'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Iraqi kafin Saddam

'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Iraqi kafin Saddam
human rights by country or territory (en)

Hakkokin dan Adam a Iraqi kafin Saddam sau da yawa ba su da digiri daban-daban a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da suka mulki kasar. Cin zarafin bil adama a kasar ya kasance kafin mulkin Saddam Hussein.

1850 zuwa 1920

Masanin tarihin Assuriya Eden Naby ya rubuta cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Assuriyawa da Kurdawa ta kasance "tari mai daci", tun lokacin da sarakunan kabilar Kurdawa a Iraki, kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya, arewa maso gabashin Siriya, da arewa maso yammacin Iran suka kai hari tare da wawashe kabilun Kirista hari, kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na Kurdawa sun kasance "alhakin mafi yawan kisan-kiyashi da aka yi a kan Assuriyawa musamman ga al'adar Kurdawa da kuma kusanci ga Kurdawa. washe Kiristocin Assuriya da kwashe mata da kayayyaki, da kuma cewa "faɗawar Kurdawa ta faru ne a kan kashe Assuriyawa". A shekara ta 1918, wani basaraken Kurdawa da kabilarsa sun kashe shugaban Cocin Gabas a wajen tattaunawar cin abincin dare. An san cewa Kurdistan na Iraqi sun karɓi fiye da Kiristoci 200,000 'yan gudun hijira da IDP waɗanda suka tsere daga yankunan Larabawa tsakanin 2012 da 2016. Har ila yau, an san cewa jami'an tsaro da hukumomi da ke aiki ga kabilar Barzani da jam'iyyar siyasa, KDP, sun yi wa wasu Kiristoci da IDP cin zarafi akai-akai saboda rashin "isassaka" da aminci a gare su.

Daga tsakiyar karni na 19, "Kurdawa sun yi kisan kiyashi da yawa na Nestoriyawa, wanda ya ƙare a 1915-1918 tare da kashe kusan rabin dukan Nestoriyawa da ubangidansu Mar Shimun XIX - kisan kiyashi daidai da kisan kiyashin Armeniya." Turkawa da Kurdawa ne suka lalata dakunan karatu na Nestorian tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Kurdawa sun kashe dubban mata da maza, tare da yanke kunnuwan wadanda suka mutu tare da aika su zuwa Badar Khan, kuma an sayar da mata a matsayin bayi. Haka nan Kurdawa sun mamaye majami'u da majami'u da majami'u da tilastawa, kuma a kullum suna sace budurwai da ango da mata, suna tilasta musu musulunta. Mafi shahara shi ne kisan kiyashin farko da Turkawa da Kurdawa suka yi a cikin shekaru 1894 1896, da kuma a cikin 1915-1918. Kurd Agha Simko ya kashe sarki Mar Shimun XXI Benyamin.

Daular Burtaniya ta mamaye Iraki (1920-1932)

A cikin shekarun 1920, lokacin da Biritaniya ta rike wa'adin kungiyar League of Nations (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya), sojojin Burtaniya karkashin jagorancin Arthur Harris, sun yi amfani da gas din mustard tare da jinkirta tashin bama-bamai don murkushe tsayin daka na Iraki ga mulkin Birtaniyya, wanda ya haifar da asarar fararen hula da dama.

Masarautar Hashemite (1932-1958)

An bayyana Masarautar Hashimiya da ta karbe Iraqi daga hannun turawan Ingila a matsayin rashin cikakkiya ta fuskar hakkin dan Adam, amma ta fuskoki da dama sun fi gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya:

"Bayan da aka kafa Iraki a matsayin daula mai cin gashin kanta a shekara ta 1932, masarautar [...] ta nemi ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin mamayar 'yan Sunni, lamarin da ya haifar da rikici tsakanin kafuwar 'yan Sunna na Larabawa da wasu tsiraru (irin su Assuriyawa da Kurdawa). Amma kuma masarautar ta nemi mafita, sasantawa, da wasu nau'ikan zabuka da bayyana dimokuradiyya." Saboda halaccin mulkin da ya samu daga tarihinsa a Larabawa da kuma tsawon shekarun da ya yi wajen gudanar da mulki da kuma iya aiki da turawan Ingila, ya sami damar "jagoranci tare da rage danniya da tilastawa "

Firayim Minista, kuma a wani lokaci jagororin juyin mulkin soja, sun yi tasiri mai yawa a lokacin mulkin sarauta, kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban. A cewar wani ɗakin karatu na Majalisar Dokokin Amirka na tarihin Iraki: A cikin 1952 yanayin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda rashin girbi ya ta'azzara da kuma ƙin gudanar da zaɓe kai tsaye na gwamnati, ya haifar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati; Zanga-zangar ta juya musamman tashin hankali a Bagadaza. A martanin da gwamnati ta mayar, ta ayyana dokar ta-baci, ta haramtawa jam’iyyun siyasa, dakatar da jaridu da dama, da kuma sanya dokar hana fita. Girman girman zanga-zangar ya nuna yadda rashin gamsuwa da gwamnatin ya kasance. Masu matsakaicin matsayi, wadanda suka samu ci gaba sosai sakamakon fadada tsarin ilimi na masarautan, sun kara nisa da mulkin, saboda kasa samun kudin shiga da ya dace da matsayinsu. Nuri a matsayin sa na mulkin kama karya na Said, da rashin hakurin sa, da kuma yadda yake mu’amala da ‘yan adawar siyasa sun kara mayar da tsaka mai wuya, musamman sojoji. An tilastawa karkashin kasa, 'yan adawa sun zama masu neman sauyi.

Cutar da Assuriyawa

A shekara ta 1915, ana fuskantar kisan kiyashin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar kashi biyu bisa uku na Assuriyawa a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya da kuma arewacin Iran, kimanin mutane 50,000 da suka tsira sun bi ta kan iyaka zuwa arewacin Iraki, wanda yawancin Kurdawa da Turkomen ke zaune. An tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijirar ne a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar da Birtaniyya ke kula da su. Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula a cikin 1918 a Iran sun haifar da ƙarin kwararar 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Iraki, inda al'ummomin Assuriyawa suka kasance a cikin ƙarni. Wadannan kwararowar sun haifar da rikice-rikicen kabilanci shekaru da yawa.

A karkashin umarnin Birtaniyya, an tsara Assuriyawa cikin kungiyoyin mayaka da ake kira "Lawi Assuriyawa" kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kawo karshen tawaye da goyon bayan kasancewar sojojin Burtaniya a Iraki. Turawan Ingila sun yi watsi da Assuriyawa da zarar Iraki ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1933. A lokacin rani na wannan shekarar ne kungiyar Assuriyawa 800 dauke da makamai suka tsallaka daga Iraki zuwa Syria, inda akwai sauran Assuriyawa da dama, don “tabbatar da abin da suka dauka a matsayin halaccin ‘yancinsu na kasa,” in ji Jonathan Eric Lewis, wani manazarcin siyasa. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Syria sun tilasta musu komawa cikin Iraqi inda sojojin Iraqi suka far musu. A ranar 7 ga Agusta, "sojojin Iraki da Kurdawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, tare da goyon bayan jama'a na gaske, sun yi kisan kiyashi a Simele." A cewar majiyoyin Assuriya, wadanda suka mutu sun kai 3,000 (wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin a cikin "daruruwan Babu wani abin da ya faru da ya sake siffanta ainihin asalin Assuriya na Iraqi", Lewis ya rubuta.

Assuriyawa sun fuskanci zalunci a farkon karni na 20, galibi a hannun kabilun Kurdawa waɗanda suka tsananta musu a matsayin ƙabilu ɗaya (Shakkak), kuma a matsayinsu na musulmai abokan Kwamitin Tarayyar da Ci gaban da ke aiki ta hanyar sojojin Ottoman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma daga baya a matsayin Kurdawa waɗanda suka shiga cikin 1933 Simele kisan kiyashi na Assuriyawa. A farkon shekarun 1930, ma'aikatun Iraki sun yada wasu takardu a tsakanin Kurdawa suna kiransu da su yi kisan gilla ga Assuriyawa. Wannan kira ya yi kira ga hukuncin Musulunci da hadin kan Larabawa da Kurdawa kan kiristoci kafirai. Jim kadan kafin kisan kiyashin Simmele na ranar 11 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 1933, Kurdawa sun fara yakin satar dukiyar al’ummar Assuriya. Assuriyawa sun gudu zuwa Simele, inda su ma aka tsananta musu. Akwai bayanai da yawa daga shaidu na yawan zaluncin da Larabawa da Kurdawa suka yi kan matan Assuriya. A karkashin jagorancin shugaban Kurdawa Bakr Sidqi a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta maharan sun aikata kisan kiyashi na Simele wanda ya shafi maza ne kawai. Karkashin jagorancin Kurdawa Janar Bakr Sidqi Kurdawa Larabawa da sauran su sun hada kai suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi na Simele a kan Assuriyawa Kiristoci da wawashe garuruwansu da fyade da kashe mata da kananan yara. TTun a karni na 16 bayan Sultan Selim I ya kawo Kurdawa ya zaunar da su a kasashen Assuriya, daular Usmaniyya ta fara amfani da kabilun Kurdawa wajen kashe Assuriyawa Kirista da Armeniya bisa tsari. A farkon yakin duniya na daya kabilun Kurdawa, kuma wadanda suka kafa rundunar sojan doki na Kurdawa a cikin sojojin Ottoman da aka fi sani da ""Hamidiya dokin soja" sun nufi kauyukan fili na Assuriya da ke gabashin abin da a yau ake kira Turkiyya da kuma kauyukan Assuriya a Tur Abdin da Hakkari tare da kashe dubban Assuriyawa. Sarkin Assuriya Mar Binyamin Shimon (wanda Kurdawa ya kashe shi daga baya) ya bayyana cewa Assuriyawa sun shiga yakin a bangaren Rasha domin kariyar kai da kuma ‘yantar da su.

Tsakanin mulkin mallaka da Saddam Hussein (1958-1969)

A cikin shekaru 10 da hambarar da mulkin masarautar Iraki a shekara ta 1958, gwamnatoci daban-daban suka yi mulkin kasar, kowannensu yana da alhakin kula da 'yan kasarsa da kuma kare 'yan kasa, har zuwa juyin mulkin shekarar 1968 da ya kawo jam'iyyar Ba'ath Party tare da Saddam Hussein a matsayin daya daga cikin jagororin juyin mulkin:

• Gwamnatin Soja ta Abd al-Karim Qasem da "Free Officers" (1958-1963);
• Gwamnatin farko ta Jam'iyyar Ba'ath Arab Socialist Party (Fabrairu-Nuwamba 1963);
• Gwamnatocin 'yan uwan Arif da Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz (1963-1968).

Gwamnatin Baath Arab Socialist Party ta fara juyin mulki a watan Yulin shekarar 1968, inda Saddam Hussein daya daga cikin jagororin juyin mulkin ya yi girma a kan karagar mulki, daga karshe kuma ya dare kujerar shugabancin kasar a shekarar 1979. An hambarar da shi a harin da Amurka ta jagoranta a shekara ta 2003.

A cikin 1950s da 1960s, 'yan Iraki da sauran Larabawa da yawa sukan goyi bayan ra'ayin jagora mai karfi "tare da layin Stalin ko Mao, Ho Chi Minh ko Castro" wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin "mai ceton siyasa", yana aiki da iko mai girma, ma'anar manufa da yin mulki tare da adalci. Saladin, jarumin Musulunci na karni na goma sha daya wanda ya yi galaba a kan 'yan Salibiyya, ana kallonsa a matsayin abin koyi, har ma Atatürk wanda ya kafa Turkiyya ta zamani, ana kallonsa a matsayin jagora wanda za a iya fitar da misali daga gare shi. A Iraki, da yawa sun ji cewa ana bukatar shugaba mai karfi da zai rike kasar tare duk da rarrabuwar kabilanci da sauran matsalolinta.

Abd al-Karim Qasem da kuma "Free Officers" Regime (1958-1963)

Juyin mulkin soja na 1958 da ya hambarar da masarautar Hashimi ya kawo 'yan "kungiyoyin yankunan karkara wadanda ba su da tunanin duniya da aka samu a tsakanin manyan Iraki". Sabbin shugabannin Iraki suna da "hankali na musamman wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na kabilanci da adawa, wanda kuma ya kira zalunci na cikin gida.

A cewar Shafeeq N. Ghabra, farfesa a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Kuwait, kuma, a cikin 2001, darektan Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Kuwait a Washington D.C. Bayan juyin juya hali na shekara ta 1958, tsarin mulkin kasar Iraki ya haifar da wata kasa da ba ta da ra'ayin siyasa. Shugabanninta sun kawar da masu ra'ayi na gaba, sun kwace dukiyoyi ba tare da sanarwa ba, suna zarge-zarge a kan abokan gabanta, sun yi yaƙi da abokan gaba na cikin gida. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya karfafa cikakken shugaba da al'ummar Iraki masu karfin soja gaba daya daban da wadda ta kasance a lokacin daular. Dubban daruruwan mutanen Iraqi sun tsere daga kasar cikin shekaru hudu na juyin juya halin 1958. A shekara ta 1959 an yi wani kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa Turkmen na Iraki, wanda aka fi sani da Kisan Kirkuk.

Assuriyawa sun yi kyau sosai a karkashin mulkin shekaru biyar, amma tun lokacin da Baathist ya sake farawa a 1968, sun yi muni sosai, a cewar Jonathan Eric Lewis. "Yayin da ikon Baathist ya karu, tasirin Assuriya da haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin Iraki ya ragu," ya rubuta a cikin 2003.

Rikicin mulki ya barke tsakanin jagororin juyin mulkin Birgediya Abd al Karim Qasim da Kanar Abd a matsayin Salaam Arif. Tausayin Arif na goyon bayan Nasserite ya samu goyon bayan jam'iyyar Baath, yayin da Qasim ya samu goyon bayan matsayinsa na kin hadin kai a cikin 'yan gurguzu. Daga karshe Qasim ya yi nasara, inda ya fara korar Arif, sannan aka kai shi gaban kotu bisa laifin cin amanar kasa. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Janairu 1959, sannan aka yi masa afuwa a cikin Disamba 1962.

Da yake sane da yunkurin juyin mulkin da jami’an da ke adawa da yadda Qasim ke kara alaka da ‘yan gurguzu, ya sa abokansa ‘yan gurguzu suka tattaro magoya bayansu 250,000 a Mosul a watan Maris din 1959. Yunkurin juyin mulkin bai taba faruwa ba, amma ‘yan gurguzu sun kashe ‘yan kishin kasa da kuma wasu iyalan Mosul masu hannu da shuni. Sakamakon kashe-kashen, da tarzoma da aka yi a Kirkuk, shugabannin jam'iyyar Baath sun yanke shawarar kashe shi ne kawai hanyar korar Qasim. Yunkurinsu na kashe shi a karkashin jagorancin Saddam Hussein ya ci tura yayin da suke raunata Qasim, kuma mai mulkin kama karya ya mayar da martani ta hanyar hada kai da 'yan gurguzu da kuma murkushe Baath da sauran jam'iyyun kishin kasa. Amma a shekara ta 1960 da 1961 Qasim ya yanke shawarar cewa ‘yan gurguzu sun yi karfi sosai, sai ya yi gaba da su, ya kawar da ‘yan gurguzu daga mukaman gwamnati, da murkushe kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin manoma, tare da rufe gidajen jaridun gurguzu.

Gwamnatoci daban-daban (1963-1968)

Bayan da aka hambarar da Qasim a shekarar 1963, jam'iyyar Baath ta karbe mulki. Jam’iyyar ‘yar karama ce, tana da mambobi 1,000 ne kacal, kuma ba ta da wani tsari na tsari, kasancewar ‘yan adawar Qasim ne suka gudanar da su tare. Saadi, shugaban Baathists, ya kafa ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya da ɗan haƙuri ga ra'ayoyin adawa. An hambarar da Baath ne a watan Nuwamba 1963 a wani juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi karkashin jagorancin wasu tsirarun jami'ai. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa mulki ya koma tsakanin jami'an har zuwa 1968, lokacin da wani juyin mulki ya dawo da Baath a kan mulki.

Tsarin mulkin Baathist na farko (1968-1969)

Lokacin da Baathists suka dawo kan mulki, mutane biyu, Saddam Hussein da Bakr, sun ƙara mamaye jam'iyyar. Duk da cewa Bakr shi ne babba kuma ya fi kowa daraja a cikin su biyun, amma a shekara ta 1969 Saddam “a fili ya ke ya zama mai motsi a bayan jam’iyyar.

Rikicin kabilanci

Tauye hakkin bil'adama a kasar Iraki sau da yawa yana fitowa ne daga tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin mahukuntan kasar da 'yan kabilu daban-daban, musamman Kurdawa da Larabawa 'yan Shi'a, ko da yake Larabawa 'yan Sunni, 'yan tsiraru da suka cika manyan mukamai a gwamnatocin bayan 1958 da kuma tsawon shekarun Saddam, suna iya jin fushin mahukunta saboda dalilan da ba su da alaka da rikicin kabilanci

Rikici da Shi'a

Ghabra ya kira mu'amalar Shi'a daya daga cikin kurakuran siyasa mafi muni da gwamnatoci suka yi bayan 1958. Ghabra ya rubuta a shekara ta 2001 cewa gwamnatocin bayan 1958 sun yi watsi da "mafi rinjayen Shi'a da hakkokinsu, tare da nesanta su duk da cewa sun sadaukar da kansu ga Iraki

Rikici da Kurdawa

A cikin gwamnatocin da suka biyo bayan hambarar da daular Iraki a shekara ta 1958, ana tauye hakkin dan Adam a Kurdistan akai-akai yayin da kishin kasa na Kurdawa ya ci karo da manufofin gwamnatoci daban-daban na Iraki, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali lokacin da tattaunawar siyasa ta barke: [T] Kurdawa sun ci karo da wani tsarin da suka saba da shi a karkashin kowace gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya: na farko lokacin shawarwarin da ya kasa biyan bukatun Kurdawa na cin gashin kai, sannan, lokacin da tattaunawar ta watse, ta sake barkewar tashin hankali. An kai hare-haren bama-bamai da kona kauyukan karkara sannan mayakan Kurdawa suka yi ta farautarsu ba kakkautawa. Sunan da suka ɗauka ya bayyana daidai yanayin wanzuwarsu. Sun kira kansu peshmerga - "waɗanda ke fuskantar mutuwa."