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'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Daular Iran

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'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Daular Iran
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasa ko yankuna
Bayanai
ƘasaPahlavi Iran (en) Fassara
Ta biyo baya'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran

Daular Iran, gwamnatin Iran a lokacin Daular Pahlavi, ta kasance daga 1925 zuwa 1979. A wannan lokacin sarakuna biyu - Reza Shah Pahlavi da dansa Mohammad Reza Shah Shah Pahlawi - sun yi amfani da 'Yan sanda na sirri, azabtarwa, da kisa don hana rashin amincewar siyasa. Daular Pahlavi wani lokacin ana bayyana ta a matsayin "mulkin kama-karya na sarauta",[1] ko "mulkin mutum daya".[2] A cewar wani tarihin amfani da azabtarwa da jihar a Iran, cin zarafin fursunoni ya bambanta a wasu lokuta a lokacin mulkin Pahlavi.[3]

Reza Shah

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Reza Shah, wanda ya kafa daular Pahlavi

Sarautar Reza Shah ta kasance mai mulkin kama karya da mulkin kama karya a lokacin da gwamnatocin mulkin kama karya suka zama ruwan dare a duniya kuma sun dace da yankin.[4]

'Yan jarida masu' yanci, haƙƙin ma'aikata, da faɗar siyasa an ƙuntata su kuma an iyakance su a ƙarƙashin Reza Shah. Sau da yawa ana rufe jaridu masu zaman kansu kuma ana dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa; kamar yadda duk kungiyoyin kwadago suka kasance, tare da masu shirya aiki 150 da aka kama tsakanin 1927 da 1932 amma kuma an ambaci cewa wasu daga cikin wadannan manema labarai suna motsawa a kan tsaron kasa na kasar sabili da haka dole ne a hana ko kuma dakatar da ayyukansu.[5]

An yi amfani da karfi a kan wasu nau'ikan fursunoni - masu aikata laifuka na yau da kullun, masu leƙen asirin da ake zargi da shirya kisan kai. Masu fashi musamman an sanya su a kan bastinado (bugawa da ƙafafun ƙafa), da kuma strappado (an dakatar da shi a cikin iska ta hanyar igiya da aka ɗaurewa a kusa da makamai) don "bayyana ɓoyayyen ganimarsu". Wadanda ake zargi da 'yan leƙen asirin da masu kisan kai an "bugawa, an hana su barci, kuma an miƙa su da qapani" (ƙuntata makamai a bayan baya) wanda wani lokacin ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa ya fashe.[6] Amma ga fursunonin siyasa - wadanda da farko 'yan Kwaminisanci ne - akwai "rashin azabtarwa" a karkashin mulkin Reza Shah. Babban nau'in matsin lamba shine tsare-tsare da kuma hana "littattafai, jaridu, baƙi, kunshin abinci, da kulawar likita mai kyau". Duk da yake sau da yawa ana barazanar su da qapani, fursunonin siyasa "ba su da yawa a ƙarƙashinsa".[7]

Sau da yawa ana zargin mulkin Reza Shah da keta 'yancin addini da kuma hana Musulmai masu ibada. A cikin wani sanannen abin da ya faru, ya keta tsarkakar Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine don doke wani malamin da ya zargi matarsa da rashin mutunci. Reza Shah ya zartar da doka da ke buƙatar kowa (sai dai masu shari'a na Shia waɗanda suka wuce jarrabawar cancanta ta musamman) su sa tufafin Yamma,[8] kuma su hana malamai mata zuwa makaranta tare da rufe kai.[9] An ƙuntata bukukuwan makoki na jama'a zuwa rana ɗaya, kuma masallatai ana buƙatar amfani da kujerun don masu makoki su zauna a lokacin bukukuwan, maimakon zama na gargajiya na mai makoki a kan bene na masallatai.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1930, waɗannan dokoki, kwace mallakar ƙasar malamai, da sauran matsaloli sun haifar da rashin gamsuwa mai tsanani tsakanin malamai na Shi'a a duk faɗin Iran, [10] kuma bayan taron jama'a sun taru don tallafawa wani malamin a masallacin Mashed suna sukar sababbin abubuwan Shah, cin hanci da rashawa da harajin masu amfani, an kira sojoji. An kashe masu zanga-zangar da yawa kuma daruruwan sun ji rauni.[11]

Bayan wannan lamarin,[12] Shah ya ci gaba, ya haramta Chador kuma ya umarci dukkan 'yan ƙasa - masu arziki da matalauta - su kawo matansu zuwa ayyukan jama'a ba tare da rufe kai ba.[13][14]

Mohammad Reza Shah

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shah na biyu kuma na karshe na daular Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza ya zama sarki bayan da Soviets da Birtaniya suka kori mahaifinsa a shekarar 1941. Fursunoni na siyasa (yawanci kwaminisanci) an sake su ne daga ikon mamayewa, kuma Shah (Prince a lokacin) ba shi da iko da majalisa.[15] Amma bayan yunkurin kisan Shah a 1949, ya sami damar ayyana dokar soja, daure kwaminisanci da sauran abokan adawar, da kuma hana sukar dangin sarauta a cikin manema labarai.[16]

Bayan juyin mulkin da masu goyon bayan Shah suka kifar da gwamnatin Mohammad Mosaddegh a shekara ta 1953, Shah ya sake murkushe abokan hamayyarsa, kuma 'yancin siyasa ya ragu. Ya haramta kungiyar siyasa ta Mosaddegh, National Front, tare da kama yawancin shugabanninta.[17] An kama fiye da 4000 'yan gwagwarmayar siyasa na jam'iyyar Tudeh,[18] (ciki har da 477 a cikin sojojin soja), an kashe arba'in, wasu 14 sun mutu a karkashin azabtarwa kuma fiye da 200 an yanke musu hukuncin daurin rai da rai kuma yawancin laifuffukan da aka saba yi na wannan kungiyoyin an haɗa su da ƙungiyoyin adawa da ƙungiyoyin gurguzu da ayyukan kwaminisanci waɗanda ba kawai ga jama'a ba.[19]

Bayan wannan zalunci, yanayin fursunonin siyasa da abokan adawar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka sun kasance masu kyau na shekaru da yawa.[20] "An saki yawancin fursunonin Tudeh," kuma sauran fursunonin da suka ki sanya hannu kan wasikun nadama an ba su damar yin wasan ping pong, yin amfani da dakin motsa jiki, da kallon talabijin. A cikin shekarun 1960, Shah ya kuma gabatar da sauye-sauyen zabe wanda ke fadada 'yancin mata da kuma ikon rike mukamin ga wadanda ba Musulmai ba, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sauye-shiryen da ake kira White Revolution.[21]

Ɗaya daga cikin banbanci ga wannan kwanciyar hankali na dangi shine kwana uku na tashin hankali wanda ya fara 5 Yuni 1963 bayan an kama Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - babban abokin adawar White Revolution a kan tushen addini. Sojoji sun harbe masu zanga-zangar a Jaleh Square "sun kashe ba kasa da mutane 15,000 ba" a cewar mai fassara na Khomeini Hamid Algar, tare da fayilolin 'yan sanda na hukuma da ke nuna ƙananan mutane 380 da aka kashe ko suka ji rauni, ba tare da wadanda ba su je asibiti ba "don tsoron kamawa", ko kuma wadanda aka kai su ga morgue ko kuma jami'an tsaro suka binne su.[22][23]

A shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekarar 1976

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Koyaya, a cikin 1971 wani hari na 'yan tawaye a kan wani gidan' yan sanda (inda aka kashe' yan sanda uku kuma aka saki' yan tawaye biyu, wanda aka sani da "abin da ya faru na Siahkal") ya haifar da "gwagwarmayar' yan ta'adda" a kan gwamnati, wanda ya amsa da matakai masu tsanani. An yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga masu adawa da mulkin mallaka na duniya na uku (kamar Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, da Che Guevara, da sauransu da yawa), 'Yan tawaye na hagu sun rungumi "gwagwarmayar makamai" don hambarar da Shah, kuma sun kasance masu aiki sosai a farkon rabin shekarun 1970s. Daruruwan su sun mutu a rikice-rikice da sojojin gwamnati kuma an kashe 'yan Iran da yawa. A cewar Amnesty International, Shah ya aiwatar da akalla kisan siyasa 300.

A cewar wani babban jami'in SAVAK, bayan harin Siahkal an tura masu tambayoyin zuwa kasashen waje don horo na kimiyya don hana mutuwar da ba a so daga "ƙaryaci". Hanyoyin azabtarwa sun haɗa da hana barci; ɗaurin kaɗaici mai yawa; fitilu masu haske; tsayawa a wuri ɗaya na sa'o'i a ƙarshe; cire ƙusa; macizai (wanda aka fi so don amfani da mata); girgizar lantarki tare da ƙwanƙwasa shanu, sau da yawa a cikin madaidaiciya; ƙone sigari mai zafi; zama a kan grills mai zafi; acid da aka zubar da hanci; kusa da ruwa; da kisan kai; da kuma kujerar lantarki tare da babban ƙarfe don rufe murya. An kuma kunyata fursunoni ta hanyar fyade, fitsari, kuma an tilasta su tsaya tsirara. Koyaya, hanyar azabtarwa da aka zaɓa ta kasance bastinado na gargajiya da aka yi amfani da shi don doke takalma na ƙafafu.[24]

An yi amfani da azabtarwa don gano wuraren ɓoye makamai, gidaje masu aminci da kuma masu haɗin gwiwar 'yan tawaye, amma wani abin da ya faru a cikin 1971 ya haifar da amfani da azabta da fursunonin siyasa don wani dalili. A shekara ta 1971, wani fursuna, Parviz Nikkhah, wanda ke yin shekaru goma a kurkuku saboda juyin juya halin kwaminisanci "ya sami canjin gaske na zuciya. "Ya "yi mamakin" jama'a ta hanyar fitowa da cikakken goyon baya ga mulkin, ya fara aiki ga Cibiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta gwamnati" yana bayanin yadda Shah ya kasance "mai juyin juya hali na gaskiya". Irin wannan mulkin ya burge shi da wannan juyin juya juya hali da tasirinsa, "ba ya dauki lokaci ba don ci gaba da sauri ba kuma ya haifar da juyin juya hankali. `" Yanayin wannan azabtarwa ya kasance "mafi muni" fiye da azabtarwa don bayanai, wanda kasancewar lokaci ne mai hankali, ya rasa aikinsa kuma an dakatar da shi bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci.

A shekara ta 1975 kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International - wacce membobinta da tasirin kasa da kasa suka karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1970 - ta ba da rahoto game da kula da fursunonin siyasa a Iran wanda aka " rufe shi sosai a cikin 'yan jaridar Turai da Amurka".

A shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekarar 1977

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A shekara ta 1976, an sauƙaƙa wannan zalunci sosai saboda godiya ga tallace-tallace da bincike da "ƙungiyoyin duniya da jaridu na ƙasashen waje da yawa". A shekara ta 1976 an zabi Jimmy Carter a matsayin Shugaban Amurka kuma ya "yi batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Iran da Tarayyar Soviet. Yanayin kurkuku na dare ya canza", kuma Shah ya ba da umarnin kawo ƙarshen azabtarwa.

Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci

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A lokacin da aka hambarar da gwamnatin Pahlavi a shekarar 1978-79, sojoji sun harbe masu zanga-zangar kuma an kashe fursunoni. Laifukan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ainihi da na tunanin sun ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga mutuwar Shah, (ko da yake wasu sun yi jayayya da haka ya yi game da rashin keta haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa kamar yadda janar dinsa suka bukaci ).

Mutuwar 1977 na sanannen kuma mai tasiri na jagoran Islama na zamani Ali Shari'a da ɗan Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Mostafa an yi imanin cewa kisan kai ne da SAVAK ta yi da yawancin 'yan Iran. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1978, (Black Friday) sojoji sun harbe masu zanga-zangar addini a Zhaleh (ko Jaleh) Square. Shugabannin malamai sun ba da sanarwar cewa "sojojin Zionist sun kashe dubban mutane" (watau jita-jita cewa sojojin Isra'ila suna taimakawa Shah), Michel Foucault ya ba da rahoton cewa an kashe mutane 4,000, kuma wani ɗan jaridar Turai ya ba da labarin cewa sojoji sun bar "kisan kai. Bayan juyin juya halin Emadeddin Baghi, na Gidauniyar Shahidai da Tsohon Sojoji, ya sami mutane 88 da aka kashe a Black Jumma'a: 64 (ciki har da mata biyu) a Jaleh Square, da 24 (ciki da babban birnin) a wasu sassan).

Bayan mutuwa

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Binciken da masana tarihi suka yi game da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Shah ya kasance mai kyau fiye da asusun zamani. An kashe kimanin 380, ba masu zanga-zangar 15,000 ba a lokacin zanga-zambe na Yuni 1963 a Iran, wasu daga cikinsu suna dauke da makamai. Wani rahoto da Gidauniyar shahidai ta ba da umarni (amma ba a buga shi ba) ya gano jimlar da aka kashe a rikice-rikice tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da sojojin Shah / jami'an tsaro a cikin watanni goma sha huɗu daga Oktoba 1977 zuwa Fabrairu 1979 ba 60,000 ba amma 2781 . Da yake magana game da adadi "60,000", masanin tarihin soja Spencer C. Tucker ya lura cewa "Rukunin Khomeini ya wuce gona da iri yawan mutuwar juyin juya halin don dalilai na farfaganda". Tucker ya bayyana cewa yarjejeniyar masana tarihi game da kimanin mutuwar a lokacin juyin juya halin Iran (daga Janairu 1978 zuwa Fabrairu 1979), lambobi tsakanin 532 da 2,781.[25]

  1. ↑ Google search, Pahlavi royal dictatorship
  2. ↑ Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopedia of the World of Islam By (ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p.15
  3. ↑ Ervand Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran, (University of California), 1999
  4. ↑ The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918-53, D. G. Williamson
  5. ↑ Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, (Princeton University Press), 1982, p.138
  6. ↑ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, 1999, p.39
  7. ↑ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, 1999, p.41
  8. ↑ Mackey, Sandra The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, New York : Dutton, c1996. p.181
  9. ↑ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.93-4
  10. ↑ Rajaee, Farhang, Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. (PDF), University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-3578-X
  11. ↑ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94
  12. ↑ Rajaee, Farhang, Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeini on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-3578-X
  13. ↑ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94
  14. ↑ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p.22
  15. ↑ Iran between two revolutions By Ervand Abrahamian, p.186
  16. ↑ The History of Iran By Elton L. Daniel, 2012
  17. ↑ Iran in Revolution: The Opposition Forces by E Abrahamian – MERIP Reports
  18. ↑ Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions, (University of California), 1999, p.89-90
  19. ↑ Iran in Revolution: The Opposition Forces by E Abrahamian – MERIP Reports
  20. ↑ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, p.99-101
  21. ↑ I Knew the Shah-Part 2 Al Jazeera English. January 17, 2009.
  22. ↑ Islam and Revolution I, Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, translated and annotated by Hamid Algar, 1981, p.17
  23. ↑ Moin, Baqer (2000). Khomeini, Life of an Ayatollah. New York City: St. Martin's Press. pp. 111–113. Samfuri:OCLC.
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "p.106".
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Tucker".

Tucker ya rubuta cewa an kashe mutane 94 a ranar Black Friday, daga cikinsu 64 masu zanga-zangar ne kuma 30 jami'an tsaro ne na gwamnati. Masanin ilimin Iran Richard Foltz, ya ambaci cewa masu zanga-zangar 64 sun mutu a Jaleh Square.

Johann Beukes, marubucin Foucault a Iran, 1978-1979, ya lura cewa "Foucault da alama ya bi wannan ƙididdigar mutuwar da aka yi a Djaleh Square, wanda masu tayar da kayar baya da kansu suka yada. Dubban mutane sun ji rauni, amma yawan mutanen da suka mutu ba zai yiwu ba ya kai fiye da mutum ɗari".

Bayan juyin juya halin, sa ido na cikin gida da leken asiri, ba a soke amfani da azabtarwa don musantawar jama'a ba amma an fadada shi. An maye gurbin SAVAK da "babban" SAVAMA, (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar leken asiri). Masanin tarihin siyasa Ervand Abrahamian ya sanya Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a cikin wannan "ƙungiya" kamar "Stalinist Russia, Maoist China, da [Inquisition of] farkon zamani na Turai", a cikin "amfani da su" na azabtarwa don samar da musantawar jama'a ta fursunonin siyasa.

Sauran (kamar ɗan jarida Hooman Majd) sun yi imanin cewa tsoron gwamnati da ayyukan tsaro sun fi yaduwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin marigayi Shah, kuma cewa ayyukan leken asiri na Jamhuriyar Musulunci, "ko da yake wani lokacin kamar yadda Shahs suka yi, suna yin ƙoƙari kaɗan wajen yin amfani da 'yan sanda a cikin' yancin siyasa", a cikin wuraren masu zaman kansu. Ko wannan jinƙai shine sakamakon rashin ikon yin abin da Shah ya yi ana tambaya. A cewar Akbar Ganji, "ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun samo asali ne a tsakanin mutanen Iran" wanda ya sa ya zama "mafi wuya ga gwamnati ta aikata laifuka". Rubuta game da lokacin sake fasalin a lokacin shugabancin Mohammad Khatami Masanin kimiyya na Iran-Amurka Arzoo Osanloo ya lura cewa, "ra-ra'ayoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙuri sun kusan rinjaye a Iran a yau" Kuma Majd da sauri ya bayyana haƙƙin haƙurin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙin yarda da Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta hanyar da suke da cewa suna riƙe da 'yancin su "don kama duk wanda ba su ba su da rai ba su da yawa game da fursunoni masu zaman kansu ba za su ba za su iya gina' yan Iran ba.

Dubi kuma

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  • Cin hanci da rashawa a daular Pahlavi

Manazarta

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Samfuri:Pahlavi Dynasty

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