24][25]

A cikin 2018, 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Suzanne Buchanan ta ba da rahoton jerin mutuwar masu yawon bude ido da cin zarafin jima'i a kan Ko Tao. Kodayake ba ta je Thailand ba shekaru da yawa, 'yan sanda suna neman ta waɗanda ke cewa tana sayar da labarai na karya. A cikin 2022 ta wallafa wani littafi a kan batun da ake kira The Curse of the Turtle "The True Story of Thailand's Backpacker Murders" wanda Wild Blue Press ta buga. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 an yanke wa wata mai ba da rahoto ta Thai hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku saboda wani sharhi da ta yi game da korafin ma'aikaci da aka shigar a kan gonar kaji ta Kamfanin Thammakaset. Ta aika da tweet a cikin 2016 don mayar da martani ga hukuncin cewa kamfanin ya biya ma'aikatan ƙaura 14 baht miliyan 1.7 a cikin diyya da lalacewa don yin aiki sa'o'i 20 a rana ba tare da hutu na kwanaki 40 a jere a albashi ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin doka ba. A cikin bayanin da ta yi game da hukuncin, ta yi amfani da kalmar nan "aikin bawa" don bayyana aikin ma'aikata. Thammakaset ta kai mata da ma'aikatan kotu saboda cin zarafin aikata laifuka, amma ta rasa shari'ar da aka yi wa ma'aikatan. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa zaɓin kalmomin da ta yi ya ɓata gaskiyar kuma ya lalata sunan kamfanin. A watan Oktoba na 2020, Human Rights Watch ta rubuta wasika tana neman kawo karshen cin zarafin dan jaridar Thai Suchanee Cloitre. Har ila yau, wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam goma sha biyu ne suka sanya hannu kan wasikar hadin gwiwa, suna kira ga gwamnatin Thailand da ta kare 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin dan Adam daga ayyukan aikata laifuka marasa mahimmanci.

A watan Oktoba 2020, Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Thailand ta ba da sanarwar dokar gaggawa don tantance Voice TV a duk tashoshin kafofin watsa labarai na kan layi. Ma'aikatar ta yi zargin cewa tashar ta keta ka'idojin kafofin watsa labarai a karkashin Dokar Gaggawa kan Gudanar da Gwamnati a Yanayi na Gaggawa da Dokar Laifuka da ke da alaƙa da Kwamfuta, game da ɗaukar su kan zanga-zangar neman dimokuradiyya a Thailand.[26] A watan Nuwamba na 2021, ofishin NBTC karkashin jagorancin Lt Gen Peerapong Monakit, kwamishinan NBTC, ya ba da gargadi ga masu gudanar da talabijin da masu ba da izini don sake yin la'akari da hankali ko ma guje wa gabatar da abun ciki kan wasu batutuwan da suka shafi mulkin mallaka daga zanga-zangar Thai ta 2020-2021, musamman fasalin mulkin mallaka na maki 10. Kafofin watsa labarai sun kalli wannan matakin a matsayin barazana, yayin da masana na iya jinkirin bayyana ra'ayoyi game da mulkin mallaka saboda tsoron hukunta su. Masu sharhi sun ce irin wannan tantance kai na iya sanya duk muhawara ta jama'a.

Littattafan da aka sayar da su ta Same Sky BooksLittattafan Sama iri ɗaya

Wannan mai mallakar littattafan Sky kuma babban editan, Thanapol Eawsakul ya kama shi da 'yan sanda na Fasaha a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2022 don adana babban takardar sirri. Jami'an 'Yan sanda na Royal Thai sun tsananta wa Thanapol sau da yawa tun lokacin da ya kafa kamfani wanda ke buga littattafan siyasa masu mahimmanci da suka shafi Masarautar Thailand.

Dokar Lèse-majesté a Thailand laifi ne bisa ga Sashe na 112 na Dokar Laifuka ta Thai . Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a ɓata suna sarki, Zagi, ko barazana ga sarki, sarauniya, magaji, ko mai mulki. Dokar Thai lèse-majesté ta zamani ta kasance a kan littattafan doka tun 1908. Thailand ita ce kawai mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki wanda ya karfafa dokar saɓo tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Tare da hukuncin da ya kai shekaru uku zuwa goma sha biyar a kurkuku ga kowane ƙidaya, an bayyana shi a matsayin "doka mafi tsananin cin zarafi a duniya" da kuma "watakila dokar cin zarafin mai laifi a ko'ina";

An yanke wa Anchan P. hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 87 a kurkuku saboda lodawa da raba bidiyo a intanet na shirin tattaunawa na kan layi, bayan an tsare ta a kurkuku kusan shekaru 4 daga 2015, sannan a cikin 2021, kotun ta yanke mata hukunci da rabi zuwa shekaru 43 da rabi saboda ikirarin da ta yi. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa "kotu ba ta da wata hukunci mai dacewa" don shari'ar cin zarafi.[27]

A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa an tsare wani mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya, Tantawan "Tawan" Tuatulanon, kuma an tuhume shi da rashin adalci saboda zanga-zangar zaman lafiya. Tawan ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin mulkin mallaka da kuma kawar da majest mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ta kuma fara yajin aikin yunwa a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2022, don nuna rashin amincewa da tsare-tsaren da aka yi mata kafin a yi mata shari'a.[28] A cikin 2023, Tawan da wani fursuna Orawan "Bam" Phupong suna shiga cikin yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin su a karkashin dokokin Lese-majeste. Dukansu suna cikin yanayi mai rauni kuma an ruwaito sun sami ciwon kirji da zubar da jini.[29]

Cin zarafin tilasta bin doka ga mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Nuwamba na 2021, Yan Marchal, dan kasar Faransa mai shekaru 18 da ke zaune a Thailand, an kore shi zuwa ƙasarsa bayan ya yi wa Prayut Chan-o-cha ba'a da kuma gwamnati da ke karkashin mulkin soja a TikTok. Jami'an shige da fice a Phuket sun dakatar da shi, bayan ya isa daga Faransa zuwa Thailand. Dalilin da jami'in ya yi shi ne halin Maris ya nuna cewa yana da haɗari ga jama'a.

A ranar 1 ga Disamba 2021, mai sayar da noodle mai shekaru 28 ya yi babban labari, ya nemi Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ya yi ritaya da sauri don ba da damar wasu suyi ayyukan kuma ya bayyana cewa Thailand tana buƙatar ci gaba mai yawa, yayin da mutane a Gundumar Ban Dung a Udon Thani suka maraba da shi. Daga baya 'yan sanda na Ban Dung sun zo gidanta, suna neman ganin ta don su iya adana rikodin ta, amma ta ki saduwa da su, tana cewa ba ta yi wani abu ba. 'Yan sanda sun musanta hakan daga baya.

Harin da aka yi wa masu fafutuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsakanin 2018 da 2019, an kai hare-hare 11 ga masu gwagwarmayar siyasa a Thailand. Binciken 'yan sanda game da hare-haren bai nuna ci gaba ba.

Mai sukar gwamnatin Ekachai Hongkangwarn an kai masa hari sau bakwai tun daga shekara ta 2017. Hare-haren sun yi niyya ga dukiyarsa da kansa. Harin na baya-bayan nan ya faru ne a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, lokacin da 'yan fashi hudu suka doke shi a gaban ginin kotu. Hukumomi sun bayyana ba su da ikon dakatar da hare-haren. An kama wani mai laifi a cikin 2018, ya biya tarar, kuma an sake shi.

A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 2019, 'yan gwagwarmayar adawa da jam'iyya Sirawith "Ja New" Seritiwat sun kai hari da maharan hudu da ke amfani da sandunan baseball a kan titin Bangkok. Tun da farko a watan Yuni, mutane biyar ne suka kai hari ga Sirawith yayin da suke tafiya gida daga wani taron siyasa. Game da harin da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, mataimakin Firayim Minista ya karya shiru na gwamnati game da hare-haren siyasa kuma ya umarci 'yan sanda da suyi aiki da sauri don neman maharan.

A cewar Amnesty Thailand, akalla masu kare hakkin dan adam 59 sun kasance wadanda aka tilasta bacewar tun daga shekarar 1998. Jaridar Bangkok Post ta ƙidaya 80 da aka tabbatar sun ɓace, kuma mai yiwuwa an kashe su, tun 1980. Wani rahoto da Cibiyar Lauyoyi ta Thai ta tattara a shekarar 2018 ya nuna cewa akalla 'yan gudun hijira 86 sun bar kasar bayan juyin mulkin 2014 saboda dalilai masu alaƙa da juyin mulki. Gwamnatin Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ta ci gaba da ƙin hukunta azabtarwa da kuma tilasta bacewar mutane.

Masu kare hakkin dan adam a duk faɗin Asiya suna tsoron cewa ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Cambodia, da Laos, sun amince da hadin kai don kama masu gwagwarmayar siyasa waɗanda suka tsere daga iyakokinsu kuma su mayar da su zuwa ƙasashensu ba tare da tsari na fuskantar azabtarwa da yiwuwar mutuwa ba. The Bangkok Post ta lura cewa bacewar ta fara faruwa bayan gwamnatocin Thai da Lao sun amince a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 don yin hadin kai wajen gano mutanen da ake ganin " barazanar tsaro".

Wanchalearm Satsaksit da aka sace a cikin baƙar fata
  • Haji Sulong, mai gyarawa kuma mai rabuwa wanda ya ɓace a shekara ta 1954. Ya nemi karuwar karbuwa ga al'ummar Jawi a Patani.
  • Tanong Po-arn, shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Thai wanda ya ɓace bayan juyin mulkin Thai na 1991 da Majalisar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Kasa ta yi a kan zaɓaɓɓen gwamnati.
  • Somchai Neelapaijit, lauyan kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya goyi bayan haƙƙin Musulmai na Thai-Malay a cikin kudu. An sace shi kuma an kashe shi a shekara ta 2004 a lokacin gwamnatin Thaksin Shinawatra . Ba a taɓa samun jikinsa ba kuma babu wanda aka hukunta shi.
  • Porlajee "Billy" Rakchongcharoen, mai fafutukar kare hakkin Karen [30] wanda daga baya aka gano gawarwakinsa da aka kashe.
  • Den Khamlae, ɗan ƙauyen da ya zama mai fafutuka
  • A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin 2016, wani mai adawa da mulkin mallaka a Laos, Ittipon Sukpaen, mai shekaru 28 mai watsa shirye-shiryen dimokuradiyya da aka sani da DJ Zunho, ba a san su ba suka sace shi kuma suka ja shi cikin dazuzzuka. Ba a sake ganinsa ba.[31]
  • Wuthipong Kachathamakul, wanda aka fi sani da Ko Tee, mai fafutukar jan rigar, ya ɓace a watan Yulin 2017.[32][31][33]
  • Surachai Danwattananusorn, wanda aka fi sani da Surachai Sae Dan, mai jan rigar kuma mai sukar mulkin mallaka, tare da mataimakan biyu, Chatchan "Phoo Chana" Boonphawal da Kraidet "Kasalong" Luelert. Iyalin Surachai, shekara guda bayan bacewarsa, har yanzu ana ɗaukar alhakin baht 450,000 a cikin kuɗin jinginar beli ta tsarin kotunan Thai. Ya zuwa 2019, 'yan sanda na Thai har yanzu suna ɗaukar Surachai a matsayin "mutumin da ya ɓace". Sun kasa samun ci gaba a kan shari'ar kuma gwamnatin Thailand "...kamar ta yi watsi da waɗannan shari'o'in,..."
  • Siam Theerawut, Chucheep Chiwasut, da Kritsana Thapthai, 'yan gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka guda uku, sun ɓace a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2019 lokacin da ake zaton an mika su zuwa Thailand daga Vietnam bayan sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga kasar tare da fasfo na Indonesiya na karya. Ana neman su uku a Thailand saboda zagi mulkin mallaka da rashin bayar da rahoto lokacin da junta ta kira su bayan juyin mulkin Mayu 2014. Faduwarsu ta haifar da "sanarwa ta gargadi" daga Thai Alliance for Human Rights .[34] Faduwarsu ta wuce alamar shekara guda a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2020 ba tare da alamar uku ba.
  • Od Sayavong, ɗan gudun hijirar Lao kuma mai sukar gwamnatin Laos, ya ɓace daga gidansa na Bangkok a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 2019 kuma ba a gan shi ba tun daga lokacin.
  • Wanchalearm Satsaksit, ɗan gudun hijira wanda ya bar bayan juyin mulkin 2014, da farko zuwa Laos sannan Cambodia. An sace shi a Phnom Penh a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2020 a cikin hasken rana da yawa maza da yawa. Hukumomin Kambodiya da farko sun ki bincika lamarin, suna kiransa "labaran karya". 'Yan Kambodiya sun sauƙaƙe a ranar 9 ga Yuni, suna cewa za su bincika yayin da suke musanta duk wani alhakin. Wannan shari'ar ta sa kungiyoyi da yawa suyi aiki a madadin Wanchalearm.

A cewar kungiyar taimakon shari'a, Thai Lawyers for Human Rights, akalla 'yan Thailand 86 sun bar Thailand suna neman mafaka a kasashen waje bayan mamayar soja a watan Mayu 2014. Daga cikinsu akwai mambobi biyar na ƙungiyar Thai Faiyen . Waƙoƙinsu laifi ne, kamar yadda wasu waƙoƙinsu ke yi wa mulkin mallaka ba'a, babban laifi ne a Thailand. Kungiyar, wacce sunanta ke nufin 'wuta mai sanyi', ta sanar a kafofin sada zumunta cewa mambobinta sun ji tsoron rayukansu bayan "mutane da yawa da aka amince da su sun gaya mana cewa sojojin Thai za su zo su kashe mu". A watan Agustan 2019 an shigar da mambobin ƙungiyar Fai Yen zuwa Faransa don neman matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Dukkanin wadanda suka ɓace a ƙarshen 2018 da farkon 2019 hukumomin Thai sun zarge su da ayyukan adawa da mulkin mallaka.

Kamawa da tsare-tsare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun daga farkon 2021, an tuhumi fitattun masu kare hakkin dan adam da masu gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya da yiwuwar fiye da shekaru 100 kowannensu a kan tuhume-tuhumen aikata laifuka saboda shiga cikin gwagwarmaya ta dimokuradiya. Manyan mutane na zanga-zangar Thai ta 2020-2021 da suka yi kira ga sauye-sauye ga mulkin mallaka, Arnon Nampa, Panupong Jadnok, Parit Chiwarak, Jatupat (Pai Dao Din), Panusaya (Rung) , da Benja Apan, duk an tsare su suna jiran shari'a a cikin 2021 a cikin jerin tsare-tsare da sakewa. An daure wasu a kurkuku sama da kwanaki 200 bayan Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ya ba da sanarwar a watan Nuwamba 2020 don cajin masu zanga-zangar da laifuka a ƙarƙashin dukkan dokoki, gami da lèse-majesté . [35]

A cikin 2022, akwai shari'o'i da yawa na cin zarafi da tsare-tsare a kan matasa masu fafutukar sauye-sauyen mulkin mallaka, kamar na Tantawan Tuatulanon, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin kurkuku ta hanyar yin yajin aikin yunwa na kwanaki 37. Yawancin masu fafutuka da suka ambaci mulkin mallaka an tilasta su sa ƙafar saka idanu ta hanyar kotun aikata laifuka.[36] Fiye da Masu adawa 15 har yanzu suna cikin kurkuku har zuwa yau.

Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2020, Tiwagorn Withiton, mai fafutukar siyasa da kare hakkin dan adam na Thai, wani rukuni na jami'ai 6 ne suka tilasta masa kai shi asibiti. A cikin mota, jami'an sun ɗaure hannayensa da zane kuma sun yi masa allurar da ba a sani ba. 'Yan sanda sun bincika gidansa kuma sun ɗauki kwamfutarsa da wayoyin salula, kuma sun sanya mahaifiyarsa ta sanya hannu kan yardar kawo shi don a kwantar da shi a asibitin Rajanagarindra Psychiatric a Khon Kaen . Daraktan asibitin, Nattakorn Champathong, ya bayyana cewa ba a tilasta wa Tiwagorn shiga asibitin ba. Shugaban 'yan sanda na Khon Kaen, Manjo Janar Puttipong Musikul ya bayyana cewa yana samun magani saboda danginsa sun shigar da shi.

'Yanci na addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin juyin mulkin 2006 da 2014, haƙƙin 'yancin magana, tarayya, da' yancin motsi sun lalace sosai. Gwamnatocin soja sun aiwatar da haramtacciyar tarurrukan siyasa kuma sun haramta sukar kafofin watsa labarai. An haramta ayyukan siyasa na kowane nau'i. Dokar Majalisar Jama'a da gwamnatin soja ta kafa a shekarar 2015 tana buƙatar gabatar da sanarwa ta zanga-zanga tare da hukumomi awanni 24 kafin wani taron. Cin zarafin yana ɗauke da iyakar tarar 10,000 baht. Hukumomi sun yi amfani da dokar akai-akai don hana tarurruka tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.

Zaben, jam'iyyun siyasa, da wakilci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Game da Babban zaben Thai na 2019, gwamnatin junta ta soja ta kasa yin sharuɗɗa don zaben kasa na kyauta da adalci, a cewar Human Rights Watch. Hanyar kafa sabuwar gwamnati, Majalisar Dattijai 250 da sojoji suka nada suna da rabin yawan kuri'un da gwamnati ta zaba a matsayin Majalisar Wakilai, ta lalata haƙƙin 'yan ƙasar Thai na zabar shugabanninsu. Bugu da ƙari, matsalolin tsarin zabe sun haɗa da dokokin da ke ƙuntata 'yancin magana, ƙungiya, da taro, tantancewar kafofin watsa labarai, rashin daidaito ga kafofin watsa labarai، da rashin' yancin kai da rashin son kai na hukumar zabe ta ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da rushewar babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta Thai Raksa Chart Party, inda Sarki Vajiralongkorn ya hana Ubol Ratana shiga siyasa. HRW ta kuma bayyana cewa junta ta yi watsi da Mataki na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR). [37]

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2019, kotun ta yanke wa Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit hukunci, ta hana shi matsayin dan majalisa. A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta rushe Jam'iyyar Future Forward Party. Amnasty International ta bayyana cewa ta keta haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tarayya, kuma HRW ta yi Allah wadai da cewa ta lalata dawowar mulkin demokraɗiyya na gaskiya. [38][39]

Gyaran halin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun bayan juyin mulkin Thai na 2014, Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Hanyar Kasa ta yi amfani da dokar soja don gurfanar da abokan adawar, hana ayyukan siyasa, da kuma tantance kafofin watsa labarai. Fiye da mutane 1,000, ciki har da malamai, masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na siyasa, masu gwagwarmaya da 'yan siyasa, an tsare su ko kuma an tura su don "daidaita halin" a wuraren shigarwar soja. Akwai zarge-zargen azabtarwa. Shari'a a karkashin ka'idojin majesté masu tsauri na kasar, waɗanda ke kare mulkin mallaka daga zagi, sun karu sosai. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun ce an fitar da su daga gidansu kuma an tsare su a sansanin soja. Sanannun masu adawa kamar Yingluck Shinawatra, Watana Muangsook, Pravit Rojanaphruk, da Karun Hosakul NCPO sun yi musu cin zarafi tun bayan juyin mulkin. Mataimakin Firayim Minista Prawit Wongsuwan ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa "Idan sun yi magana sau 100, za a kira su sau 100." Prawit ya kara da cewa "gyaran halin" na iya ɗaukar tsakanin kwana uku zuwa bakwai.

zanga-zangar zaman lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, 'Yan sanda na Royal Thai sun kama fiye da mazauna ƙauyuka hamsin daga Gundumar Chana waɗanda suka zo su zauna kusa da Gidan gwamnati, suna nuna rashin amincewa da shirye-shiryen filin shakatawa na masana'antu a "Southern Economic Corridor".

'Yanci na addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kodayake Thailand ta bayyana kanta a matsayin Jihar Buddha, duk kungiyoyin addinai suna da 'yancin yin aiki da kula da cibiyoyin al'umma a Thailand. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga imani na addini kuma yana kare 'yancin addini, muddin yin addini ba ya cutar da tsaron Jiha. Dokar Thai ta haramta sayar da barasa a ranakun Bukukuwan Buddha, saboda ya saba wa Dokoki biyar na Dokoki biyar, ka'idar ka'idojin Buddha. Al'ummar Musulmi a cikin kudancin Thailand sun ci gaba da nuna takaici game da nuna bambanci da jami'an tsaro suka yi da kuma abin da suka ce tsarin shari'a ne wanda ba shi da isasshen dubawa da ma'auni.

South Thailand insurgency

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An bayar da rahoton matsaloli a lardunan kudancin da suka shafi tawaye ta Kudancin Thailand. An bayar da rahoton cewa kimanin mutane 180 sun mutu a can yayin da suke cikin tsare a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wani babban shari'a, an ruwaito cewa lauyan kare hakkin dan adam na musulmi Somchai Neelaphaijit an tsananta masa, an yi masa barazana, kuma a ƙarshe ya ɓace a watan Maris na shekara ta 2004 biyo bayan zargin da jami'an tsaro na jihar suka yi masa na azabtarwa. A shekara ta 2006, Firayim Minista Thaksin Shinawatra ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa Somchai ya mutu kuma jami'an tsaro na jihar sun kasance da alhakin. An tuhumi 'yan sanda biyar da mutuwar Somchai, kodayake shari'ar ta haifar da hukunci daya wanda aka soke shi a kan roko a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011. Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Asiya ta yi tir da hukuncin, kuma matar Somchai Angkhana ta bayyana niyyar ci gaba da da daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Thailand. [40][41] Tun daga shekara ta 2007, wasu daga cikin wadanda ake zargi da tayar da kayar baya a tsare sun mutu, wasu tare da raunin da ake zargi.

A ƙarshen 2019, sojojin Thai sun kashe matasa uku masu yankan katako a yankin Bo-ngo, Gundumar Ra-ngae, Lardin Narathiwat. Gwamnati da farko ta yi iƙirarin cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin Rangers da 'yan ta'adda. Daga baya, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, wanda Kwamandan Yankin Sojoji na huɗu ya nada, ya kammala cewa sojoji sun yi kuskuren mutanen da suka mutu a matsayin 'yan ta'adda kuma sun kashe su yayin da suke gudu. Iyalan marigayin sun nuna cewa samari ba su da komai sai kayan yankan katako. Hotunan mutanen da suka mutu a kafofin sada zumunta sun nuna cewa an harbe kowannensu a kai - biyu daga cikinsu suna zaune a kan ƙasa, suna jingina gaba. Kwamandan Yankin Sojoji na huɗu ya ba da gafara, biyan diyya na baht 500,000 ga kowane mutuwa, kuma ya canja kwamandan da ke da alhakin 45th Ranger Forces Regiment a wasu wurare.

Kisan kai na Khanakorn Pianchana Oktoba 2019 ya yi kira ga inganta adalci a cikin al'ummar musulmi a cikin kudu. Alkalin Khanakorn ya gaya wa wanda ake tuhuma, Musulmai biyar, da danginsu cewa yana so ya wanke su saboda rashin shaidar, amma ana tilasta masa daga sama don yanke hukunci.

Daga Janairu 2004 zuwa Yuni 2020, lardunan Pattani, Yala, da Narathiwat, tare da gundumomi hudu na Lardin Songkhla sun sha wahala aƙalla abubuwan tashin hankali 20,323, wanda ya haifar da akalla mutuwar 6,997 da mutuwar 13,143, 61% daga cikinsu fararen hula ne.

Hakkin mafaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna la'akari da Thailand "...wani wuri ne wanda ba shi da aminci ga 'yan gudun hijira. " Tun bayan juyin mulkin Thai na 2014, Thailand ta tura Uighurs 109 zuwa China kuma an tsare wasu 52 kusan shekaru biyar. An mayar da Gulenists zuwa Turkiyya da sauransu zuwa gwamnatoci masu zalunci a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

An tsare ɗan jaridar Vietnam Truong Duy Nhat a Hanoi (kamar yadda hukumomin Vietnam suka amince) bayan an kama shi a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2019 a Bangkok, bayan ya nemi mafaka tare da Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR). Ana matsawa hukumomin Thai a yanzu don bincika shigar 'yan sanda na Thai a cikin sace da tsare Nhat, a cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International . [42]

'Yan gudun hijirar Burma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan gudun hijirar Burma a Thailand na iya zama a daya daga cikin sansanonin' yan gudun hijira a kan iyaka da Burma, wanda ke kare su daga kamawa da kuma cire su zuwa Burma amma ba su da' yancin motsawa ko aiki. Ko, za su iya rayuwa da aiki a waje da sansanonin, amma yawanci ba tare da amincewa da matsayin doka na kowane nau'i ba, suna barin su cikin haɗarin kamawa da korar su. Daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2011, an sake dawo da 'yan gudun hijirar Burma sama da 76,000 daga sansanonin kan iyaka zuwa kasashe na uku, kodayake jimlar adadin mazaunan sansanin ya kasance kusan 140,000. [43][44]

'Yan gudun hijirar sansanin da suka fita daga sansanonin gwamnatin Thailand ta dauke su a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ana iya kama su. 'Yan sanda na Thailand ko sojoji suna kama mazaunan sansanin a kai a kai kuma ko dai su mayar da su sansanin idan 'yan gudun hijira sun biya isasshen cin hanci, ko kuma su aika su zuwa ɗayan Cibiyoyin Tsaro na Shige da Fice na Thailand sannan su kore su zuwa Burma.[43][44] 'Yan gudun hijira a sansanonin suna fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi a hannun wasu' yan gudun hijira. 'Yan gudun hijira da ke aiki a matsayin masu tsaron sansanin da shugabannin sansanin da mazaunan sansanin da ke da alaƙa da kabilun da ke dauke da makamai a cikin Burma duk suna amfani da iko a sansanonin.[45][46]

Tsarin adalci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani mai makoki a Jami'ar Chiang Mai yana riƙe da alamar da ke nuna selfie na Khanakorn da maganarsa da ke karantawa "Ka dawo da alƙali hukuncinsa. Ka dawo da 'yan ƙasa da adalci".

Thailand tana da matsala mai tsanani a cikin Tsarin adalci, wanda aka nuna akan kisan kai na Khanakorn Pianchana, alƙali na Thai wanda ya yi yunkurin kashe kansa a watan Oktoba 2019 don nuna rashin amincewa da tsoma baki a cikin tsarin shari'a, kuma ya mutu a karo na biyu, yunkurin kisan kai a watan Maris 2020, bayan an yi bincike bayan ayyukansa. A lokacin da ya fara yunkurin kashe kansa, ya kasance babban alƙali a Kotun lardin Yala a kudancin Thailand.

Matsalar shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, mataimakin shugaban 'yan sanda na kasa, Janar Sriwara Rangsipramanakul, ya tsoratar da Chuchart Kanpai a fili don gurfanar da shi da zagi da yin maganganun karya da ke nuna Bilal Mohammad (Adem Karadag), abokin ciniki, an azabtar da shi don yin ikirarin fashewar bam din Bangkok na 2015 a Erawan Shrine . [47]

A ƙarshen 2017, Arnon Nampa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, ya soki kotun don azabtar da ƙungiyar abokan ciniki ta hanyar hana su ganin juna. Ya ce kotun ba ta da ikon ba da umarni. A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, an tuhume shi da keta dokar aikata laifukan kwamfuta da kuma raina kotu ta hanyar Lt.Col.Supharat Kam-in . Ya musanta duk zarge-zargen kuma ya yi imanin cewa an motsa shi ne ta hanyar siyasa game da nuna haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bukaci rundunar soji ta dakatar da shari'ar dabarun da aka yi wa jama'a (SLAPPs). [2] Masu kare Front Line sun yi Allah wadai da rundunar soji kan cin zarafin shari'a a kansa, sun yi imanin cewa yana da alaƙa da aikin lauyan kare hakkin dan adam kuma sun bukaci junta ta sauke duk tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi masa.

Kasuwanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (UN Human Rights) ya nuna damuwa mai zurfi game da tsarin shari'a da kasuwanci, mai samar da kaji na Thai Thammakaset, ya yi amfani da shi don tsoratar da kuma rufe masu kare' yancin dan adam waɗanda suka fallasa tsarin aiki na kamfanin. Zai iya haifar da 'tasiri mai ban tsoro' ga masu kare hakkin dan adam, 'yan jarida, da kuma karfafa wasu kamfanoni su yi irin wannan shari'ar, musamman a kan mata. Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta matsawa Thailand don magance cin zarafin tsarin shari'a da kuma kare masu kare hakkin dan adam.[48] Angkhana Neelaphaijit ma tana cikin masu karewa.[49]

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, kamfanin 'Natural Fruit' na Thai ya gabatar da karar farar hula da na laifi guda hudu a kan Andy Hall saboda laifukan kwamfuta da cin mutunci, gami da karar cin mutunci na Thai miliyan 300. Hall ya ba da rahoto ga kungiyar ba da agaji ta Finnwatch don mummunar cin zarafin ma'aikata a masana'antar da ke Prachuap Khiri Khan. Ya kuma yi hira da Al-Jazeera a kan wannan rahoton. Rahoton shine "Cheap yana da farashi mai yawa: Matsalolin da suka shafi samfuran lakabi masu zaman kansu na duniya da samar da abinci a Thailand, gami da zargin da ake yi na albashi mara kyau, aikin yara, janye hankalin takardun ma'aikatan ƙaura, da rashin nasarar samar da takardun aiki bisa doka. [50]

Hoton CCTV a ofishin 'yan sanda na Thai da aka sanya a kan layi ya nuna wanda ake zargi ya biya $ 60,000 don a sauke cajin kafin a kashe shi da jakar filastik.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Thailand ya haramta ayyukan azabtarwa, amma tsarin shari'ar Thai ba shi da ma'anar azabtarwa da azabtarwa ba a gane shi a matsayin laifi ta tsarin shari'a na Thailand ba.

A cikin wani rahoto mai taken, "Ka Yi Magana da Gobe": azabtarwa da sauran rashin lafiya a Thailand wanda za a saki a hukumance a Bangkok a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2016, Amnesty International ta zargi 'yan sanda da sojoji na Thailand da abubuwan da suka faru 74 na zalunci. Wani taron manema labarai na Amnesty International don bayyana rahoton ya dakatar da hukumomin Thai wadanda suka ambaci dokokin ma'aikata na Thai da ke hana baƙi ziyartar aiki a Thailand. Masu magana da kasashen waje guda uku sune Rafendi Djamin, Darakta na Amnesty International na Kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Pacific, Yubal Ginbar, lauya da ke aiki don ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, da Laurent Meillan, wakilin kudu maso gabashin Asia na Babban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Gwamnatin Thailand ta musanta zargin azabtarwa. Mai magana da yawun gwamnati, Janar Sansern Kaewkamnerd, ya jaddada cewa, "Bincikenmu game da irin waɗannan zarge-zargen bai nuna alamar azabtarwa ba, ban ga alamar azabtar da mutane ba kuma mutanen Thai ba su ga alamar azabta ba,... " Jeremy Laurence, wakilin Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNOHCHR) an shirya shi don yin magana a taron manema labarai. "Wannan abin da ya faru wani misali ne mai ban sha'awa na sabon tsari na cin zarafin masu kare hakkin dan adam da ke rubuce-rubuce game da azabtarwa a Thailand, "in ji shi.

Tailandia ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga ranar 2 ga Oktoban 2007. Sashe na 28 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Thailand na shekarar 2016 ya ce, "An haramta azabtarwa, [sic] mummunan aiki ko hukunci ta hanyar zalunci ko rashin mutuntaka." [4]

Za a gabatar da lissafin hana azabtarwa da ɓacewa a gaban Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Thailand (NLA) a ƙarshen Disamba 2018. [ya buƙaci sabuntawa] Kudin zai aikata laifi ga azabtarwa da kuma tilasta bacewar, gami da lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe da tashin hankali na siyasa. Dokar ta ƙayyade cewa Ma'aikatar Bincike ta Musamman (DSI) tana da alhakin bincika shari'o'in bacewar da azabtarwa. Sai kawai a abubuwan da ake zargi da jami'an DSI da irin waɗannan laifuka za a sanya 'yan sanda su bincika. Za a yi wa masu laifi hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar zuwa 25, da kuma / ko tarar 100,000 zuwa 300,000 baht. Idan lissafin ya zama doka, ana buƙatar kowane hukumar gwamnati da ke ƙuntata haƙƙin mutane don kula da bayanan mutanen da aka ƙuntata hakkinsu, matakan da aka ɗauka, da kuma tsara shari'arsu.

A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2021, 'Yan sanda na Thailand sun kai hari kan Jeerapong Thanapat, wani dan shekara 24 da ake zargi da miyagun ƙwayoyi, yayin da ake yi masa tambayoyi don tilasta masa ya bayyana ɓoye methamphetamines da kuma biyan baht miliyan biyu ko cin hanci na US $ 60,000 don a sake shi. Bidiyo ya bayyana don nuna darektan ofishin 'yan sanda na lardin Muang Nakhon Sawan, Thitisan Utthanaphon wanda aka fi sani da laƙabi "Jo Ferrari", da sauran jami'an' yan sanda suna shan Thanapat da jaka na filastik har sai ya fadi ya mutu. An ruwaito cewa 'yan sanda sun umarci likitoci a Asibitin Sawanpracharak da su rubuta a cikin rahoton kiwon lafiya cewa dalilin mutuwar Jeerapong shine wuce gona da iri na methamphetamine. A watan Yunin 2022, an yanke wa Thitisan hukunci kan kisan kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku.

Yaƙin 2003 kan miyagun ƙwayoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yakin yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi na gwamnati a shekara ta 2003 ya haifar da kashe-kashen sama da 2,500 na wadanda ake zargi da fataucin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi. Yanayin kurkuku da wasu wuraren tsare shige da fice na lardin suna da talauci. A shekara ta 2004 fiye da mutane 1,600 sun mutu a kurkuku ko tsare-tsare na 'yan sanda, 131 sakamakon ayyukan' yan sanda.

Akwai kisan gilla da wadanda aka kashe marasa laifi, kamar yarinyar mai watanni 16 da aka harbe ta tare da mahaifiyarta, Raiwan Khwanthongyen, Daranee Tasanawadee, yaron mai shekaru 8, Jirasak Unthong, wanda shine kawai ya shaida kisan iyayensa, Suwit Baison, 23, mai daukar hoto na gidan talabijin na gida, wanda ya durƙusa da hawaye a gaban Thaksin Shinawatra kuma ya roki don bincike kan kisan. An harbe iyayen biyu yayin da suka dawo gida, Suwit ya ce an kashe wasu mutane 10 a unguwarsu bayan sun mika wuya ga 'yan sanda.[51]

Surayud Chulanont, Firayim Minista na mulkin soja ya sha alwashin gyara kurakuran Mista Thaksin. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, ta ce ainihin rahoton kwamitin ya bayyana sunayen 'yan siyasar da suka yi wa 'yan bindigar kwarin gwiwa. Amma bayan jam'iyyar PPP ta lashe zabukan 2007, an cire sunayen.

Cinikin mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fataucin mutane babban batu ne a Thailand. Wannan ya haɗa da yaudara da yin garkuwa da maza daga Cambodia ta hanyar masu fataucin mutane da sayar da su cikin kwale-kwalen kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ke ratsa Tekun Thailand da Tekun Kudancin China . [52] An yi wa waɗannan mutanen alkawarin samun ƙarin ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi amma a maimakon haka an tilasta musu yin aiki a matsayin bayin teku na tsawon shekaru 3. Ƙungiyoyin labarai da yawa na duniya ciki har da The Guardian, AP, da The New York Times sun ba da labarin sosai; Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press, musamman, ya sami manyan lambobin yabo don ɗaukar hoto (ko da yake ba tare da jayayya ba don bayyana rawar da suke takawa a yaƙi da fataucin). Har ila yau, fataucin yara wani babban batu ne a Tailandia, tare da tilasta yin garkuwa da yara 'yan kasa da shekaru hudu, don amfani da su a matsayin bayi na jima'i a manyan biranen Bangkok da Phuket . Irin waɗannan ayyuka sun zama ruwan dare musamman a Thailand.

Har yanzu ana lura da lokuta na tilasta aiki a masana'antar kifi da kifi, da kuma aikin yara a masana'antun batsa, a Thailand kuma an ruwaito su a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka na 2013 game da mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara da kuma cikin 2014 Jerin Kayayyakin da Ayyukan Yara ko Ayyukan tilastawa suka samar.

Paween Pongsirin, babban jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ke binciken fataucin mutane a Thailand, ya nemi mafaka a Ostiraliya a shekarar 2015. Bayan Paween ya binciki manyan jami'an 'yan sanda da sojoji, saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga hukumomi, sai ya gudu zuwa Singapore, kuma daga can ya shiga Australia.

Rashin shiga soja

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gabatar da aikin soja a Thailand a cikin 1905, bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Masarautar, yin aiki a cikin sojoji aikin ƙasa ne na dukkan 'yan ƙasar Thai maza, amma ya yi watsi da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin ma'aikatar soja, kowace shekara rahotanni na cin zarafi, azabtarwa, da kashewa ga masu shiga soja sun zama ruwan dare. Wani hukunci mai tsanani a cikin al'adun soja na Thai da ake kira 'gyara' (Thai), ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 11 a cikin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2018. A cikin 2017, Mataimakin Firayim Minista kuma Ministan Tsaro Prawit Wongsuwon ya bayyana rashin tausayi ga wadanda abin ya shafa, ya nuna cewa hanya ce ta kowa a al'adun soja na Thai.

Hakkin yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Karuwanci na yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Thailand tana da mummunar suna saboda kasancewa cibiyar Yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara da karuwanci na yara.[53] Kodayake hukumomin cikin gida da na duniya suna aiki don kare yara daga cin zarafin jima'i, matsalar har yanzu tana ci gaba a Thailand da sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[54]

Cin zarafin yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cin zarafin yara sau da yawa ba a lura da shi ba a Thailand, sai dai an yi wa wanda aka yi wa fyade ko kuma ya yi ciki. An dauki shari'o'in jima'i da lalata da yara a Thailand da sauƙi, kamar yadda al'ummar Thai ke ganin sanannen karin magana na Thai, 'Matsalar danginsu, ba mu rikici ba.

A watan Oktoba na 2021, sanannen mai samar da kiɗa, Jakkawal 'Neung' Saothongyutitum, ya sanya sakonni da yawa a Instagram, ya gan shi yana yawo tare da 'yarsa mai shekaru tara kuma yana taɓa wuyanta, yana runguma da shafawa da hannayensa biyu a ƙarƙashin rigarta, yana shafawa kusa da yankin cinya, wanda Jakkawal ya bayyana daga baya cewa yana gogewa bisa buƙatar yaron. Akwai rikice-rikicen jama'a saboda yanayin jima'i na waɗannan sakonnin, wanda aka ambata sama da sau miliyan 1.84 bayan an saki bidiyon daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a kan TikTok. Ba a tuhumi Jakkawal da wani laifi ba kuma an hana shi zuwa ga wani shawara bayan wannan lamarin.

Halin gwamnati game da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fafutuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon 2021, gwamnatin Thailand karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ta amince da wani tsari na doka, Draft Act on the Operations of Non-for-Profit Organizations, don tsara kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs). Amnesty International ta ambaci dokar a matsayin ƙoƙari na zartar da dokoki masu tayar da kayar baya don rufe kurkuku ga kungiyoyin farar hula da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.[55]

A watan Nuwamba na 2021, gwamnatin Prayut ta fara bincike ko Amnesty International Thailand (AITH) ta karya duk wata doka bayan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi kira da a kori AITH saboda goyon bayanta ga masu fafutukar dimokuradiyya, kamar Panusaya (Rung) , suna fuskantar tuhuma kan Shiru'o'in cin zarafin sarauta. A karkashin tsauraran dokoki game da zagi mulkin mallaka, an tuhumi masu gwagwarmaya sama da 1,600 kan dokokin tsaro, gami da akalla mutane 160 da ake tuhumar da yiwuwar ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru 15. Prayut ya sanya Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da 'Yan sanda na Royal Thai don bincika al'amarin, yayin da masu launin rawaya, kungiyoyin masu goyon bayan gwamnati suka taru a gaban Silom Complex a Bangkok don tattara sa hannu miliyan daya don tallafawa kamfen don fitar da AITH daga Thailand.

A shekara ta 1976, an ga 'yan sanda na Thailand, ma'aikatan soja da sauransu suna harbi a kan masu zanga-zangar a Jami'ar Thammasat. An kashe mutane da yawa kuma an yi wa wadanda suka tsira cin zarafi.[56]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Tsaro a Thailand
  • Censorship a Thailand
    • Censorship na Intanet a Thailand
  • Tsarin Mulki na Thailand
  • Hakkin LGBT a Thailand

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ IPU Parline (14 April 2025). "Historical data on women". IPU Parline. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  2. ↑ rspas.anu.edu.au (PDF) http://rspas.anu.edu.au/pah/human_rights/papers/2001/Thanet.pdf. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2025-04-28. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ "Human Rights: UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Concordian International School. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Draft Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2016 Unofficial English Translation" (PDF). Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator in Thailand. United Nations. June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  5. ↑ "Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2007". Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2013. 2007 Constitution (unofficial translation)
  6. ↑ "Prosperous and green in the Anthropocene: The human right to a healthy environment in Southeast Asia". The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (in Turanci). 26 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  7. ↑ "Thailand: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci).
  8. ↑ "Thailand: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci).
  9. ↑ "Thailand: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci).
  10. ↑ "2021 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore the results". Transparency.org (in Turanci). 25 January 2022.
  11. ↑ "Democracy Index 2010" (PDF). 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  12. ↑ Per The Economist Intelligence Unit 2010 ratings.[11] Full democracies have an overall score of 10 to 8, flawed democracies have an overall score of 7.9 to 6, hybrid regimes have an overall score of 5.9 to 4, and authoritarian regimes have an overall score from 3.9 to 1. The extent of democracy is higher as the score increases.
  13. ↑ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2020". Transparency International. 28 January 2021.
  14. ↑ According to the annual Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index,[13] the score ranges from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt).
  15. ↑ "Freedom in the World Research Methodology". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  16. ↑ Per Freedom House 2021 ratings.[15]
  17. ↑ "Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health?". EIU.com. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  18. ↑ Draper, John; Sobieszczyk, Teresa; Crumpton, Charles David; Lefferts, H. L.; Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (2019-07-03). "Racial "Othering" in Thailand: Quantitative Evidence, Causes, and Consequences". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 25 (3): 251–272. doi:10.1080/13537113.2019.1639425. ISSN 1353-7113. S2CID 202284379.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  20. ↑ "Thailand: More than 100 companies pledge to strengthen women's economic empowerment". UN News. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  21. ↑ "Same-sex marriages will soon become legal in Thailand under historic law". NBC News (in Turanci). 2025-01-21. Retrieved 2025-01-22.
  22. ↑ "Craft Beer is Illegal Here ... But Rebel Brewers Are Fighting Back". OZY. 5 January 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2025.
  23. ↑ "SEAPA Alert and Statement on the Coup". Southeast Asian Press Alliance. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  24. ↑ "Martial law must be lifted to address impunity". Southeast Asian Press Alliance. 22 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  25. ↑ Tunsarawuth, Sinfah (3 May 2019). "[Thailand] Some Good News, But Mostly Bad". Southeast Asian Press Alliance. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  26. ↑ "Thailand: Outspoken TV Channel Banned". Human Rights Watch. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  27. ↑ "87-year prison sentence handed in Thailand's harshest "lèse majesté" conviction". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 19 January 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  28. ↑ "Thailand: Free Detained Monarchy Reform Activists". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  29. ↑ "Thai activists in weak condition on hunger strike, say doctors". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named KE-20190905
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WP-20190130
  32. ↑ "Laos/Thailand: Investigate Abduction of Exiled Red Shirt Activist". Human Rights Watch. 2017-08-01. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AS-20190806
  34. ↑ "Alert Statement: Deportation of 3 Prominent Thai Dissidents from Vietnam". Thai Alliance for Human Rights (Video). 2019-05-10. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-05-15.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  35. ↑ "Thailand: Arbitrary detention of eight pro-democracy activists". International Federation for Human Rights (in Turanci). 12 August 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  36. ↑ "Thailand: Arbitrary detention and judicial harassment of Tantawan Tuatulanon". International Federation for Human Rights (in Turanci).
  37. ↑ "Thailand: Structural Flaws Subvert Election". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 19 March 2019.
  38. ↑ "Thailand: Authorities must reverse dissolution of opposition Future Forward Party". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 21 February 2020.
  39. ↑ "Thailand: Court Dissolves Opposition Party". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 22 February 2020.
  40. ↑ "THAILAND: Verdict on Somchai's case--his wife, daughter could not be plaintiffs; not enough evidence to convict accused". Asian Human Rights Commission. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  41. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BP
  42. ↑ "Thailand: Authorities must investigate abduction of Vietnamese journalist". Amnesty International. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Thailand refugees". Human Rights Watch. 12 September 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Thailand". American Refugee Committee. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  45. ↑ "Thailand". Refugees International. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  46. ↑ "The Refugee Crisis in Myanmar (Burma)". Thai Freedom House. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Thailand: Rights Lawyers Harassed, Charged". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 4 March 2016.
  48. ↑ "OHCHR | Thailand: judicial system abused by business to silence human rights defenders – UN experts". 12 March 2020. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  49. ↑ "Ongoing judicial harassment of Angkhana Neelapaijit". Front Line Defenders (in Turanci). 24 November 2020.
  50. ↑ "Thailand: Acquittal and continuing judicial harassment of Mr. Andy Hall". International Federation for Human Rights (in Turanci).
  51. ↑ "A Wave of Drug Killings Is Linked to Thai Police". Seth Mydans. April 8, 2003. New York Times. "New York Times: A Wave of Drug Killings is Linked to Thai Police Seth Mydans - Akha.org". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  52. ↑ "Thailand: Sea Slavery | #TheOutlawOcean - YouTube". www.youtube.com. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  53. ↑ Singh, J.P.; Hart, Shilpa (23 March 2007). "Sex Workers and Cultural Policy: Mapping the Issues and Actors in Thailand". Review of Policy Research. 24 (2): 155–173. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2007.00274.x.
  54. ↑ "Strengthening Thai laws to fight travellers who sexually abuse children". UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 14 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  55. ↑ "NGO law would strike severe blow to human rights in Thailand". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2 April 2021.
  56. ↑ "6ตุลา".
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Yancin_Dan_Adam_a_Thailand&oldid=788480"