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'Yancin Dan Adam a Uzbekistan

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Uzbekistan
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Uzbekistan
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 41°N 66°E / 41°N 66°E / 41; 66

A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan 'yan adawa na hakika.

Hukumomi suna danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko 'yancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.[1]}}

Human Rights Watch ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan a matsayin "abysmal", [2] kuma kasar ta sha suka daga Birtaniya da Amurka bisa zargin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba, da cin zarafi na addini, da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi a matakin yanki da na kasa. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da takaita ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyoyi da kuma gudanar da taro cikin lumana, kuma dangantakar jinsi daya haramtacce ne.[3]

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

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Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa, "Babban tarihin kasar Uzbekistan na yin hadin gwiwa da hanyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata, ta yi watsi da bukatar dukkanin kwararrun kare hakkin bil'adama 11 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta yi watsi da kusan dukkanin shawarwarin da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka bayar na inganta hakkin dan Adam".

Bugu da kari, 'yancin addini na daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan kasar.

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya Uzbekistan a matsayin "Ƙasar Damuwa ta Musamman" don tsanantawar addini da ake yi a kasar, kuma sun bayyana Uzbekistan a cikin "jiha mai iko tare da iyakance haƙƙin farar hula". Human Rights Watch, duk da haka, ya ce gwamnatin Amurka ta "tsayayya da sanya kowane manufa mai tsanani ko sakamako ga rikodin haƙƙin haƙƙin Uzbekistan, kallon Tashkent a matsayin babban abokin tarayya tare da Cibiyar Rarraba ta Arewa (NDN) wanda take amfani da shi don janye kayan aiki daga yaƙin a Afghanistan.

Taswirar yawan fursunoni ta ƙasa

A cewar rahotanni, mafi yawan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam shine azabtarwa, kamawa, da ƙuntatawa daban-daban na 'yancin addini, na magana da manema labarai, na' yanci da taro. Rahotannin sun ce an fi samun cin zarafi akan mambobin kungiyoyin addini, ’yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam da masu fafutukar siyasa, ciki har da mambobin jam’iyyun adawa da aka haramta. A cikin 2005, Uzbekistan ta kasance cikin "Mafi Muni na Mummuna: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma na Duniya."

Rikicin farar hula na 2005 a Uzbekistan, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan mutane da yawa ana kallon shi a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a tarihin cin zarafin bil'adama a Uzbekistan. [4] [5] An nuna damuwa kuma Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Shugaban Ofishin OSCE da Ofishin OSEC na Cibiyoyin Demokradiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam sun nemi bincike mai zaman kansa game da abubuwan da suka faru. An zargi gwamnatin Uzbekistan da dakatar da rayuwar ɗan adam ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hana 'yan ƙasa' 'yancin taro da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari sosai ta karyata zarge-zargen, tana mai cewa kawai ta gudanar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci, tana amfani da karfi kawai. Bugu da kari, wasu jami'ai sun yi iƙirarin cewa "an ayyana yakin basasa a kan Uzbekistan" kuma abokan gaba na Uzbekistan ne suka kirkiro cin zarafin bil'adama a Andijan a matsayin hujja mai dacewa don shiga tsakani cikin harkokin cikin gida na kasar.

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Uzbekistan ya tabbatar da cewa "dimokiradiyya a Jamhuriyar Uzbekistan za ta kasance bisa ka'idojin dan Adam na gama-gari, bisa ga mafi girman kimar dan Adam, rayuwarsa, 'yancinsa, daraja, mutunci da sauran hakkokin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba".

Uzbekistan ta soke hukuncin kisa. Rushewar, wanda aka ƙaddamar da umarnin Shugaba Karimov na Agusta 2005, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2008. An maye gurbin hukuncin kisa ta hanyar hana 'yanci na tsawon lokaci da yanke hukuncin rai (duba hukuncin kisa a Uzbekistan).

A cikin 2015 Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa:

A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan 'yan adawa na hakika. Hukumomi suna danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko 'yancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.[1]

'Yanci na addini

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Littattafan addini waɗanda ba a amince da su ba, gami da Littafi Mai-Tsarki, galibi ana kwace su kuma ana lalata su.

Forum 18, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke kasar Norway, ta rubuta wani samame da 'yan sandan Uzbek suka kai inda aka yi wa mahalarta hidimar addini da ba su yi rajista ba, da cin tara, da barazana da kuma tsoratarwa. A watan Agustan 2005 an tsare daya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotannin kungiyar tare da kore shi daga hannun hukuma a filin jirgin saman Tashkent da ke Uzbekistan.

Ofishin Bayanan Jama'a na Shaidun Jehobah ya rubuta shari'o'i da yawa tare da ɗaurin kurkuku don koyar da addini.[6] Asusun Barnabas ya kuma bayyana cewa Fasto Dmitri Shestakov an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 4 saboda ayyukan Kirista.

Tortura

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Kamfanin Human Rights Watch na Amurka ya ce a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 cewa hukumomin kurkuku na Uzbek suna yawan doke fursunoni kuma suna amfani da girgizar lantarki, asphyxiation da wulakanci na jima'i don cire bayanai da ikirari.[7] A cewar wani rahoto na shari'a da ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya ya ba da umarni, a watan Agustan 2002 an dafa fursunoni biyu har suka mutu. A cewar wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch, an azabtar da fursunonin Musulmi saboda addu'a.[2] Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa ya bayyana "yaduwar azabtarwa, azabtarwa ta yau da kullun da rashin kulawa" a Uzbekistan.[8]

Aikin tilasta

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Page 'Cotton production in Uzbekistan' not found

'Yancin mata

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Kashewa tilas

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An ba da rahoton cewa Uzbekistan tana bin manufar tilastawa haifuwa, mahaifa da shigar da IUD tun daga ƙarshen 1990s don sanya ikon sarrafa yawan jama'a.

Rikicin cikin gida

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Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani a Uzbekistan.[9] Wani bincike da UNICEF ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 69.6 cikin 100 na mata sun yarda cewa miji yana da hujjar dukan matarsa a wasu yanayi (ciki har da kashi 61.2 cikin 100 idan matar ta fita ba tare da ta fada masa ba, da kashi 47.9 cikin 100 idan ta yi gardama da shi). [10]

Intanet

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"Yanci a kan matsayin yanar gizo" na Uzbekistan "ba kyauta ba ne" a cikin rahotanni na Freedom on the Net na 2012 da 2013 daga Freedom House . Uzbekistan tana kula da tsarin tacewa mafi girma da yaduwa tsakanin Kasashen CIS kuma an jera shi a matsayin abokin gaba na Intanet ta Reporters Without Borders tun lokacin da aka kirkiro jerin a shekara ta 2006. Shirin OpenNet ya sami shaidar cewa tace Intanet ya mamaye a cikin siyasa kuma yana da zaɓi a cikin zamantakewa, rikici / tsaro, da wuraren kayan aikin Intanet yayin gwajin da aka ruwaito a cikin 2008 da 2010.

Uzbekistan ta hana shiga yanar gizo dangane da haramtattun ƙungiyoyin Islama, kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, da abubuwan da ke sukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati. Wasu gidajen shakatawa na Intanet a babban birnin kasar sun yi gargadin cewa za a ci tarar masu amfani da shafin saboda kallon shafukan batsa ko gidan yanar gizon da ke dauke da haramtattun kayan siyasa.[11] Ana toshe manyan ka'idojin VoIP SIP da IAX ga kowane mai amfani; duk da haka, tun daga watan Yulin 2010, ba a sake samun tubalan ba. An toshe Facebook na 'yan kwanaki a cikin 2010.

Takaddar intanet a Uzbekistan ya karu bayan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin Larabawa a shekara ta 2011. An toshe ƙarin gidajen yanar gizo, an kama masu ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a Masar, Tunisiya, da Bahrain, kuma an toshe labarai game da zanga-zangar da ƙungiyoyin zanga-zanga. An kulle gidan yanar gizon BBC a ƙarshen 2011, amma tun daga watan Janairun 2012, ba a iya samun takamaiman shafukan da suka shafi rikicin Larabawa. Ana buƙatar ISPs da masu amfani da wayar hannu don ba da rahoton yawan aika wasiku na "abun da ake tuhuma" da kuma cire haɗin yanar gizo bisa buƙatun hukumomi.

Babban hukumar leken asiri a Uzbekistan, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (SNB), tana sa ido kan sashin Intanet na Uzbek kuma yana aiki tare da babban hukumar gudanarwa don sanya takunkumi. Kamar yadda duk ISPs dole ne su yi hayan tashoshi daga mai ba da izini na jiha, akwai shaidun da suke da ƙarfi suna nuna cewa ana yin rikodin zirga-zirgar Intanet kuma ana kula da su ta hanyar tsarin tsakiya. Jami'an SNB akai-akai suna ziyartar ISPs da shagunan shagunan Intanet don sa ido kan bin ka'ida.

A cikin 2014, an dakatar da duk hanyoyin sadarwar intanet da na wayar hannu a cikin taga na tsawon sa'o'i uku zuwa hudu don 'gyaran gaggawa' wanda ya yi daidai da daidai da jarrabawar shiga jami'a ta kasa.[12]

Tarihi

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Islam Karimov, shugaban Uzbekistan daga 1991 zuwa 2016

2004

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Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta 2004 game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan ya sami ƙarancin ci gaba. Yayin da babu wani fursuna da ya mutu yayin da yake hannun ‘yan sanda, sakacin ‘yan sanda ya kai ga mutuwar fursunoni hudu. Jami'an Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa sun " azabtar da su, da duka, da kuma tursasa" 'yan kasa amma an ba masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama damar gudanar da bincike kan al'amuran da fursunoni suka mutu da kuma masu fafutuka suna zargin azabtarwa a matsayin sanadin kisa. Jami’an tsaro ba su kama ‘yan jarida ba, an kuma saki uku. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman Open Society Institute, ba a ba su izinin yin rajista da gwamnati ba, don haka an hana su aiki a Uzbekistan.

2005

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A shekara ta 2005 gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta kama Sanjar Umarov, dan siyasar adawa, tare da kai samame ofishin Sunshine Uzbekistan, kawancen siyasa na 'yan adawa. Sanatocin Amurka Bill Frist da Richard Lugar sun gabatar da wani kuduri da ke kira ga gwamnatin Uzbekistan da ta tabbatar da cewa Umarov "an ba shi cikakkiyar ma'auni na hakkinsa a karkashin tsarin mulkin Uzbekistan don kare kansa daga duk wasu tuhume-tuhume da za a iya yi masa ta hanyar gaskiya da gaskiya, ta yadda za a yi wa daidaikun mutane adalci".

'Yan Tashkent sun gano gawar Kim Khen Pen Khin, dan Pentikostal, a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2005. A cewar juna 'yan sanda memba na cocin Pentikostal sun yi wa mambobin coci muni fiye da dabbobi, da dama sun doke uku daga cikinsu. Daya, fasto, ya taho. Da farko ‘yan sanda sun zargi Kural Bekjanov, wani majami’a, da kashe Khin, amma ya janye tuhumar da ake masa bayan kwanaki biyu. Lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka gano addininsa, sai suka karya masa hakarkarinsa suka sanya masa allura a karkashin farcen sa don su sa shi ya bar addinin Kirista.

A cikin watan Agusta ne gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Elena Urlayeva, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama, bisa zargin yada wasu takardu na adawa da gwamnati. A watan Oktoba wata kotun Tashkent ta umurci Urlayeva da ta yi jinyar tabin hankali a wata cibiyar kula da tabin hankali a wata doka da ta gabata wadda ita da lauyanta ba su halarta ba. Gwamnati ta saki Urlayeva a ranar 27 ga Oktoba bayan jami'ai sun ci zarafinta tare da lakada mata duka.

Hukumar Shige da Fice da masu tsaron kan iyakoki ta gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Igor Rotar, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke aiki a Forum 18 da Rediyon Free Turai, a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta. Jirgin na Rotar ya taso daga birnin Bishkek na kasar Kyrgyzstan ya isa filin jirgin saman Tashkent da karfe 10:25 na safe. Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da lamarin, tana mai cewa "tsare shi wani bangare ne na tursasawa da cin zarafin 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin bil'adama da hukumomin Uzbek suka yi, wanda ya ta'azzara bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Andijan a watan Mayun bana". Holly Cartner, darektan kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a Turai da tsakiyar Asiya, ya ce, "Mun damu matuka game da tsaron Rotar, ya kamata a bar shi ya tuntubi kungiyarsa da lauya, kuma a sake shi cikin gaggawa".

2006

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Wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya maƙure Karina Rivka Loiper, sakataren Rabbi Abe David Gurevich, da mahaifiyarta a ranar 12 ga Yuni a Tashkent. Yayinda 'yan sanda suka yi mulki a matsayin fashi, Tarayyar Al'ummomin Yahudawa na Commonwealth of Independent States ta yi kira ga bincike. Shugabannin al'ummar Yahudawa sun ce wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin kan harkokin addini ya gargadi su game da " siyasa" mutuwar Loiper.

On 29 April 2006, human rights workers Azam Farmonov and Alisher Karamatov were arrested and allegedly tortured by state security forces.[13] They are currently serving prison terms on charges of extortion that Amnesty International,[13] Human Rights Watch,[14] and Front Line[15] have condemned as politically motivated.

A ranar 25 ga Oktoba kotun Karshi-Khanabad ta ci tarar wasu masu bautar Baptist biyu daga Ferghana da Tashkent dalar Amurka $438 yayin da wasu hudu kuma aka ci tarar wasu 4 karami saboda shiga ayyukan addini da ba a yi wa rajista ba bayan ‘yan sanda sun kai samame a cocin Baptist a birnin. 'Yan sanda 30 sun kai farmaki cocin Pentecostal a Tashkent a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba. Wani harin da aka kai a ranar 27 ga Agusta ya haifar da littattafai guda 38 da ba a yarda da su ba.

Tashar talabijin ta kasar Uzbekistan ta yi wani shiri mai taken "Munafukai" a ranakun 30 ga Nuwamba da 1 ga Disamba, inda aka ce 'yan mishan na Furotesta sun tsunduma cikin lalata da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi. Shirin ya ce, "Saboda taimakon kudi na taimakon mutane mabukata, ['yan mishan] suna sanya nasu koyarwa a zukatan wadannan mutane". Abubuwan da suka canza "zumies" ne. Begzot Kadyrov, kwararre a kwamitin kula da harkokin addini na jihar, da yake tsokaci a kan shirin, ya ce, "Juya daga addinin kakanni ba kuskuren kansa ba ne kawai, har ma zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayi tsakanin 'yan'uwa maza da mata da kuma tsakanin iyaye da 'ya'yansu". Masu tuba zuwa Kiristanci “batattu ne ga dangi, abokai da al’umma".

2007

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Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Helsinki ta kasa da kasa (IHF), Human Rights Watch, da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa sun bukaci kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da ya ci gaba da sanya ido kan hakkokin bil'adama a Uzbekistan a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2007. Aaron Rhodes, babban darektan kungiyar Helsinki ta kasa da kasa, ya soki shawarar, yana mai cewa, "Abin da zai kasance da gaske shi ne cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta ba da gudummawa ga manufofinta na Uzbekistan. Majalisar idan hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa daukar matsalolin da ake fama da su a Uzbekistan, to me ake ciki?".

Shari'ar Umida Niazova

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'Yan sanda na Uzbek sun tsare Umida Niazova, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya yi aiki ga kungiyar Veritas da Human Rights Watch a Tashkent, Uzbekistan, a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2006 a filin jirgin saman Tashkent.[16] Tsoron gurfanar da laifi, ta bar kasar zuwa Kyrgyzstan, ta dawo bisa ga shawarar lauyanta wanda ya ce ba za a gabatar da wata shari'ar laifi a kanta ba. A kan iyaka, an kama ta kuma an gurfanar da ita kan tuhume-tuhume na ƙetare iyaka ba bisa ka'ida ba, smuggling da rarraba abubuwan da ba bisa ka ga doka ba. Holly Cartner, darakta a Human Rights Watch ta yi zargin cewa "An yi wa Niazova barazanar waɗannan zarge-zargen saboda... aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam".

A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, wata kotun Uzbek ta yanke wa Niazova hukunci kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku, kan zargin "shirya ko yada kayan da ke dauke da barazana ga tsaro da oda".[17] Gwamnatin Uzbek ta yi zargin cewa tana adana littattafan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama. Niazova ta rubuta labarai game da zanga-zangar kisa a Andijan, Uzbekistan a shekara ta 2005. Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE), gwamnatin Amurka, da Human Rights Watch sun soki hukuncin. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, ta furta a kotu kuma an ba ta hukuncin dakatar da shi kuma an sake shi. [18]

Yanayin tarihi

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Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Uzbekistan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7 "ba kyauta ba".[19] 1

Dubi kuma

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  • 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya
  • Hakkin LGBT a Uzbekistan
  • Mata a Uzbekistan
  • Ayyukan yara a Uzbekistan

Bayani

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1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.  
2. ^ Ya zuwa Janairu 1. 

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. 1 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan |archive-url= missing title (help). Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014. Archived from the original on 2025-07-16. Retrieved 2025-08-03. Unknown parameter |marubuci= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |kwanan shiga-kwanaki= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |babin= ignored (help)CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hrw15" defined multiple times with different content
  2. 1 2 "World Report 2014: Rights Trends in World Report 2014: Uzbekistan". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2014-01-02. Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  3. ↑ "Uzbekistan Archives". Amnesty International (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2008-01-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ↑ "Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
  6. ↑ "Uzbekistan: Current news releases". Archived from the original on 2011-09-25.
  7. ↑ "Nowhere to Turn". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2007-11-05.
  8. ↑ "Uzbekistan: Torture Widespread, Routine | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
  9. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ↑ "Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey 2002" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  11. ↑ "The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2006.
  12. ↑ "Uzbekistan Blocks Mobile Internet, SMS During Exams". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. AFP. 1 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  13. 1 2 "ALISHER KARAMATOV AND AZAM FARMONOV, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  14. ↑ "Uzbekistan: Broader Criminal Charges Used to Quash Dissent". Human Rights Watch. 20 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  15. ↑ "Uzbekistan - Ongoing detention and deterioration in health of human rights defender Alisher Karamatov". Front Line. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  16. ↑ ""HARAKAT" XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat. Узбекистан, новости Узбекистана, политика Узбекистана, оппозиция Узбекистана". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-04-01.«HARAKAT» XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat
  17. ↑ "Reuters report on Niazova conviction and sentence". Archived from the original on 2007-05-05. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  18. ↑ "Freedomhouse.org: Campaign for Umida Niyazova". Archived from the original on 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2008-05-12. Freedom House
  19. ↑ Freedom House (2022). "Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022" (XLS). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
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