'Yancin Dan Adam da Guguwar Katrina

[Hasiya] Babban allon saƙo yana taimaka wa mutane su gano abokai da ƙaunatattun su a Cibiyar Reliant. Dubban 'yan ƙasa da suka rasa muhallinsu sun ƙaura daga New Orleans zuwa Houston a cikin shirin bas ɗin da FEMA ta shirya.

Hoton lalacewa a Lower Ninth Ward bayan Guguwar Katrina

Mutanen daga yankin Gulf States a kudancin Amurka, musamman New Orleans, Louisiana, an tilasta su bar gidajensu saboda lalacewar da Guguwar Katrina ta kawo a shekara ta 2005 kuma ba su iya dawowa ba saboda dalilai da yawa, kuma an san su gaba ɗaya a matsayin Gulf Coast diaspora kuma ta hanyar ma'anar da aka yi la'akari da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A mafi girma, mafaka ga masu guguwa sun ba da gidaje 273,000 kuma, daga baya, FEMA trailers sun ba da aƙalla gidaje 114,000. Ko da shekaru goma bayan Guguwar Katrina, yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa da aka tilasta su koma gida har yanzu ba su iya komawa gida ba.

A shekara ta 2005, kimanin mutane 1,500,000 daga Alabama, Mississippi da Louisiana sun tilasta barin gidajensu saboda Guguwar Katrina. Kimanin kashi 40% na wadanda aka kwashe, galibi mutane daga Louisiana, ba su iya komawa gida ba. Kashi 25% na wadanda aka kwashe sun koma cikin kilomita 10 daga gundumar da ta gabata. Kashi 25% na wadanda aka kwashe sun sake komawa akalla kilomita 450 daga nesa. 10% na wadanda aka kwashe sun sake komawa akalla kilomita 830 daga nesa. "Mayarwa gida na iya zama muhimmiyar mataki ga kiwon lafiya da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki na iyalai masu karamin karfi, iyalai masu sauyin yanayi. Shaidar ta nuna cewa yanayin da aka sauya, musamman wadanda ke da karamin karfi. "

Yawan jama'ar New Orleans ya fadi daga 484,674 kafin Katrina (Afrilu 2000) zuwa kimanin 230,172 bayan Katrina (Yuli 2006) - raguwar 254,502 da asarar sama da rabin yawan mutanen garin. Ya zuwa 2020, New Orleans tana da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a 383,997, har yanzu ƙasa da yawan mutanen garin kafin Guguwar Katrina . Koyaya, ba duk waɗanda suka koma birnin ba ne mazauna da ke dawowa. Bayan Guguwar Katrina, yunkurin mallakar ya sami ƙarfi. Tare da damar aiwatar da shawarwari da suka bazu tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980, majalisar birni ta kada kuri'a tare don rushe raka'a 4,500 na gidajen jama'a na gargajiya. A cikin sama da shekaru goma - daga 1996 zuwa 2007 - birnin ya gudanar da rufe kashi 85% na gidajen jama'a na birnin, yana karɓar tsarin ayyukan "haɗe-haɗe" da takardun shaida a maimakon haka. Duk da yake an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "rashin maida hankali," aikin cirewa ya kori mazauna da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi kuma iyalai 16,000 sun kasance a cikin jerin jira don gidaje masu tallafi a cikin 2015 .

Ragewar yawan jama'a kafin Katrina

Kafin Guguwar Katrina, New Orleans ta sami raguwar yawan jama'a na 18% (mazauna 109,000) tsakanin 1970 da 2000, wanda ya fadi da ƙarin 6% (mazaunan 30,000) daga 2000 zuwa 2005.

A farkon lokacin bayan Guguwar Katrina, akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka dace da bayanai game da inda mazauna da suka rasa muhallinsu daga New Orleans ke zaune. Musamman, ana samun bayanai game da wurin 'yan gudun hijira daga siffofin canjin adiresoshin da aka gabatar tare da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da kuma rajista tare da Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) don taimako. Binciken waɗannan bayanan ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 15% na waɗanda aka kwashe daga New Orleans sun koma biranen da ke nesa a Gabashin Gabas, Midwest, da Yammacin Yamma. Manyan wuraren da mazauna da suka rasa muhallinsu sune New Orleans, Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, da Baton Rouge.

Texas

Texas ta kaucewa duk wata barna kai tsaye daga guguwar Katrina, amma jihar ta dauki kimanin mutane 220,000 da suka nemi mafaka daga Louisiana.  A ranar 31 ga Agusta, gundumar Harris, Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida da Gudanar da Gaggawa ta Texas da Jihar Louisiana sun cimma yarjejeniya don ba da damar aƙalla 25,000 da aka kwashe daga New Orleans, musamman waɗanda ke mafaka a cikin Superdome na Louisiana, don ƙaura zuwa Astrodome har sai sun iya komawa gida.  An fara kwashe mutanen ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba. Shugaba George W. Bush ya ba da sanarwar a ranar 4 ga Satumba cewa za a kwashe karin mutanen da aka kwashe zuwa wasu jihohi.  Lokacin da matsugunan Houston suka fara isa ga iya aiki a ranar 2 ga Satumba, Gwamna Rick Perry ya kunna shirin gaggawa wanda ya sanya sarari don ƙarin 25,000 kowanne a San Antonio da Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, da kuma ƙananan matsuguni a cikin al'ummomi a fadin Texas.  An fara da ayarin motocin bas 50 (mutane 2,700) wadanda suka isa Reunion Arena a Dallas da karfe 3:00 na safe CST ranar 3 ga Satumba, karin wasu karin mutane 120,000 sun fara kwarara zuwa Texas a daidai lokacin da, ya zuwa 5 ga Satumba, an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan mutane 139,000 da aka kwashe daga jihar.  Wannan, ya kara da kimanin 90,000 da ke cikin otal-otal da gidaje, ya mamaye albarkatun gida.  Da sauri Dallas ya nemi taimako daga garuruwan da ke kusa da su don taimakawa wajen ɗaukar ƙarin masu gudun hijira.  An bude wani wurin da ba a yi amfani da shi a Babban Kasuwar Gari da ke Mesquite ba, amma kuma cikin sauri ya yi lodi.  Fort Worth da Arlington sun karɓi wasu ƙaura, da garuruwa daga nesa kamar Bonham har ma da Tulsa, Oklahoma sun ba da taimako.  Da yammacin ranar 5 ga Satumba, tare da adadin mutane sama da 230,000 da aka kwashe a Texas, Gwamna Perry ya ba da umarnin a fara karkatar da motocin bas zuwa wasu matsugunan da ke wajen jihar wanda ya sa aka aika 20,000 zuwa Oklahoma kuma an tura 30,000 zuwa Arkansas.  Ya zuwa ranar 6 ga Satumba, Texas ta sami kimanin mutane 250,000 da aka kwashe kuma an tilasta wa Gwamna Perry ya ayyana dokar ta-baci a Texas tare da ba da roko ga wasu jihohi da su fara daukar mutane 40,000-50,000 da har yanzu ke bukatar matsuguni.

Reliant Astrodome a Houston ya dauki wasu daga cikin 25,000 da suka fara neman matsuguni a Superdome na Louisiana a New Orleans, amma cikin sauri ya kai ga gaci kuma ya zuwa ranar 2 ga Satumba, ya kasa karɓar ƙarin maharan guguwa daga bala'in.  An sake buɗe Astrodome bayan 'yan sa'o'i, bayan da aka sanar da cewa za a soke duk abubuwan da aka tsara zuwa Disamba 2005 don buɗe ginin ga ƙarin 11,000 da aka kwashe.  Jami'an birnin sun bude wasu karin gine-gine guda biyu da ke kusa da Dome, Arena, da cibiyar, da kuma Cibiyar Taro ta George R. Brown da ke cikin garin Houston don samar da karin masu gudun hijira.  Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta New Orleans Saints NFL, waɗanda aka kora daga wurin gidansu a Superdome, sun koma San Antonio na ɗan lokaci.  Wasannin gida na Saints na 2005 sun rabu tsakanin Alamodome a San Antonio da filin wasa na Tiger na Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana a Baton Rouge.  A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2005, ƙungiyar da gasar sun ba da sanarwar cewa ƙungiyar za ta sake buga jadawalin raba gardama a cikin 2006.

Al'ummomi da yawa a Texas sun buɗe yawancin ayyukansu ga waɗanda aka kwashe daga Louisiana, suna ba da saurin shiga ga yara a cikin gundumomin makaranta na gida, saurin samun damar yin amfani da shirin hatimi na abinci na Texas, da kuma samun damar sabis na kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ake kula da su don cututtuka kamar tarin fuka da kwayar cutar kanjamau. An bude wuraren shakatawa na jihar Texas kyauta ga masu ƙaura. Fiye da dalibai 300 daga Jami'ar Tulane, gami da ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta makarantar, an tura su zuwa Jami'ar Southern Methodist a Dallas.

Yawan jama'a

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008, sama da rabin mazaunan gari (kashi 56%) 'yan Afirka ne, kusan ɗaya cikin uku (kashi 35) fari ne, kuma kashi 5 cikin dari Hispanic ne. Wannan kusan daidai yake da siffar yawan jama'a a cikin binciken 2006, wanda aka gudanar shekara guda bayan Katrina. Har ila yau, yana da kama da rarrabawar birni kafin guguwa, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar Binciken Jama'ar Amurka na 2005 (ACS), wanda ya gano cewa yawan manya sun kasance kashi 60 cikin 100 na Afirka da kashi 32 cikin 100 na Caucasian.

'Yancin Dan Adam

Bayan barnar da guguwar Katrina ta haddasa, an yi nazari sosai kan batun kare hakkin bil'adama. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar da wani rahoto na 2006 yana ba da shawarar cewa Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da haƙƙin talakawa da baƙar fata Amurkawa "ana la'akari da su sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen sake ginawa dangane da samun gidaje, ilimi da kiwon lafiya". A cikin 2008, Cibiyar Nazarin Kudancin, cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, ta buga rahoto kan "Hurricane Katrina da Ka'idodin Jagora kan Matsugunan Cikin Gida". Binciken ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin biyar da ISS ta buga game da sakamakon guguwar Katrina kuma aikin haɗin gwiwa ne da aka samar tare da aikin Brookings-Bern akan ƙaura daga cikin gida, wanda Walter Kälin, wakilin babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin ɗan adam na 'yan gudun hijirar cikin gida ya jagoranta. Rahoton ya gano cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta yi watsi da bin "ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama da aka amince da su a duniya da gwamnatin Bush ta inganta a wasu ƙasashe. Daga watan Mayu zuwa Yuni 2008, Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman Doudou Diène ya gayyaci gwamnatin Amurka don ziyarci da kuma nazarin wariyar launin fata a Amurka Diène's 2008 An ba da rahoton a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2008.

Gidaje

Gidaje, musamman ga matalauta, ya kasance batun jayayya. A shekara ta 2002, Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka (HUD) ta karɓi Hukumar Gidaje ta New Orleans (HANO) kuma ta shirya jim kadan bayan haka don sake gina rabin gidajen jama'a na birnin, wanda aka kafa shirin da gaggawa bayan Katrina ta buge birnin. Shirin ya sadu da gardama, tare da zanga-zangar bayan gwamnati ta yanke shawarar maye gurbin raka'a 4,500 na gidaje tare da ci gaban amfani da aka haɗa wanda ke da raka'a 744 na jama'a a cikin ayyukan gidaje na jama'ar C.J. Peete, B.W. Cooper, Lafitte da St. Bernard.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, FEMA ta ba da sanarwar kawo karshen shirin gidaje na wucin gadi wanda ya fara bayan Katrina, amma an gabatar da shi tare da mutane sama da 3,400 da ke zaune a cikin motocin FEMA a Louisiana da Mississippi waɗanda suka fuskanci korar su, sun ba da wadanda ke fama da guguwa a Tekun Gulf har yanzu suna zaune a cikin masu motar da gwamnati ta samar don siyan gidajensu na wucitattun kuɗi kamar $ 1.

A halin yanzu, haya ya karu da matsakaicin kashi 40% tun lokacin guguwar a cikin birni, tare da karamin shirin haya da aka kafa bayan bala'in ya kasance mara tasiri wajen taimakawa kananan masu mallakar gidaje don sake ginawa da inganta kadarorin da masu haya suka zauna a baya.

Farfadowar yawan jama'a

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 daga Cibiyar Brookings a shekara ta 2008, yawan mutanen garin ya karu da kashi 3% daga 2007 zuwa 2008, idan aka kwatanta da karuwar kashi 19% daga 2006 zuwa 2007, kuma gabaɗaya, birnin ya tsaya a kusan kashi 72% na yawan mutanen da ke cikin Katrina na 450,000, ko kusan 316,000, tare da yawan mutanen Jefferson Parish da suka koma matakin kafin bala'i, da ke kusa da su St. Bernard Parish, sun kai kusan kashi 40% na yawan mutanen kafin bala'a.

Yawan jama'a ya ci gaba da sake dawowa a shekarar 2017, kodayake a hankali, kawai yana ƙaruwa da 271 a kowace shekara. A halin yanzu, yawan mutanen unguwa sun ci gaba da girma da raguwa, bisa ga abubuwan yankin. Cibiyar Bincike ta Bayanai ta yi sharhi a cikin 2018:

Thirteen years after Katrina, there are 21 neighborhoods in the city that now have a larger number of active addresses than they did prior to the levee breaches. Four neighborhoods have less than half the population they had prior to Katrina...

— https://www.datacenterresearch.org/reports_analysis/neighborhood-recovery-rates-growth-continues-through-2018-in-new-orleans-neighborhoods/