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'Yancin Dan Adam a Turkmenistan

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Kasashe da malamai daban-daban a duk duniya sun soki rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Turkmenistan sosai.[1][2] Matsayi a cikin ilimi da kiwon lafiya sun ragu sosai a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Saparmurat Niyazov .

Tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, a karkashin Gwamnatin Shugaba Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya ba su lura da wani gagarumin ci gaba game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin jama'a ba.[3][4]

Nuna bambanci ga 'yan tsiraru

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shawarwarin da gwamnatin Turkmen ta yanke na soke yarjejeniyar 'yan kasa biyu tare da Rasha a shekara ta 2003 ya sa dubban' 'Yan kabilar Rasha su bar Turkmenistan yayin da suka rasa dukiya.[5] Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka tsere "a cikin tsoro" an ruwaito sun ji tsoron kama su a cikin jihar da aka soki sosai saboda cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam kuma ya sanya takunkumi mai tsanani kan tafiye-tafiye na ƙasashen waje ga' yan ƙasa. Wadanda ba su da fasfo na Rasha na iya tilasta su zama Turkmen, kuma suna tsoron cewa ba za su iya komawa Rasha ba.[6]

Ga waɗannan waɗanda suka kasance, an kiyasta 100,000, duk difloma na Soviet, takaddun shaida da sauran takardun hukuma da aka bayar a waje da Turkmen SSR an soke su, suna iyakance damar mutane zuwa aiki. A lokaci guda, an ƙarfafa jami'o'i su ƙi masu neman suna da sunayen da ba na Turkiyya ba, musamman 'yan kabilar Rasha.[7] Talabijin na Rasha yana da wahala a karɓa a Turkmenistan. An cire gidan rediyo na harshen Rasha Mayak daga iska. kuma an dakatar da jaridu na Rasha a baya.[8]

An haramta koyar da al'adu da yaren Baloch, ƙabilu. Haka ya faru da Uzbeks, wanda ba a koyar da yarensu a makarantu.[9]

Shahararren haramtacciyar doka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsohon Turkmenbashi Saparmurat Niyazov ya haramta yin Wasannin bidiyo, sauraron rediyo na mota, [10] yin wasan kwaikwayo da ballet, [10] shan taba a cikin jama'a, [10] dogon gashi a kan maza, [10] har ma da gashin fuska. An yi hasashen cewa an kafa haramcin na ƙarshe don tilasta daidaito na bayyanar.[10] Niyazov ya ba da umarnin rufe dukkan ɗakunan karatu a waje da babban birnin Ashgabat.[11] An hana masu ba da labarai, maza da mata, sanya kowane irin kayan shafawa bayan Niyazov ya gano cewa bai iya faɗar bambancin da ke tsakanin su ba lokacin da masu gabatarwa suka sa shi.

A shekara ta 2008, an sake haramtacciyar wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, amma tsohon shugaban Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow ya haramta shigo da motoci da manyan motoci da aka samar kafin shekara ta 2000.

Ya zuwa 2017, Turkmenistan ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ottawa kan ma'adanai na ƙasa, ta ware shi daga yawancin maƙwabtanta (ban da Afghanistan). [12]

'Yanci na addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An tabbatar da 'yancin yin addini ta hanyar sashe na 11 na kundin tsarin mulkin Turkmenistan.  Duk da haka, kamar sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, a aikace babu shi.  An dora littafin Ruhnama na tsohon shugaban kasa Saparmurat Niyazov akan dukkan al'ummomin addini.  A cewar Forum 18, duk da matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, hukumomi suna murkushe dukkanin kungiyoyin addini, kuma tsarin doka yana da ta'azzara ta yadda mutane da yawa sun gwammace su kasance a karkashin kasa maimakon su bi duk wasu matsaloli na hukuma.  Mabiyan addinin Kirista na Furotesta ne abin ya shafa, ban da rukunoni kamar su Shaidun Jehovah, Baháʼí, da Hare Krishna.[1]  An saka Shaidun Jehobah a kurkuku kuma an yi musu dukan tsiya domin sun ƙi aikin soja.  Alal misali, an yanke wa wani matashi ɗan shekara 33 hukuncin daurin shekaru 4 a gidan yari bayan an same shi ɗauke da littattafan addini a tashar jirgin ƙasa da ke Dashoguz.] Kwamitin Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya nuna cewa an gurfanar da Shaidun Jehobah a Turkmenistan kuma an daure su a kurkuku don ta ƙi yin aikin soja na dole, duk da cewa tsarin mulkin Turkmenistan ya ba da izinin yin hidimar soja shi kaɗai.  sauran" da kuma 'yancin yin "'yancin yanke hukunci da kuma 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa".  Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura cewa, "Ya kamata jam'iyyar Jiha ta dauki dukkan matakan da suka dace don sake duba dokokinta da nufin samar da wani aikin soja. Ya kamata kuma jam'iyyar ta jihar ta tabbatar da cewa dokar ta bayyana karara cewa mutane suna da 'yancin kin shiga soja saboda imaninsu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya kamata jam'iyyar Jiha ta dakatar da duk wani shari'a da ake yi wa mutanen da suka ƙi yin aikin soja bisa la'akari da lamiri da kuma sakin mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku a halin yanzu. [13][14][15][16]

Wani fitowar watan Yulin 2003 na jaridar jihar Adalat, wanda Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta buga, ya buga wani hari mai tsanani a kan mambobin wasu kungiyoyin addini, yana kwatanta kungiyoyin a matsayin baƙi kuma yana nuna cewa suna da haɗari. A can, gwamnati ta ci gaba da takaita 'yancin iyayen Shaidun Jehobah don renon' ya'yansu bisa ga imanin addininsu. Har ila yau, gwamnati ta kwace kwafin wallafe-wallafen Kirista, gami da Littafi Mai-Tsarki; gwamnati tana da'awar cewa ba ainihin wallafe-walaren addini na Kirista ba ne. A shekara ta 2003, an hana wasu Shaidun Jehobah biza ta fita. Sauran shaidu da suka sami damar samun biza ta fita an dakatar da su bayan sun haye iyaka kuma sun tilasta su dawo. An dakatar da wasu kuma an hana su shiga jirgin sama zuwa wata ƙasa saboda an haɗa sunayensu a cikin "jerin baƙi" na 'yan ƙasa da aka haramta barin ƙasar.[17]

Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2005 game da 'Yancin Addini na Duniya (wanda aka fitar a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2005) ya nuna ci gaba da takurawa 'yancin addini a Turkmenistan, yayin da ya keɓe shi a cikin ƙasashen da suka yi "gagarumin ci gaba wajen haɓaka 'yancin addini."  Wakilin Amurka Chris Smith ya bayyana cewa, "Sauyin da gwamnatin Niyazov ta kafa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata bai yi nisa ba, har ma rahoton da kansa ya nuna cewa ana ci gaba da keta hakkin addini."  Sanatan Amurka Sam Brownback ya lura cewa, "Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan sun sami karin yabo a fili fiye da yadda gaskiyar za ta iya."  Jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman kan ‘Yancin Addini ko Imani, Asma Jahangir, ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Turkmenistan a watan Yunin 2003 da kuma a shekara ta 2005 kan gayyatar da ta yi masa na ziyartar kasar;  an ba da gayyata a shekara ta 2008 kuma an kammala ziyarar mako guda a watan Satumba na 2008

A cikin 2023, an ba kasar sifili daga cikin 4 don 'yancin addini; an lura cewa ƙuntatawa sun karfafa tun 2016. A cikin wannan shekarar an sanya shi wuri na 26 mafi muni a duniya don zama Kirista.[18]

Bautar

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A cewar Walk Free, "Turkmenistan tana daga cikin ƙasashe da ke daukar mataki kaɗan don amsawa ga bautar zamani".[19] Ƙididdigar Bautar Duniya ta 2023 ta kiyasta cewa akwai mutane 72,000 da ke zaune a bautar zamani a Turkmenistan.[19] Wani rahoto daga hadin gwiwar NGO Cotton Campaign ya ce, "Gwamnati tana amfani da aikin tilas na kasa da kasa a cikin girbi na auduga na shekara-shekara. [20] A cikin 2018 Amurka ta haramta "Duk Turkmenistan Cotton ko kayayyakin da aka samar gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare tare da Turkmenistan cotton" saboda binciken da aka tilasta wa jihar aiki. [21][22][21]

'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dukkanin kafofin watsa labarai a Turkmenistan suna karkashin ikon Gwamnati. A watan Yulin 2010, Shugaba Berdimuhamedow ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen ba da izinin jaridu masu zaman kansu a kasar. Da zarar an ƙaddamar da su, ana sa ran su mai da hankali kan labarun kasuwanci masu nasara.

A cewar Reporters Without Borders 'World Press Freedom Index na 2006, Turkmenistan tana da yanayi na uku mafi munin 'yancin' yan jarida a duniya, bayan Koriya ta Arewa da Myanmar. An dauke shi daya daga cikin kasashe goma da aka fi tantancewa. Kowane watsa shirye-shirye a karkashin Niyazov ya fara ne da alkawarin cewa harshen mai watsa shirye-'shirye zai ragu idan ya ɓata sunan ƙasar, tutar, ko shugaban kasa.[23] Yayinda yake shugaban kasa, Niyazov ya mallaki dukkan kafofin watsa labarai na Turkmen, kuma da kansa ya nada 'yan jarida. Rikici ya kewaye da mutuwar ɗan jaridar Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Ogulsapar Myradowa, wanda a bayyane yake an azabtar da shi har ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2006 yayin da yake cikin tsare-tsare.

2022 Labarin 'Yancin Labarai[24]      

An bayar da rahoton cewa gwamnati ta tsananta wa 'yan jarida; wasu an tsare su a kurkuku kuma an gurfanar da su da zarge-zargen ƙarya da shari'o'i marasa adalci. 'Yan jarida galibi suna karɓar barazanar mutuwa.[25] An tsare mai fafutuka Sazak Durdymuradov a shekara ta 2005 saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da tashar talabijin ta Faransa don rahoto game da Turkmenistan. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku a karkashin zargin "samun ko sayar da bindigogi ko bindigogi ba bisa ka'ida ba". Amnesty International ta dauki zarge-zargen a matsayin karya.[26]

A shekara ta 2006, 'yan gwagwarmayar Turkmen Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights Annakurban Amanklychev da Sapardurdy Khadzhiev sun kama su da jami'an tsaro na Turkmen kan zargin leken asiri, daga baya suka canza zuwa zargin bindiga ba bisa ka'ida ba.[27] Amnesty International ta dauki su fursunoni na lamiri kuma ta sanya musu suna a matsayin "mahimmanci na farko". [27] Front Line, [28] Reporters Without Borders, [29] da Human Rights Watch [30] duk sun bayyana zargin kamar yadda aka ƙirƙira. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, kungiyar aiki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan tsare-tsare ta yi kira da a sake su nan take, suna mai cewa tsare-tsaren su ya saba wa dokar kasa da kasa.[31]

Ma'aikatun tsaro na jihar suna kula da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu da ke aiki tare da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya. Wakilan Rediyo Free Europe suna cikin tsangwama akai-akai kuma suna cikin haɗari da rayuwarsu da 'yanci.[32] A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2008, an yi wa 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta Sona Chuli Kuli tambayoyi na kwanaki da yawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba kuma an tilasta masa ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da ta amince da kada ta yi aiki tare da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.[33]

An fara ba da izinin yin amfani da Intanet a cikin shekara ta 2008, kuma tun daga lokacin ya karu.

Turkmenistan tana cikin manyan al'ummomin da suka fi zalunci a duniya. Intanet tana da tsari sosai kuma tana samuwa ne kawai ga karamin ɓangare na yawan jama'a. Censorship yana ko'ina kuma yana da yawa. Binciken da aka buga a 2023 ya nuna cewa ƙasar ta toshe akalla sunayen yanki 122,000 . [34][35] Kulawa yana da mahimmanci, kuma 'yan ƙasa kaɗan da ke amfana daga samun damar Intanet hukumomin gwamnati suna sa ido sosai. Censorship na kai ya zama ruwan dare.[36]

An toshe shafukan yanar gizo da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da hukumomin labarai ke gudanarwa.  Bugu da ƙari, talakawa 'yan ƙasa ba su da damar yin amfani da World Wide Web, kuma a maimakon haka suna iyakance ga yin amfani da Turkmenet, wani online al'umma a cikin Turkmen harshe, amma yadda ya kamata a censored version na Internet.] Social networks kamar Facebook, YouTube da kuma Twitter ba m ta hanyar Turkmenet.[ Ƙoƙarin samun a kusa da wannan takunkumi zai iya haifar da kabari sakamakon.  samuwa.  Bayan wannan, akwai wata sabuwar kafa (27 Maris 2012) Turkmen social network, Gyzgyn, wanda a halin yanzu ana iya samunsa..[ana buƙatar hujja]

An rarraba tantancewar Intanet a Turkmenistan a matsayin mai yaduwa a cikin siyasa kuma a matsayin mai zaɓaɓɓu a cikin zamantakewa, rikici / tsaro da wuraren kayan aikin intanet ta hanyar OpenNet Initiative a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010. [36] An lissafa Turkmenistan a matsayin abokin gaba na intanet ta Reporters Without Borders a cikin 2011. [37]

Rashin amincewa a bangaren jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon watan Afrilun 2025, an kori ma'aikata hudu na sashen al'adu na gundumar Kerki a Turkmenistan bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi na rage albashi da aka yi da nufin sayen na'urar lura da talabijin na fadar Al'adu.  Mai sa ido, wanda zai nuna hotunan shugaban kasar Serdar Berdimuhamedov a kan tuta ta kasa a lokacin gudanar da ayyukan hukuma, an siyi shi ne ta hanyar amfani da 230 Turkmenistan Manat (TMT) da aka cire daga albashin ma'aikata a watan Maris.  Wannan jimlar, daidai da wani kaso mai tsoka na matsakaicin kudin shiga na wata-wata na 1,800-2,100 TMT, an tattara su ba tare da izini ba.  ‘Yan sanda sun tursasa ma’aikatan da suka ki cire kudaden da su yi murabus saboda dalilan kiwon lafiya.  Wannan lamarin ya biyo bayan tsarin bayar da gudummawar kudi na tilas a cikin jama'a, gami da irin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a watan Janairun 2025, inda aka matsa wa ma'aikatan gwamnati a Arkadag lamba su sayi gidaje, da kuma a cikin Mayu 2024, inda aka umarci shugabannin hukumar a Balkan velayat su sayi agogon tunawa.[38]

'Yanci na siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Duk wani adawa da gwamnati ana daukarsa cin amana kuma ana hukunta shi da ɗaurin rai da rai. Turkmenistan tana da fursunonin siyasa da yawa, wadanda aka fi sani da su sune Batyr Berdiýew, Ýazgeldi Gündogdyýew, da Boris Şyhmyradow . Kungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya, OSCE, ko wasu cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su damar yin amfani da su ba. Akwai jita-jita game da mutuwarsu, amma ba za a iya tabbatar da waɗannan ba, kuma ba a san inda yawancin suke ba.

Gulgeldy Annaniyazov, shugaban adawa ga gwamnatin Niyazov, an kama shi a 1995 kuma an sake shi a 1999 bayan dokar afuwa ta shugaban kasa. Ya koma Norway don ya zauna tare da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Komawa a Turkmenistan, an kama shi a watan Yunin 2008 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 11 a kurkuku bayan shari'ar rufewa; ba a san tuhumar da aka yi masa ba.[39] Hakazalika, Ovezgeldy Ataev, tsohon Kakakin Majalisar, da Akmurad Redzhepov, tsohon shugaban Majalisar Tsaro ta Jiha, sun yi gwaji a rufe kuma sun kasance a kurkuku. Amnesty International ta yi zargin cewa dalilin da ya sa aka ɗaure shi ne gaskiyar cewa dukansu biyu sun kasance masu adawa da siyasa na Shugaba Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow na yanzu.[40]

Andrey Zatoka, mai kula da muhalli kuma mai fafutuka, ɗan ƙasar Turkmenistan da Rasha, an kama shi a kan zargin ƙarya na kwanaki 46 daga Disamba 2006 zuwa Janairu 2007. [41] Saboda matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, an saki Andrey kuma an soke hukuncin.[42] A watan Yunin 2008, Andrey ya rubuta wata sanarwa inda ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yancinsa da abokansa na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari. Hukumomin Turkmen suna sa ido kuma suna bin sa.[43] A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2009, an kama Andrey a karo na biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 5 a kurkuku saboda hari. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, bayan matsin lamba na kasa da kasa daga kungiyoyin kare muhalli da na kare hakkin dan adam da hukumomin Rasha, an saki Zatoka bayan biyan tarar, ya bar zama ɗan ƙasar Turkmen da kuma ƙaura daga Turkmenistan nan da nan.[44]

Rikicin 'yan sanda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kaddamarwa da cin zarafin mutanen da aka tsare sun zama ruwan dare a Turkmenistan, kamar yadda azabtarwa don samun ikirari. A shekara ta 2004, masu tsaron iyaka sun harbe kuma sun kashe mutane shida wadanda ake zargi da tsallaka iyaka ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Iran. Akwai rahotanni game da fursunoni da ke mutuwa bayan an hana su abinci da kulawar likita.[45] Ogulsapar Myradowa, ɗan jarida kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, ya mutu cikin tashin hankali a kurkuku a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006.

A cikin Rahotanni na Kasa game da Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, an hukunta Turkmenistan saboda "abin azabtarwa", kamawa da tsare-tsare, tsare-tsaren da ba da gangan ba, ɗaure fursunonin siyasa, cin hanci da rashawa mai tsanani, rashin zaɓen kyauta da adalci, da ƙuntatawa kan' yancin addini, taro, da motsi.

Yanayin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Turkmenistan tun daga 1 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".[46] 1

  1. ↑ Turkmenistan (2012-01-13). "Turkmenistan | Country report | Freedom in the World | 2009". Freedomhouse.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  2. ↑ "2008 Human Rights Report: Turkmenistan". State.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  3. ↑ "Turkmenistan -Amnesty International Report 2007". Amnesty international. 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-05-09. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  4. ↑ "The EU should obtain significant improvements in the field of the human Rights". FIDH. 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  5. ↑ "The New Humanitatian | TURKMENISTAN: Focus on ethnic minorities | Turkmenistan | Human Rights". thenewhumanitarian.org. 2005-08-18. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  6. ↑ "Asia-Pacific | Russians 'flee' Turkmenistan". BBC News. 2003-06-20. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  7. ↑ "Institute for War and Peace Reporting | Giving Voice, Driving Change". Iwpr.net. 2015-10-13. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  8. ↑ "Assessment for Russians in Turkmenistan". Archived from the original on November 20, 2006. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Alternative report on the Human Rights situation in Turkmenistan for the Universal Periodic Review" (PDF). FIDH. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  11. ↑ "Turkmenistan daily digest". Archived from the original on September 4, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  12. ↑ "International Campaign to Ban Landmines - Treaty Status | The Treaty | ICBL". www.icbl.org. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  13. ↑ "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 40 of the Covenant -Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee - Turkmenistan". United Nations Human Rights Office of the high Commissioner - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  14. ↑ "One Year of Unjust Imprisonment in Turkmenistan". jw.org.
  15. ↑ "TURKMENISTAN: Torture and jail for one 4 year and 14 short-term prisoners of conscience". forum18.org. Felix Corley. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  16. ↑ "Turkmenistan 2015/2016: Freedom of religion". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  17. ↑ "Turkmenistan: International Religious Freedom Report 2004". www.state.gov/. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  18. ↑ "Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08". Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  19. 1 2 "Modern slavery in Turkmenistan | Walk Free". Walk Free (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2025-02-18. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  20. ↑ "In Turkmenistan, the death of a journalist lifts the veil on forced labor in cotton fields". Forbidden Stories (in Turanci).
  21. 1 2 "How Does Turkmen Cotton, Produced With Forced Labor, Enter Global Supply Chains?". thediplomat.com (in Turanci).
  22. ↑ "Withhold Release Orders and Findings Dashboard | U.S. Customs and Border Protection". www.cbp.gov (in Turanci).
  23. ↑ "10 Most Censored Countries". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  24. ↑ "2022 World Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders. 2022.
  25. ↑ "Turkmenistan: Death Threats Against Journalist". Human Rights Watch. 2017-08-08.
  26. ↑ "Annakurban Amanklychev and Sapardurdy Khadzhiev prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  27. 1 2 "ANNAKURBAN AMANKLYCHEV AND SAPARDURDY KHADZHIEV, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  28. ↑ "Fears for three Turkmen human rights defenders held incommunicado". Front Line. 3 August 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  29. ↑ "Reporters Without Borders Concerned Over Conditions Faced by Turkmen Prisoners". Reporters Without Borders. 19 February 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  30. ↑ "Letter to President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov regarding human rights concerns in Turkmenistan". Human Rights Watch. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  31. ↑ "United Nations declares Turkmenistan's detention of Annakurban Amanklychev and Sapardurdy Khadzhiev a violation of international law". Freedom Now. 11 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  32. ↑ "Turkmenistan". Human rights Watch. 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  33. ↑ "Alternative Report on the Human Rights situation in Turkmenistan for the Universal Periodic Review" (PDF). FIDH. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  34. ↑ "New study finds internet censorship in Turkmenistan reaches over 122,000 domains". Global Voices (in Turanci). 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  35. ↑ Nourin, Sadia; Tran, Van; Jiang, Xi; Bock, Kevin; Feamster, Nick; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Levin, Dave (2023-04-10). "Measuring and Evading Turkmenistan's Internet Censorship: A Case Study in Large-Scale Measurements of a Low-Penetration Country". arXiv:2304.04835. doi:10.1145/3543507.3583189. S2CID 258059692 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. 1 2 "Turkmenistan | OpenNet Initiative". Opennet.net. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  37. ↑ "Ennemis d'Internet - Turkmenistan - Reporters Without Borders". En.rsf.org. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  38. ↑ "Turkmen Cultural Workers Fired Over Refusal to Fund Presidential TV Monitor - The Times Of Central Asia" (in Turanci). 2025-05-02. Retrieved 2025-05-06.
  39. ↑ "Statement Annaniyazov". NHC. 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2010-07-23.[dead link]
  40. ↑ "Individuals continue to be at risk of violations in Turkmenistan". Amnesty International. February 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  41. ↑ "Crude Accountability". Crudeaccountability.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  42. ↑ "Organizations for Zatoka". Crude Accountability. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  43. ↑ Andrei Zatoka (2009-10-29). "Statement from Andrei Zatoka". Human rights Watch. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  44. ↑ "Zatoka Freed". Crude Accountability. 2009-11-10. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  45. ↑ "2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Turkmenistan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  46. ↑ Freedom House (2024). "Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024" (XLS). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
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