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'Yancin Dan Adam a Ukraine

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Ukraine ya shafi ainihin haƙƙin kowane mutum a Ukraine. Tsakanin 2017 da 2022, Freedom House ya ba da kimar Ukraine daga 60 zuwa 62 akan ma'aunin maki 100, da kuma ƙimar "ɓangare kyauta". Kididdigar kididdigar da aka yi kan tsarin zabe gaba daya yana da kyau, amma akwai matsaloli dangane da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsarin da ya dace. Kididdigar ta daga baya ta ragu a shekarar 2023, sakamakon mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine, wanda ya kai ga kafa dokar ta-baci a Ukraine, da kuma ka'idar aiki da ta kawar da yawancin kariya ta doka ga ma'aikata da kanana da matsakaitan kamfanoni, da kuma dokar da ta kara karfin gwamnati wajen daidaita kamfanonin watsa labaru da aikin jarida. Tun daga farkon mamayar kasar Rasha ta aikata laifukan yaki daban-daban kan fararen hula na Ukraine kuma mamayewar ya yi babban tasiri na jin kai ga Ukraine da 'yan kasarta.[1]

Zabukan kananan hukumomi na 2015 da na shugaban kasa na 2019 gaba daya sun kasance cikin lumana, fafatawa da kuma adalci, duk da cewa akwai alamun amfani da dukiyar kasa da kuma sayen kuri’u, kuma har yanzu ba a kai ga cimma nasarar ‘yan jarida ba.[2] Hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yan jarida, masu gwagwarmayar farar hula da membobin kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru suna da yawa, kuma martani na' yan sanda bai isa ba.[3]

Ya zuwa 2021 bincike kan laifuka a kan 'yan jarida da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sau da yawa ba sa haifar da hukunci, kuma rashin hukunci ga azabtarwa har yanzu yana yaduwa.[4] Rikicin da ya shafi jinsi da na homophobic ta kungiyoyin da ke ba da shawarar nuna bambanci suma abin damuwa ne, [4] da kuma haƙƙin harshe na 'yan tsiraru na ƙasa. [5] Laifukan yaki da bangarorin biyu na yakin suka aikata a Donbas ba a gurfanar da su ba, kuma a cikin Crimea da Rasha ta mamaye an hana rashin amincewa.[4]

Tarihi

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Kafin 1991

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A matsayin wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet, duk haƙƙin ɗan adam an iyakance su sosai. Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance jam'iyya daya har zuwa 1990 [6] kuma jihar kama karya daga 1927 har zuwa 1953 [7] inda 'yan jam'iyyar gurguzu suka rike dukkan muhimman mukamai a cibiyoyin gwamnati da sauran kungiyoyi. An danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kuma an hukunta masu adawa. Ba a yarda da ayyukan siyasa masu zaman kansu ba, ko waɗannan sun haɗa da shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, majami'u masu zaman kansu ko jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa. ’Yancin motsi a ciki da ma wajen kasar ya takaita.

1991–2014

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A cikin 1991 Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. An gudanar da raba gardama kan Dokar Sanarwar Independence a Ukraine a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1991. Mafi rinjaye na 92.3% na masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da ayyana 'yancin kai da Verkhovna Rada ta yi a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1991. Har zuwa 8 ga Yuni 1995, babbar doka ta Ukraine ita ce Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Dokar Asali) na Ukrainian SSR (wanda aka karɓa a 1978, tare da gyare-gyare masu yawa daga baya). A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 1995, shugaba Leonid Kuchma da kakakin majalisar Oleksandr Moroz (mai aiki a madadin majalisar) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsarin mulki na tsawon lokacin har sai an tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki.

An amince da kundin tsarin mulki na farko tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a lokacin zaman majalisar na dare bayan kusan sa'o'i 24 na muhawara na 27-28 Yuni 1996, wanda ba a hukumance ba da aka sani da "Daren tsarin mulki na 1996". Doka mai lamba 254/96-BP da ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ta soke kundin tsarin mulkin da ya gabata. An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ne bisa biki da kuma fitar da ita a tsakiyar watan Yulin shekarar 1996. A cewar wani hukunci da kotun tsarin mulkin Ukraine ta yanke, kundin tsarin mulkin ya fara aiki ne a daidai lokacin da aka sanar da sakamakon zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 1996 kimanin kimanin. Karfe 9 na safe agogon Kyiv kuma a karon farko ya sanya wajibcin haƙƙin ɗan adam zama doka.

Gidan Freedom House ya lakafta Ukraine a matsayin "yanci" a shekara ta 2009.[8] A cikin rahoton nasu sun bayyana cewa, "Ukraine na da daya daga cikin al'ummomin farar hula a yankin. 'Yan kasar suna kara daukar al'amura a hannunsu, suna nuna rashin amincewa da gine-ginen da ba a so, da kuma fallasa cin hanci da rashawa. Babu iyaka da aka gani akan ayyukan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ƙungiyoyin kwadago suna aiki, amma yajin aiki da zanga-zangar ma'aikata ba a saba gani ba, duk da cewa rashin gamsuwa da halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki 8. Ana ganin masu su har yanzu suna iya tursasa ma’aikatansu da su kada kuri’a bisa ga abin da masu su ke so.[8]

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2009 masana daga Majalisar Turai sun bayyana cewa, "a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata masana daga Majalisar Turai da ke sa ido kan Ukraine sun nuna kusan babu damuwa game da muhimmin [tsari na] kafa ƙungiyoyin farar hula a Ukraine. A cewar Human Rights Watch (HRW), "yayin da cibiyoyin jama'a suna aiki galibi ba tare da tsangwama na gwamnati ba, cin zarafin' yan sanda da keta haƙƙin 'yancin' yancin' yan adam ... suna ci gaba da rikodin' yancin mutane ...[9]

Bayan farkon zaben 2010 na Shugaba Viktor Yanukovych kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun fara nuna damuwarsu. A cewar Freedom House, "Ukraine a karkashin Shugaba Yanukovych ya zama ƙasa da dimokuradiyya kuma, idan an bar yanayin yanzu ba tare da an hana shi ba, na iya tafiya zuwa hanyar zuwa ga mulkin mallaka da kleptocracy. " [10] Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan, sun ambaci, "yancin yanayi ga kafofin watsa labarai, zaɓaɓɓen gurfanar da adadi na 'yanci na Ukraine, ya soki zaben gida a cikin Oktoba 2010 ... da kuma rushewar asali da aka 'yanci' yanci na asali daga Majalisar 'yanci ta duniya' yanci' yancin duniya. " Har ila yau, a cikin 2011 Amnesty International ta yi magana game da "ƙaruwar yawan zarge-zargen azabtarwa da rashin kulawa a hannun 'yan sanda, ƙuntatawa kan' yancin magana da taro, da kuma bayyanar jama'a na xenophobia".

A cikin Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index 2010 Ukraine ta fadi daga matsayi na 89 zuwa 131.[11] 'Yancin' yan jarida na makwabta Rasha an sanya shi a matsayi na 140.[12] Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta kira Ukraine "ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da ke ganin mafi girman take hakkin dan adam a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011.

Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2013 lamarin ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin juya halin Euromaidan, domin shiga ko ma yin aiki don biyan bukatun shiga kungiyar Tarayyar Turai zai inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk faɗin Ukraine. Rasha, wacce tuni ta shimfida aikin ta mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar Euromaidan tare da mamaye yankin Crimea da yankunan Donbas.

Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da Turai

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Ukraine ta kasance jam'iyya ga yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa masu zuwa

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  • Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR)
  • (Na farko) Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga ICCPR
  • Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu
  • Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW)
  • Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa CEDAW
  • Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC)
  • Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga CRC game da shigar yara cikin rikici
  • Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata
  • Yarjejeniya game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa
  • Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar da ke hana azabtarwa
  • Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (1951)
  • Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (1967)

Ukraine ta sanya hannu amma ba a tabbatar da ita ba

  • Dokar Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Roma

Ukraine ta kasance jam'iyya ga yarjejeniyoyin Turai masu zuwa

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  • Yarjejeniyar Turai don Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yancin Musamman (ECHR) (1950)
  • Yarjejeniya No. 6 ga ECHR game da kawar da hukuncin kisa a lokutan zaman lafiya (1983)
  • Yarjejeniya No. 12 ga ECHR game da haramtacciyar nuna bambanci (2000)
  • Yarjejeniya No. 13 ga ECHR game da kawar da hukuncin kisa a kowane yanayi (2002)
  • Yarjejeniyar Tsarin kan Kare Ƙananan Ƙasa

Yanayin

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Taron da aka yi a Kharkiv a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Orange na 2004

Tun daga ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2013 Ukraine ta yi asarar dukkan shari'o'inta 211 a Kotun Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam.

Kabarin da aka samu a yankunan da aka 'yantar daga ikon Rasha

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Bayan an 'yantar da Bucha, Lyman, Makariv, da Kherson daga mamayar Rasha, Ukraine ta gano manyan kaburbura dauke da gawarwakin fararen hula. Wadanda aka azabtar akai-akai suna nuna shaidar azabtarwa.

'Yancin Zabe

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Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Freedom House da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, gaba daya suna la'akari da tsarin zaben Ukraine a matsayin 'yanci da adalci. Duk da haka, akwai zarge-zarge masu inganci na sayen kuri'u, kuma a wasu lokuta ana nuna son kai a kafafen yada labarai. An haramta jam'iyyun Nazi da na Kwaminisanci.[13]

Hakkin karɓar shari'a mai kyau

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Gyaran tsarin mulkin da ya fara aiki ya yi illa ga ’yancin samun shari’a ta gaskiya saboda sun sake gabatar da abin da ake kira babban sa ido na ofishin mai gabatar da kara. Sauran manyan matsalolin sun haɗa da tsawon lokaci don duba shari'o'i saboda an cika ma'aikatan kotuna; cin zarafi na daidaiton makamai; rashin kiyaye zato na rashin laifi; rashin aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen kotu; da yawan cin hanci da rashawa a kotuna.[14] Lauyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun koka da alƙalai na Ukraine a kai a kai suna fuskantar matsin lamba don ba da wani hukunci.

A cewar Freedom House, bangaren shari'a ya zama mafi inganci da rashin cin hanci da rashawa tun bayan juyin juya halin Orange.[8]

Recent (since 2010) trials of high-profile political figures[nb 1] Yulia Tymoshenko, Yuriy Lutsenko, Igor Didenko, Anatoliy Makarenko and Valeriy Ivaschenko have been described by the European Commission, the United States and other international organizations as "unfair, untransparent and not independent" and "selective prosecution of political opponents".

Hakkin Harshe

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Ana magana da harsuna da yawa a cikin abin da ke yanzu Ukraine. A cikin karni na 19 Rashawa da Yahudawa sune manyan kabilun a cikin birane yayin da ƙauyuka galibi Ukrainian ne. Ukraine tana da tarihin rikice-rikicen harshe tun daga aƙalla karni na 19. A shekara ta 1863, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha, Pyotr Valuev, ya ba da wata da'ira wadda ta haramta buga littattafan addini da nassosin ilimi da aka rubuta cikin yaren Ukrainian.

Manufar Soviet game da harshen Ukrainian ya bambanta daga inganta shi a karkashin Lenin ("yan asalin") zuwa ga zalunci na motsin harshen Ukrainian karkashin Stalin, da kuma hakuri da shi wanda ya kasance tare da raguwa a hankali na amfani da harshen Ukrainian da russification na Ukraine a karkashin Khrushchev da Brezhnev. Bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Ukraine a shekarar 1991, an sauya manufofin da suka gabata na goyon bayan Rasha kuma an karfafa yin amfani da yaren Yukren kuma a wasu yankuna, ya zama tilas. Kundin tsarin mulki na 1996 ya bayyana cewa Ukrainian shine harshen jiha, kuma ya bayyana cewa an ba da izinin amfani da kyauta da ci gaban harsunan Rashanci da sauran harsunan tsiraru na ƙasa.

Dokokin da suka biyo baya sun sanya amfani da Ukrainian tilas a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar jama'a.[5][15][16] An yi banbanci ga harsunan da ake la'akari da su " 'yan asalin" saboda masu magana da su ba su da dangi, kamar yaren Crimean Tatar da yaren Karaim, da kuma waɗancan harsunan waɗanda sune Harsunan hukuma na Tarayyar Turai.[17] Koyaya, manyan harsunan 'yan tsiraru a Ukraine, kamar Rasha, Belarusian da Yahudawa, ba harsunan EU ba ne ko kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma an nuna damuwa game da kariya.[17][5][18] Misali, an haramta bugawa da wallafe-wallafen kan layi a cikin harsuna waɗanda ba su cika waɗannan ka'idojin ba sai dai idan suna da fassarar Ukrainian, [5] [15] kuma an haramta makarantar sakandare a cikin waɗannan harsuna.[17][18] An soki bambancin da ake yi wa harsunan 'yan tsiraru a kan' yancin ɗan adam da kuma nuna bambanci ta Hukumar Venice, Human Rights Watch da Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[5]

Rasha ta wuce gona da iri game da batutuwan harshe na ainihi, ta amfani da su don ƙirƙirar hujja ta ƙarya don mamayar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine. Da'awar ƙarya ta haɗa da da'awar cewa Ukraine tana aikata kisan kare dangi, da kuma'awar cewa Ukrainians suna harbi mutanen da ke magana da Rasha.[19] A yankunan da take sarrafawa, Rasha ta buƙaci cewa duk azuzuwan su kasance a cikin Rasha kuma ana zargin sun azabtar da malami don koyarwa a cikin Ukrainian. [20][21]

'Yancin kafofin watsa labarai da' yancin bayanai

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A cikin 2007, a cikin larduna na Ukraine da yawa, hare-hare da ba a san su ba [22] da barazanar sun ci gaba da yi wa 'yan jarida, waɗanda suka bincika ko fallasa cin hanci da rashawa ko wasu ayyukan gwamnati.[23] Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jaridu da ke Amurka ya kammala a shekara ta 2007 cewa wadannan hare-hare, da rashin son 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta na bibiyar wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika, "yana taimakawa wajen samar da yanayi na rashin hukunta 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu". [9]

Matsayin Ukraine a cikin Reporters Without Borders's Press Freedom Index ya kasance a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan yana kusa da tabo na 90th (89 a cikin 2009, [24] 87 a cikin 2008 [25]), yayin da ya mamaye matsayi na 112 a cikin 2002 [26] har ma da matsayi na 132 a cikin 2004.[27]

A lokacin da Rasha ta goyi bayan shugabancin Viktor Yanukovych a shekarar 2010-2014 an zabe shi Shugaban Ukraine, masu kula da jarida sun koka game da lalacewar 'yancin yada labarai a Ukraine. 'Yan jarida da ba a san ko su waye ba sun ce a farkon watan Mayun 2010 cewa da son rai suke tsara labaransu don kada su bata wa gwamnatin Yanukovych da gwamnatin Yanukovych laifi. Gwamnatin Yanukovych ta ce ba ta tantance kafofin watsa labarai ba, kamar yadda Gwamnatin Shugaban kasa da Shugaba Yanukovychi da kansa suka yi.

Wani rahoto na Mayu 2014 daga Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE) ya ce akwai kusan hare-hare 300 a kan kafofin watsa labarai a Ukraine tun Nuwamba 2013. Rikici kan abin da nuna suka bayyana a cikin ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin 'yan aware ya kamata da rudani tsakanin masu sa ido kan hakkin bil'adama na Turai. Misali, rufewar 11 ga Satumba 2014 jaridar Vesti [Wikidata] da Ma' tsaro ta Yukren ta yi saboda "keta mutuncin yankin Ukraine" ya kawo la'anci cikin gaggawa daga Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida da Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai.

Haka kuma Ukraine ta rufe gidajen talabijin da dama da Rasha ke gudanar da ayyukanta bisa hujjar cewa suna yada farfagandar Rasha. A watan Fabrairun 2017 gwamnatin Ukraine ta hana shigo da littattafai na kasuwanci daga Rasha, wanda ya kai kashi 60% na duk lakabin da aka sayar.[2]

A cewar Amnesty International, a cikin 2021 kafofin watsa labarai gabaɗaya sun kasance masu yawan jama'a kuma suna da 'yanci, amma jami'ai suna nuna wa wasu kafofin watsa labarai wariya saboda ra'ayinsu na ra'ayin Rashawa. An yi suka kan matakin hana tashoshin talabijin na Taras Kozak lasisin yada labarai. Binciken da aka yi game da kisan dan jarida Pavlo Sheremet a cikin 2016 ya lalace ta hanyar rashi mai tsanani da rashin gaskiya.

'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki da lamiri

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FEMEN kungiya ce ta zanga-zangar Mata da aka kafa a Ukraine a shekara ta 2008. Kungiyar ta zama sananniya a duniya don shirya zanga-zangar [28] ba tare da wata matsala ba game da yawon shakatawa na jima'i, [28] [29] cibiyoyin addini, jima'i da homophobia.[30]

Torture da yanayin da ake tsare da shi

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An ci gaba da samun rahotannin azabtarwa da cin zarafi da ’yan sanda ke yi a shekarar 2007, kamar yadda aka dade ana tsare da su kafin a yi shari’a. Babban abin damuwa shine yanayin rashin mutuntaka da ake tsare da su tare da cunkoson sel, munanan yanayin tsafta da rashin kulawar da ta dace. A cikin shekarar an yi yunƙurin kunar bakin wake na rukuni a wasu yankuna na hukunta masu laifi. [14][31]

A Gabashin Ukraine, SBU ta gudanar da azabtarwa da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam ga masu zargin raba Rasha, a cewar rahotanni na 2016.[32] Wasu daga cikin wannan azabtarwa sun faru ne a cikin gidajen yari na sirri tare da tsarewar da ba a san su ba. An yi Allah wadai da kasancewar baƙar fata ta rahotanni da yawa na tawagar sa ido ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Ukraine, Amnesty International[3] da Human Rights Watch.[33][34][35][36]

A ranar 25 ga watan Mayun 2016 ne kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yaki da azabtarwa (SPT) ya dakatar da ziyarar da yake yi a kasar Ukraine bayan da gwamnati ta hana ta shiga wasu wurare a sassan kasar da dama inda take zargin wadannan gidajen yari na sirri ne.[37] A cikin 2018 Amnesty International ta kammala da cewa, "Binciken da Hukumar Tsaro ta Ukraine (SBU) ta yi game da zargin da ake yi na gidan yari na sirri ya kasa samun wani ci gaba. Jami'an tsaro sun ci gaba da amfani da azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi. [38]

A cewar Amnesty International, a cikin 2021 cin zarafi na fursunoni ya kasance "mafi yawan gaske". Kamar yadda babban mai gabatar da kara ya ruwaito, a cikin Maris 2022 Kotun Turai ta kare hakkin dan Adam ta yanke hukunci a kan Ukraine a cikin shari'o'i 115. Kotun Turai ta gano cewa Oleksandr Rafalsky ya shafe shekaru 15 a gidan yari duk da kyawawan dalilai na gaskata cewa an yi amfani da "furucin" ta hanyar azabtarwa.[39]

A lokacin mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine an rubuta ayyukan azabtar da fararen hula da yawa da kuma ayyukan azabtarwa da fursunonin yaki da sojojin Rasha suka yi, [40] [41] ciki har da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i ga maza, mata, da yara da sojojin Rasha.[42]

Cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam da annobar HIV / AIDS

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Gwamnatin Ukraine ta dauki matakai masu kyau don yaki da cutar kanjamau, musamman a fannin dokoki da garambawul. Amma waɗannan muhimman alkawuran suna lalacewa a cikin shari'ar laifuka da tsarin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar cin zarafi na 'yancin ɗan adam ga masu amfani da kwayoyi, masu jima'i, da mutanen da ke dauke da cutar HIV / AIDS.[9]

Cinikin mutane

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An sami karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane a matsayin batun kare hakkin dan adam a Turai. Ƙarshen kwaminisanci ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar fataucin mutane, tare da yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci.[43] A cikin 2013 Ukraine ƙasa ce ta asali da ƙasar wucewa ga mutane, da farko mata da yara, ana fataucin su don manufar cin zarafin jima'i da aikin tilas.[44] An jera gawayi da hotunan batsa a cikin jerin kayayyakin da Ma’aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta samar da ‘ya’yan kwadago ko tilastawa aiki a karkashin kasar Ukraine a watan Disamba na 2014. Gwamnatin Ukraine ta nuna wani kuduri na yaki da fataucin amma an soki lamirin rashin cika ma’auni na kawar da fataucin, da kuma rashin isassun matakan hana fataucin mutane.[45]

Cin zarafin mata

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Rikicin da ake yi wa mata matsala ce ta zamantakewa a cikin al'adun Ukraine wanda ya haifar da al'adun gargajiya na maza da mata.[46] Ba a gane shi ba a lokacin zamanin Soviet, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan batun ya zama muhimmin batu na tattaunawa a cikin al'ummar Ukraine da kuma tsakanin malaman ilimi. Bisa kididdigar da kungiyar OSCE ta yi ta nuna cewa cin zarafin mata ya yadu a kasar Ukraine kuma ana alakanta ta da yawan mace-mace fiye da yadda ake ci gaba da fama da rikici a lardunan gabashin kasar.

Yaƙi a Donbas

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A yayin yakin Russo-Ukrain da ake ci gaba da gwabzawa, Ukraine ta rasa iko da yankin Crimea da wasu sassan Donbas. A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2015, Verkhovna Rada na Ukraine ya zartar da wani kuduri da ke bayyana cewa ya janye daga wasu wajibai da aka tanada a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (masu magana 2, 9, 12, 14, 17), Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da 'Yanci na Musamman, Sharuɗɗa 8 na Turai, Sharuɗɗa 5, 13. (labarai na 1 p. 2, 4 p. 2-3, 8 p. 1, 14 p. 1, 15,16,17 p. 1a p. 1c, 23,30, 31 p. 1-2) a yankin Donbas har sai “Rasha ta daina kai farmaki a gabashin Ukraine”.[47][48]       

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na Ukraine

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ƙungiyar "Civic Initiative" (Kirovohrad) [49] (a cikin Ukrainian)
  • Kungiyar Masu Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Ukraine kan Dokar Shari'a (Hadin gwiwar UMDPL) uk:Hadin gwiyar Masu Kula da' Yancin Dan Adam na Ukraine kan Dokar (Hadin gwiwa UMDPL).uk: Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Ukraine kan Dokar (Hadin gwiwar UMDPL)
  • Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a da Cibiyar Bayanai
  • Kwamitin Chernigiv don Kare Hakkin Tsarin Mulki na Jama'a [50]
  • Kwamitin Masu Zabe na Ukraine [51]
  • Majalisar Al'ummomin Kasa na Ukraine [52]
  • Abin tunawa da Donetsk [53]
  • "Don Taimako na Kwararru" (Yankin Poltava) (a cikin Rasha) [54]
  • Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kharkiv
  • Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Odesa "Veritas" [55]
  • Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Helsinki ta Ukraine
  • Kula da Hanyar

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa tare da rassa a Ukraine

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Amnesty International Ukraine, karkashin jagorancin Oksana Pokalchuk (2017-yanzu)
  • Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam-Ukrainian Branch (a cikin Ukrainian) [56]
  • Ƙungiyar Moscow Helsinki

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Hakkin LGBT a Ukraine
  • Tarihin harshen Rasha a Ukraine
  • Tarihin hana yaren Ukrainian
  • Yanayin jin kai a lokacin yakin a Donbas

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  2. ↑ "Ukraine local elections generally respected democratic process, but additional efforts needed to enhance public confidence, international observers say". OSCE. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  3. ↑ "Ukraine". Freedom House. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Ukraine 2021". Amnesty International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-13.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "New Language Requirement Raises Concerns in Ukraine". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-03-29. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HRW2" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ "Закон СССР от 14 марта 1990 г. N 1360-I "Об учреждении поста Президента СССР и внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) СССР"". 10 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  7. ↑ "totalitarianism | Definition, Examples, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Freedom in the World 2018". freedomhouse.org. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Freedom House" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Ukraine: Events of 2006". Human Rights Watch. 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HRW2007" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ukr2011
  11. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2010". Reporters Without Borders. 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  12. ↑ "Ukraine's Press Freedom Index rating falls steeply". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  13. ↑ "2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine". United States Department of State. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "International Helsinki Federation Annual Report on Human Rights Violations (2007): Ukraine" (PDF). ihf-hr.org. refworld.org. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2016. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "IHFHR" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sukhov, Oleg (April 25, 2019). "Parliament passes Ukrainian language bill". Kyiv Post.
  16. ↑ Wesolowsky, Tony (September 24, 2017). "Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Venice
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Criticism of Ukraine's language law justified: rights body". Reuters.com. 8 December 2017.
  19. ↑ Ciara O'Rourke (22 March 2022). "No evidence to support claims that Ukraine is killing people for speaking Russian". Politifact. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  20. ↑ "Rights Group: Ukrainian Language Near Banished In Donbas Schools". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  21. ↑ Coynash, Halya (17 September 2019). "Russian-controlled Donbas 'republics' remove Ukrainian language and everything connected with Ukraine from schools". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  22. ↑ "Local newspaper editor badly injured in assault". Reporters Without Borders. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  23. ↑ "Disturbing deterioration in press freedom situation since new president took over". Reporters Without Borders. 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  24. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2009". Reporters Without Borders. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2008". Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  26. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2002". Reporters Without Borders. 2002. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  27. ↑ "Press Freedom Index 2004". Reporters Without Borders. 2004. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Ukraine's Ladies Of Femen". Movements.org. 16 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  29. ↑ Jeffrey Tayler (13 March 2013). "The Woman Behind Femen's Topless Protest Movement". The Atlantic. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  30. ↑ "Topless FEMEN Protesters Drench Belgian Archbishop André-Jozef Léonard, Protest Homophobia In Catholic Church". HuffPost. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  31. ↑ "UN Committee against Torture, Conclusions and recommendations: Ukraine". Committee against Torture, 38th session 30 April – 18 May 2007. UNHR. 2007. Archived from the original (DOC) on 29 June 2007.
  32. ↑ "Watchdogs: Civilians Detained, Tortured in Eastern Ukraine". Voice of America (in Turanci). 21 July 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  33. ↑ "Human Rights Watch: Justice needed for former secret prison detainees -". 19 March 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  34. ↑ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine". OHCHR (in Turanci). 15 August 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2022. a persistent pattern of arbitrary and incommunicado detention by the Ukrainian law enforcement (mainly by the Security Service of Ukraine) and by military and paramilitary units (first and foremost by the former volunteer battalions now formally incorporated into the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the National Guard and the police). These cases were often accompanied by torture and ill-treatment
  35. ↑ "Ukraine: "You don't exist": Arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, and torture in Eastern Ukraine". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 21 July 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  36. ↑ "Dispatches: A Damning Silence From Kiev". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 7 May 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  37. ↑ "UN torture prevention body suspends Ukraine visit citing obstruction". OHCHR. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  38. ↑ "Amnesty International Report 2017/18 - Ukraine". Refworld (in Turanci). 22 February 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  39. ↑ "Posthumous justice for Ukraine's most famous victim of police torture". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  40. ↑ ""Torture chamber," mass grave found in Kherson, Ukraine after Russia's retreat" (in Turanci). CBS News. 19 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  41. ↑ "Ukraine: Russian Forces Tortured Izium Detainees" (in Turanci). Human Rights Watch. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  42. ↑ "Ukraine: Executions, Torture During Russian Occupation" (in Turanci). Human Rights Watch. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  43. ↑ "Slaves at the heart of Europe". Council of Europe. 1996. Archived from the original on 7 March 2004.
  44. ↑ "Ukraine: 2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Moderate Advancement". United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  45. ↑ "V. Country Narratives -- Countries Q through Z". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  46. ↑ Lucas, Brian (2017). "Gender and conflict in Ukraine" (PDF). gsdrc.org. K4D Knowledge, Evidence and Learning for Development. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  47. ↑ Рада одобрила отступление от Конвенции о правах человека [Parliament endorsed withdrawal from the Convention on Human Rights] (in Rashanci). BBC. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  48. ↑ Рада разрешила не соблюдать в зоне АТО акты о правах человека [Rada has decided not to comply with human rights acts in ATO zones]. LB.ua (in Rashanci). 21 May 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  49. ↑ "Моніторинг - Одна свобода здатна забезпечити економічний і соціальний успіх!". Моніторинг. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  50. ↑ "Forum for Ukrainian Refugee-assisting NGOs held in Chernihiv". protection.org.ua. 29 June 2006. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  51. ↑ Комітет виборців України [Committee of Voters of Ukraine] (in Harshen Yukuren). Cvu.org.ua. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  52. ↑ "Congress of National Communities of Ukraine". KNGU. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.
  53. ↑ ДОНЕЦКИЙ МЕМОРИАЛ [Donetsk Memorial] (in Rashanci). memo.ru. 2000. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
  54. ↑ "IAPS". 1 July 2007. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007.
  55. ↑ "ВЕРИТАС - Одесская правозащитная группа - Главная" (in Rashanci). 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008.
  56. ↑ "Поради для чоловіків та жінок на хвилі щастя".
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