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'Yancin Dan Adam da na siyasa a Venezuela

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'Yancin Dan Adam da na siyasa a Venezuela
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Ƙasa Venezuela
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Rubuce-rubucen haƙƙin ɗan adam a Venezuela sun soki kungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗanɗano kamar su Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International. Damuwa sun haɗa da hare-hare kan 'yan jarida, tsanantawa na siyasa, cin zarafin masu kare hakkin dan adam, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, azabtarwa, kisan gillar da 'yan tawagar kisa suka yi, da kuma bacewar tilasta.[1][2][3]

A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2017, a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Hugo Chávez kuma yanzu Shugaba Nicolás Maduro, tara iko a cikin reshen zartarwa da rushewar tabbacin kare hakkin dan adam sun ba gwamnati damar tsoratar, tsanantawa, har ma da aikata laifuka.[4] Rahoton ya kara da cewa wasu damuwa masu ci gaba sun hada da yanayin kurkuku mara kyau, rashin hukunci ga keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, da ci gaba da cin zarafin jami'an gwamnati na masu kare haƙƙin ɗanɗano da kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu.[4] Rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa a cikin 2016, Hukumar leken asiri ta Bolivarian National (SEBIN) ta tsare mutane da yawa kan zargin tsarawa, ingantawa, ko shiga cikin ayyukan tashin hankali na adawa da gwamnati, gami da wasu wadanda, a zahiri, zanga-zangar zaman lafiya ne. Mutane da yawa sun ce an azabtarwa da su ko kuma an yi musu cin zarafi a tsare, ko kuma ba su iya ganin iyalansu ko lauyoyi ba na tsawon sa'o'i, wani lokaci kwanaki, bayan kama su. A lokuta da yawa, masu gabatar da kara sun kasa gabatar da wata hujja mai inganci da ke danganta wadanda ake tuhuma da laifuka. A wasu, shaidar ta haɗa da mallakar kayan siyasa, gami da takardun da ke kira ga sakin fursunonin siyasa.[4] A cewar rahoton Amnesty International daga 2016/2017 masu kare hakkin dan adam sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare da tsoratarwa daga kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati da manyan jami'an gwamnati.[5]

Tun daga shekara ta 2014, rikicin da ke ci gaba a Venezuela ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, matsalar tattalin arziki, karancin kayan masarufi, da karuwar rashin aikin yi, talauci, cututtuka, mutuwar yara, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da aikata laifuka. A cewar Amnesty International, rikicin a Venezuela ya kai "lokaci mai banƙyama", tare da kashi 75% na 'yan ƙasa da ke fama da asarar nauyi saboda karancin abinci. A cewar Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya, rashin aikin yi ya kai kashi 34.3%.[6]

A cikin shekara ta 2006, Sashin Lantarki na Tattalin Arziki ya kimanta Venezuela a matsayin "mulkin haɗe-haɗe" tare da alamar 5.42 daga 10. Kasar ta kasance a matsayi na 93 daga cikin kasashe 167, kuma ta uku mafi ƙanƙanta a Latin Amurka bayan Cuba da Haiti. A cikin rahoton 2012, alamar ƙasar ta lalace zuwa 5.15 kuma matsayinta zuwa 95 daga cikin 167.[7]A lokacin shugabancin Nicolás Maduro, dimokuradiyya ta kasar ta kara tabarbarewa, tare da rahoton 2017 wanda ya rage Venezuela daga mulkin mallaka zuwa mulkin kama karya, mafi ƙasƙanci, tare da alamar 3.87 (na biyu mafi ƙasƙanta a Latin Amurka), yana nuna "ci gaba da raguwa ga mulkin kama karya na Venezuela yayin da gwamnati ta haɗa da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da ke da ke da rinjaye 'yan adawa, ta da kurkuku ko kuma ta hana' yan adawa da zanga-zangar adawa".

Shirin Ma'aunin 'Yancin Dan Adam [8] ya ba Venezuela maki don' yancin jama'a da na siyasa. Don Tsaro daga 'Yancin Jiha, HRMI tana amfani da martani daga masana kare hakkin dan adam a Venezuela don ba kasar maki don samun' yanci daga kamawa, tilasta bacewar, hukuncin kisa, kisa ba tare da shari'a ba, da azabtarwa da rashin kulawa. Venezuela ta sami jimillar kashi 2.9 daga cikin 10 don waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.[9] Don 'Yancin Karfafawa, wanda ya kunshi' yancin taro da tarayya, ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, da kuma shiga cikin gwamnati, Venezuela ta sami jimillar kashi 2.4 cikin 10.[10]

Tsarin shari'a

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Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an zabi Shugaba Chávez da farko, an kira zaben raba gardama na kasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1999 inda kashi 92% na masu jefa kuri'a suka amince da tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Kundin Tsarin Mulki an tsara shi ne ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓen majalisa tare da shiga kungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa daban-daban, kuma an zabe shi daga baya a wannan shekarar a wani raba gardama na kasa kuma an amince da shi da goyon baya 71.8% daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a. Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Venezuela ya nemi samun dama da dama, kamar kiwon lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, ya kirkiro Ofishin Mai Tsaron Jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da Ofishin Mai Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam. Daga cikin labaran 350 a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na 1999, 116 an sadaukar da su ga ayyuka, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da tabbacin, gami da babi game da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Venezuela ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a shekarar 1977. [11] Wannan ya sanya shi wani ɓangare na ikon Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka.

  • Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (Kwamitin' Yancin Dan Adam)
  • Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (Kwamitin kan' Yancin Tattalan Arziki, Tattalin Ruwa da Al'adun Al'adu)

Tarihi

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Shekaru na 1980

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Kisan kiyashi na El Amparo

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Main article: 2014 Venezuelan protests

Kisan kiyashi na El Amparo kisan kiyashi ne na masunta 14 wanda ya faru a kusa da ƙauyen El Amparo, a yammacin jihar Apure ta Venezuela, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1988.[12] Wani hadin gwiwar sojoji da 'yan sanda sun yi iƙirarin cewa masunta (waɗanda ba su da bayanan' yan sanda kuma ba a san su da bayanan soja na Venezuela ko na Colombia ba) sun kasance ƙungiyar' yan tawaye waɗanda suka kai musu hari da bindigogi da grenades, tare da zargin musayar bindigogi na minti 15-20 da ke faruwa a kewayon 20-30 m. Wani shari'ar da aka kai Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka (IACHR) ya kammala a shekarar 1996, tare da IACHR ta umarci Venezuela da ta biya sama da $ 700,000 a cikin diyya ga dangin da ke kusa da wadanda abin ya shafa. 

Caracazo

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External video
video icon Human Rights Watch multimedia report on abuses on YouTube

Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'i shida da IACHR ta kawo wa Venezuela tsakanin 1977 da 1998 da suka shafi Caracazo na 1989, wanda gwamnatocin Venezuela da suka biyo baya suka kasa bincike, duk da buƙatun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar Amnesty International, da umarni daga Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka. [13] A watan Yulin 2009, an tuhumi ministan tsaro na lokacin Italo del Valle Alliegro dangane da Caracazo.

Shekaru na 1990

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Tare da karuwar rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsarin siyasa a fuskar rikicin tattalin arziki, Venezuela ta ga yunkurin juyin mulki sau biyu a 1992; daya daga cikinsu ya jagoranci shugaban kasar Hugo Chávez na gaba. Dukansu sun kasa, kuma a cikin tsarin tsayayya da yunkurin juyin mulki, an ruwaito jami'an gwamnati sun kashe mutane arba'in, fararen hula da 'yan tawaye da suka mika wuya, ko dai a matsayin kisa ba tare da shari'a ba, ko ta hanyar amfani da karfi mara kyau.

An tsare su da ɗaruruwan kuma sun ci gaba da ɗan lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka faru, kuma sun haɗa da shugabannin ɗalibai da sauran shugabannin jama'a waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da yunkurin juyin mulki. An dakatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na watanni biyu a cikin shari'ar Fabrairu, da makonni uku a cikin shariʼar Nuwamba, kuma ya haɗa da tantance kafofin watsa labarai. Jerin zanga-zangar a watan Maris da Afrilu da ke kira ga murabus din Shugaba Carlos Andrés Pérez da maido da tabbacin kundin tsarin mulki sun hadu da tashin hankali na jihar ciki har da harbe-harbe na 'yan sanda a cikin taron jama'a, tare da jimlar mutuwar 13.

Yawancin 'yan jarida da ke rufe zanga-zangar sun ji rauni sosai daga 'yan sanda. Kodayake an gwada mahalarta yunkurin juyin mulkin Fabrairu a karkashin tsarin shari'a na soja na yau da kullun, don mayar da martani ga yunkurin janar mulkin Nuwamba gwamnati ta kirkiro kotuna na wucin gadi bisa ga dokar shari'a ta 1938 ta Eleazar López Contreras, wanda aka tsara shekaru ashirin kafin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin kotunan ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma a kan dalilin da ya sa Shugaban kasa ya yi watsi da dakatar da haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki (dama ga karewa, haƙƙin da alƙali na halitta ya yi masa shari'a) maimakon a kan dalilin tsari da ya dace wanda aka soki su.

A lokacin 1989-1993 lokacin Perez tashin hankali na zanga-zangar ya zama ruwan dare, tare da daya daga cikin zanga-zambe uku da aka danne. A lokacin gwamnatin Caldera ya fadi, kuma a tsakiyar wannan yawan zanga-zangar da aka danne ya fadi zuwa daya daga cikin shida.

Shekaru na 2000

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Rarrabawar 'yanci a Venezuela daga 1998 zuwa 2017.
(1 = Free, 7 = ba kyauta ba)

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan zaben Hugo Chávez, ƙididdigar 'yanci a Venezuela ta sauka bisa ga ƙungiyar siyasa da' yancin ɗan adam Freedom House . [14] A shekara ta 2004, Amnesty International ta soki yadda gwamnatin Shugaba Chavez ta yi amfani da juyin mulkin 2000, tana mai cewa ba a bincika abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba a hukunta su ba" kuma cewa "rashin hukuntawa da masu aikata laifin ya ji yana ƙarfafa ci gaba da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin yanayin siyasa mai rikitarwa".[15] Amnesty International ta kuma soki tsaron kasa na Venezuela da Direccion de Inteligencia Seguridad y Prevención (DISIP) suna mai cewa "sun yi amfani da karfi mai yawa don sarrafa halin da ake ciki a lokuta da yawa" yayin zanga-zangar da ta shafi tunawa da Venezuela ta 2004.[15] An kuma lura cewa da yawa daga cikin masu zanga-zangar da aka tsare kamar ba a " kawo su gaban alƙali a cikin iyakar lokacin doka ba".[15]

A shekara ta 2005, farfesa a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Venezuela Margarita López Maya da Luis Lander, sun bayyana cewa akwai "mafi girman amincewa da haƙƙin yin zanga-zanga, kuma an kafa wannan. " Rikicin tashin hankali na zanga-zangar ya fadi zuwa 1 cikin 25 a cikin 1998-99, kuma zuwa 1 cikin 36 ta 2002-3. Koyaya, a cikin 2008, an sanya Venezuela a matsayin ƙasa mafi ƙarancin dimokuradiyya a Kudancin Amurka a cikin 2008 Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index . Har ila yau, a cikin 2008, Freedom House ya cire Venezuela daga jerin ƙasashe da ke da dimokuradiyya.[16] A shekara ta 2009, Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Venezuela ta yi "matsi da rashin haƙuri".

Shekaru na 2010

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A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, akwai korafe-korafe 31,096 game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka karɓa tsakanin shekarun 2011 da 2014. Daga cikin 31,096, kashi 3.1% ya haifar da tuhuma da Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Venezuela ta yi.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, NGO PROVEA ta soki gaskiyar cewa jam'iyyar gwamnati ta PSUV ta zaba a matsayin dan takarar majalisa Róger Cordero Lara, wanda ke da hannu a cikin Kisan kiyashi na Cantaura a shekarar 1982. An zabi Cordero kuma PROVEA ta bukaci a ɗaga rigakafinsa.

A cikin rahoton Freedom House a shekara ta 2013, an soki gwamnatin Shugaba Nicolás Maduro saboda "karin aiwatar da dokoki da ka'idoji a kan 'yan adawa don rage rawar da take takawa a matsayin tantance ikon gwamnati", wanda ya ba da' yancin Venezuela a cikin raguwa.[17]

zanga-zangar Venezuela ta 2014

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Harin masu goyon bayan gwamnati a kan daliban zanga-zangar Genesis Carmona yana shiga

A lokacin zanga-zangar Venezuelan ta 2014, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa sun yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Venezuelan saboda yadda take gudanar da zanga-zambe yayin da jami'an tsaro suka ba da rahoton cewa sun wuce al'amuran da ake yi na gudanar da zanga'angar, tare da hanyoyin da suka fara daga amfani da gashin roba da iskar hawaye zuwa lokuta na harsashi da azabtar da masu zanga-zangran da aka kama, a cewar kungiyoyi kamar Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch.[18] Sauran matsaloli a lokacin zanga-zangar sun hada da tantancewar kafofin watsa labarai da haƙuri na gwamnati game da tashin hankali ta Kungiyoyi masu fafutuka da aka sani da colectivos .[19] Har ila yau, an zargi gwamnatin Venezuela da kama abokan adawar da siyasa, musamman tsohon magajin garin Chacao kuma shugaban Popular Will, Leopoldo López, wanda ya mika kansa a watan Fabrairu, yana amsa zarge-zargen kisan kai da tayar da tashin hankali, ta amfani da kama shi don nuna rashin amincewa da "laifukan rashin amincewa" na gwamnati.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Amurka ta sanya hannu kan Dokar Tsaron 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ta Venezuela ta shekara ta 2014 don sanya takunkumi ga mutanen Venezuela da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam sakamakon zanga-zangar Venezuela ta shekara-zangar 2014. [20] Dokar ta ba da izinin daskarewa da haramtacciyar biza ga waɗanda ake zargi da yin amfani da ayyukan tashin hankali ko keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗanda ke adawa da gwamnatin Venezuela. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Amurka ta daskare kadarori kuma ta soke biza na manyan jami'ai da yawa da ke da alaƙa da cin zarafin bil'adama a Venezuela.

An azabtar da daruruwan 'yan Venezuela da hukumomin Venezuela suka tsare a lokacin zanga-zangar.[21]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa

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A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, Venezuela ta bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa kan shari'o'i tsakanin 2002 da 2014. Masana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su gamsu da tawagar gwamnatin Venezuela da Mataimakin Dokar Tsaro da Manufofin Cikin Gida, José Vicente Rangel Avalos ke jagoranta ba kuma tambayoyin da Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkinobho ya yi ba shi da amsa daidai. A cikin shari'ar Alkalin María Lourdes Afiuni Mora mai shekaru biyar, wani wakilin Venezuela ya ce, "Mai gabatar da kara bai karɓi korafe-korafe game da zargin fyade da aka fada a cikin littafi ba. Mun ba da shawara ga kwamitin, me ya sa damuwa?", wanda wani memba na hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amsa "Yana da mahimmanci kuma mai tsanani, saboda ya wuce mutum, ya shafi manufar shari'a da mulkin doka idan wannan ya faru a wata ƙasa". Masana da yawa sun kuma sun soki gwamnatocin jama'a 5,000 sun fi rikodin. Masana sun kuma soki Hukumar Kula da Torture ta Venezuela saboda rashin zaman kanta daga gwamnati, sun yi tambaya game da ayyukan likitoci da masana kimiyya waɗanda suka bincika wadanda abin ya shafa kuma suka tambayi game da 'yancin tsarin shari'a daga wasu hukumomin gwamnatin Venezuela.

A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yaki da azabtarwa ya nuna "fargitsi" saboda rahotanni na cin zarafin da hukumomin Venezuela suka yi a lokacin zanga-zangar Venezuela ta 2014. A cewar kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, zarge-zargen azabtarwa sun hada da "bugawa, konewa da girgizar lantarki a kokarin samun ikirari". Kwamitin ya kuma yi kira ga ƙarin bincike daga gwamnatin Venezuela tun daga cikin binciken 185 na cin zarafi a lokacin zanga-zangar, an tuhumi 5 kawai. Sauran batutuwan da kwamitin ya gabatar sun hada da sakin Leopoldo López da tsohon magajin gari Daniel Ceballos daga kurkuku, wanda kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bukaci.

A ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2015 a wani taron Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, mai ba da rahoto game da azabtarwa da sauran mummunar kulawa, Juan E. Méndez, ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Bolivarian ta kasa amsa buƙatun da yawa don bayanai wanda Méndez ya ce, "A wannan yanayin Venezuela ba ta amsa ba, don haka na yanke shawarar da ta dogara da rashin amsa, amma a bayyane akan abin da na sani game da shari'o'o'in. " Ya kuma bayyana cewa gwamnatin Maduro ba ta bi "da wajibin bincike, gurfanar da kuma azabtar da duk ayyukan azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci".[22]

zanga-zangar Venezuela ta 2017

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Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi tir da "yadu da kuma tsarin amfani da karfi mai yawa" a kan masu zanga-zangar, yana mai cewa jami'an tsaro da kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati suna da alhakin mutuwar akalla masu zanga-zanga 73. Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana "hoton yaduwa da tsari na amfani da karfi da kuma tsare-tsare na wucin gadi a kan masu zanga-zangar a Venezuela". "Littafin shaida sun nuna cewa jami'an tsaro, galibi masu tsaron kasa, 'yan sanda na kasa da' yan sanda na gida, sun yi amfani da karfi mai yawa don haifar da tsoro, murkushe rashin amincewa da kuma hana masu zanga-zangar taruwa, taruwa da isa ga cibiyoyin jama'a don gabatar da korafe-korafe".

A cikin wata wasika ta 9 ga Mayu 2017, Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka (IACHR) ta bayyana cewa "ta yi nadama game da matakan da hukumomin Venezuela suka dauka don mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar da ta fara a watan Maris a kasar" kuma "ta yi kira ga Jiha da ta dakatar da waɗannan matakan kuma ta cika wajibai na' yancin dan adam na kasa da kasa". IACHR ta damu musamman game da "karin mutuwar, raunin da kuma tsare-tsaren jama'a da ya biyo bayan aikin soja na gudanar da zanga-zambe na López".

Mai zanga-zangar Venezuela David Vallenilla ya harbe shi da wani jami'in tsaro

Yawancin mutanen da aka kashe a lokacin zanga-zangar sun mutu daga raunin bindiga, tare da mutane da yawa sakamakon zalunci da hukumomin Venezuela suka yi da kuma taimakawa masu goyon bayan gwamnati. Wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch da Foro Penal sun rubuta aƙalla shari'o'i shida inda jami'an tsaro na Venezuela suka mamaye wuraren zama da gine-ginen gidaje a Caracas da kuma jihohi daban-daban guda huɗu, yawanci kusa da barricades da mazauna suka gina; bisa ga shaidu, jami'ai sun fashe cikin gidaje ba tare da warrant ba, suna satar kayan mutum da abinci daga mazauna, da kuma suna doke su da kama su.[23]

Wani rahoto na Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya bayyana cewa an yi amfani da makamai marasa kisa don haifar da raunin da ba dole ba, yana bayanin cewa jami'an tsaro sun harbe bututun gas kai tsaye a kan masu zanga-zangar a gajeren nesa. Mónica Kräuter, masanin sunadarai kuma malami na Jami'ar Simón Bolívar wacce ta yi nazarin kwano na gas sama da dubu tun daga shekara ta 2014, ta bayyana cewa jami'an tsaro sun harba iskar hawaye wanda, a cewarta, "ya rushe cikin cyanide oxide, phosgene da nitrogens waɗanda suke da haɗari sosai". Kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Venezuela sun yi tir da amfani da iskar hawaye da aka kashe kai tsaye ko cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da asibitoci da ke kusa, da gidaje da gine-ginen zama.

A cikin wata sanarwa ta 15 ga Yuni, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa manyan jami'an gwamnati, kamar su José Antonio Benavides Torres, shugaban jami'an tsaro na Bolivarian; Vladimir Padrino López, ministan tsaro kuma kwamandan aiki na dabarun Sojoji; Néstor Reverol, ministan cikin gida, Carlos Alfredo Pérez Ampueda, darektan 'yan sanda na Bolivari; Gustavo González López, darektaran leken asiri na kasa, da Siriya Venero de Guerrero, babban lauyan soja, suna da alhakin cin zarafin' yancin dan adam da sojojin Venezuela suka yi a lokacin da kuma. Jami'an Venezuela sun yaba wa hukumomi saboda ayyukansu kuma sun musanta duk wani laifi.[24]

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Iceland ta toshe shigar da tan 16 na iskar hawaye daga kasar Sin da aka ƙaddara su isa Venezuela, suna mai cewa "a bayyane yake cewa akwai iskar hauka mai yawa, kuma ana iya ganin Venezuela a matsayin yanki mai haɗari inda ba a girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ba, da sauransu".[25]

Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama

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Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam Zeid Raad Al Hussein da dangin wadanda aka kashe a lokacin zanga-zangar sun tattauna rikicin a Venezuela

A ranar 14 ga Satumba 2017, lauyan Venezuelan Tamara SJu ya ba da shaida game da shari'o'i 289 na azabtarwa a lokacin masu sauraro na farko na Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS) don nazarin yiwuwar laifuka a kan bil'adama a kasar, gami da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin zanga-zangar 2017 da shari'ar azabtar da jima'i 192 .

A watan Fabrairun 2018, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta bude bincike na farko game da laifuffukan da ake zargi da hukumomin Venezuela suka yi wa bil'adama.

Masu binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba da rahoton a ranar 16 ga Satumba 2020 cewa Nicolás Maduro da sauran manyan jami'ai sun ba da umarnin kisan kai da azabtar da masu sukar, suna keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Tun daga watan Nuwamba 2020, jami'an jihar Venezuela suna shiga cikin ofisoshin kungiyoyin farar hula da kuma yin barazanar jama'a ga masu kare hakkin dan adam. An kuma tsare mambobi biyar na kungiyar NGO ta Venezuela Azul Positivo [es] ba tare da takardar shaidar ba.[es] [26]

Ziyarar tawagar OHCHR ta 2019

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan taron Ƙungiyar Lima na 25 ga Fabrairu a Colombia, Shugaban kasar Chile Sebastián Piñera ya soki Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) Michelle Bachelet a ranar 3 ga watan Maris saboda gazawarta na hukunta Maduro, kuma ya kira ta "ta cika rawar da take takawa a matsayin babban kwamishina don kare' yancin dan adam a kasar da ake mamaye su da zalunci". A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, ofishinta ta sanar da cewa za ta aika da tawagar mutum biyar zuwa Venezuela daga 11 zuwa 22 ga watan Maris a gaban ziyarar da Bachelet zai iya yi. A ranar 15 ga watan Maris, Kwalejin Likitoci ta Jihar Lara ta yi tir da cewa babban aiki da jami'an gwamnati ke yi don tsaftacewa, gyarawa da samar da kayan kiwon lafiya a Barquisimeto kuma "farce ne da aka sanya [a wurin] don ba da gagarumin gyare-gyare ga asibitin, sanin cewa a nan mutane suna mutuwa saboda rashin kayan aiki". A lokacin ziyarar da aka kai Jihar Carabobo, daya daga cikin mambobin tawagar ya bayyana cewa ba su da "wawaye", cewa tawagar ta lura cewa an fentin bangon asibitin kuma ginin yana da ƙanshi kamar fenti. A ranar 17 ga watan Maris, tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sami damar ziyartar asibitin Fasto Oropeza a jihar Lara ba tare da masu kula da shi ba, suna koyo game da yanayin da ke cikin haɗari.

Prodavinci ta taƙaita mahimman abubuwan jawabinta. Ta ce amincewa da martani ga rikicin da hukumomi suka yi bai isa ba, kuma yanayin ya lalace tun ziyararsu ta ƙarshe, musamman tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da rauni. Da ta fahimci cewa lalacewar ta fara ne kafin a yi amfani da takunkumin tattalin arziki na 2017, ta nuna damuwa cewa takunkumin zai kara tsananta yanayin. Ta nuna korafe-korafe game da yanayin da ake zargi da kisan kai da rundunar 'yan sanda ta musamman (FAES). Ta damu da karuwar 'yancin magana da ƙuntatawa na manema labarai. Ta ambaci muhimmiyar tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya da tsarin kiwon lafiya: yaduwar cututtukan kamuwa da cuta, da mutuwar uwaye da jarirai. Ta ba da rahoton cewa yara miliyan daya sun rasa makaranta saboda yanayin da ke cikin kasar. Ta ambaci kashe-kashen Venezuela na 2019 a matsayin misali na rushewar ababen more rayuwa na kasar, wanda ke haifar da karancin abinci, ruwa da kiwon lafiya. Ta ce jami'an tsaro da kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati sun yi amfani da karfi sosai don murkushe zanga-zangar, gami da kisan kai, tsare-tsare, azabtarwa da barazanar. Ta nuna cewa neman abinci, kiwon lafiya da aiki sun haifar da ƙaura mai yawa daga Venezuela. Ta bukaci hukumomi da su inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da gaggawa da kuma "nuna ainihin jajircewarsu don magance batutuwan ƙalubale da yawa".

Michelle Bachelet ziyarar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafin zaman makonni uku na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, shugaban OHCHR, Michelle Bachelet, ya ziyarci Venezuela daga 19 zuwa 21 ga Yuni. Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam ya sadu da Maduro da Guaidó daban a lokacin ziyararta, da kuma mai gabatar da kara na Venezuela Tarek William Saab, wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, da iyalai na wadanda abin ya shafa wadanda suka fuskanci azabtarwa da zalunci na jihar.[27] An gudanar da zanga-zangar a gaban ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Caracas a ranar karshe ta ziyarar, suna nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin da gwamnatin Maduro ta yi.[28] Gilber Caro wanda aka saki kwanaki 2 kafin ziyarar, ya shiga cikin taron.[29] Bachelet ya ba da sanarwar kirkirar tawagar da jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda biyu ke kula da ita waɗanda za su kasance a Venezuela don saka idanu kan halin jin kai.[28] Bachelet ya nuna damuwa cewa takunkumin da aka yi kwanan nan kan fitar da mai da cinikin zinariya na iya kara tsananta rikicin da 'yan Venezuela suka riga suka fuskanta.[28] Ta kuma yi kira da a saki fursunonin siyasa a Venezuela.[27] Bachelet ya kasance a karkashin matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam don yin aiki don sakin fursunonin siyasa 700 da aka daure a Venezuela, zargin da Maduro ke yi adawa da shi.[30]

Rahoton karshe da aka buga ya yi magana game da kisan gillar da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba, azabtarwa, ɓacewar tilasta wa mutane da sauran keta haƙƙin da ake zargi da jami'an tsaro na Venezuela suka aikata a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Bachelet ta bayyana damuwarta game da yawan kisan gillar da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba kuma ta bukaci a rushe FAES.[31] A cewar rahoton, hukumomin Venezuela sun yi rajistar shari'o'i 1569 na kisa sakamakon "tsayayya da iko". [31] Sauran mutuwar 52 da suka faru a lokacin zanga-zangar 2019 an danganta su da colectivos.[32] Rahoton ya kuma ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda gwamnatin Venezuela ta "yi niyyar kawar da, dannewa da kuma aikata laifuka ga abokan adawar siyasa da mutanen da ke sukar gwamnati" tun daga shekara ta 2016.[31]

A lokacin jawabi a watan Satumbar 2019 don gabatar da rahoton sabuntawa a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bachelet ta sanar da damuwarta game da yiwuwar kisan gillar da 'yan sanda na Venezuela suka yi bayan ziyararta a watan Yuni. A cewarta, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Victims" Monitor (Spanish: Monitor de víctimas), ta ba da rahoton kisa 57 da FAES ta yi a Caracas a farkon watan Yuli. Bachelet ta yi kira a baya don rushe FAES, amma ta bayyana cewa "A akasin haka, FAES sun sami tallafi daga matakin mafi girma na Gwamnati". Wani damuwa a cikin jawabinta shine dokar da aka gabatar don aikata laifuka ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da ke karɓar kuɗi daga ƙasashen waje, matakin da a cewar Associated Press, "zai iya kara lalata dimokuradiyya a Venezuela".

Shirye-shiryen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin Harin Macuto Bay a watan Mayu 2020, an kashe mutane takwas, yayin da aka tsare mutane 23, dangane da yunkurin shiga Venezuela, gami da 'yan Amurka biyu. PROVEA, wata kungiya mai kare hakkin dan adam ta wallafa a shafinta na Twitter don kare hakkin dan Adam na wadanda aka tsare kuma ta kara da cewa "kawai suna tallafawa da inganta tsarin mulki, zaman lafiya da kuma hanyoyin farar hula don dawo da dimokuradiyya na kasar". Nicolás Maduro ya zargi PROVEA da karbar kudi daga Hukumar leken asiri ta Amurka da kuma kare hakkin wadanda ake zargi da "yan ta'adda" da "masu kwangila" wadanda ya yi iƙirarin, kasancewar "wani ɓangare na jami'an tsaro na Donald Trump". Human Rights Watch ta zargi gwamnatin Maduro da gudanar da "kamfen mai tsanani" a kan PROVEA, " fadada cikas da ta ga masu sukar, abokan adawar da 'yan jarida".

'Yancin jama'a da na siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR), "Kowane mutum zai sami' yancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin zai haɗa da' yancin neman, karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi na kowane irin, ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba, ko dai ta baki, a rubuce ko a bugawa, a cikin hanyar fasaha, ko ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai da ya zaɓa".[33] An ambaci shi musamman a cikin Mataki na 18 da 19, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tunani an tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin da aka bayar a hannun jihohi masu zaman kansu.[34] Dangane da Tarin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Venezuela ta sanya hannu kan ICCPR a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1969 kuma ta amince da ƙwarewar dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin alkawarin.[35] Tunanin da ba a ɗaure shi ba bisa doka, sanya hannu kan ICCPR yana wakiltar kuma yana nuna bin ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ake tsammani daga dukkan ƙasashen membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. a cikin 2015, ICCPR ta kammala cewa Venezuela ba ta iya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da aka yi ba a kan sanya hannu kan takardar kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa kasar ta dauki matakai don kara wayar da kan jama'a game da alkawarin.[36]

'Yanci na' yan jarida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An ambaci 'yancin' yan jarida ta hanyar mahimman sashe guda biyu a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Venezuela na 1999. Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki an tsara shi a Mataki na 57 da Mataki na 58 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Hakkin bayyana ra'ayoyi kyauta ba tare da tantancewa ba (Mataki na 57) da kuma haƙƙin amsawa (Mataki nke 58) gabaɗaya suna cikin layi tare da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa. Koyaya, Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (IACHR) ta nuna damuwa game da Mataki na 58 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya ba da cewa "Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin bayani a kan lokaci, gaskiya, rashin son kai da kuma ba a tantance shi ba". Hukumar ta ɗauki matsala game da haƙƙin "gaskiya da lokaci" bayanin yana jayayya cewa wannan "wani nau'in tantancewa ne na baya da aka haramta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yanfin Dan Adam".

Damuwa game da 'yancin' yan jarida a Venezuela ta fito ne daga Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, [37] Inter American Press Association, Cibiyar Labaran Kasa da Kasa, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, [4] Reporters without Borders, [5] wakilan Cocin Katolika, Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, da sauransu. [5] [38] [39] Tun daga shekara ta 2003, Freedom House ta sanya Venezuela a matsayin "ba kyauta ba" game da 'yancin' yan jarida, tare da kasancewa a wannan matsayi har zuwa shekara ta 2014. [40][41]

A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2007, shugaban kasar Hugo Chávez ya yanke shawarar rufe tashar ta hanyar kin sabunta izinin watsa shirye-shirye su, yana zargin tashar da hannu a juyin mulkin 2002 a Venezuela, wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatinsa a takaice.[42] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka ta kammala shari'o'i biyu da tashoshin talabijin na Venezuela masu zaman kansu Globovision da RCTV suka kawo wa Venezuela. Ya kammala cewa gwamnatin Venezuela ta kasa yin isasshen don hanawa da kuma azabtar da ayyukan tsoratar da 'yan jarida ta wasu, kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta buƙaci.[43] A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2015, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa kin sabuntawa da izinin shine "ƙuntatawa mara kai tsaye kan yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki [...] da nufin hana sadarwa da yaduwar ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin", cewa gwamnati ta keta haƙƙin tsarin da ya dace kuma dole ne ta dawo da izinin RCTV. Gwamnatin Venezuela ta yi watsi da hukuncin.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, an tsare wani dan jaridar Venezuelan mai zaman kansa Luis Carlos Díaz bisa zargin da ake yi na haifar da babbar wuta a kasar. Díaz ya gaya wa matarsa cewa a lokacin binciken, jami'an leken asiri sun buge shi da kwalkwali, suka kwace wayarsa, kwamfuta da tsabar kudi kuma suka yi masa barazanar dasa gawar a gidansa kuma suka zarge shi da kisan kai idan ya yi magana game da kamawa ga kowa.[44] An tsare Díaz a cikin kurkukun El Helicoide da ke Caracas.[45]

Gudanar da adalci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai matsaloli tare da tsarin adalci na Venezuela a duk lokacin dimokuradiyya (tun 1958). Baya ga rashin kulawa da majalisa, sojojin Venezuela suna da iko a kan tsarin shari'a fiye da sauran ƙasashe. Ana iya aika laifuka game da "yancin kai da tsaro na al'umma, game da 'yanci da kuma tsarin jama'a" ga alƙalai na soja, kuma sojojin suna sarrafa mafi yawan tilasta bin doka da suka shafi yankunan iyaka, ayyukan da ma'aikatan soja ko fararen hula suka yi a yankunan da ke karkashin ikon soja, da laifuka da dokar farar hula ta rufe. Dokar Venezuela ta ba 'yan sanda iko fiye da yadda suke yi a mafi yawan ƙasashe, kuma suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen farawa da gudanar da ayyukan shari'a; "yan sanda sun sannu a hankali sun ɗauki yawancin ayyukan duka [Ma'aikatar Shari'a] da alƙalai masu bincike". "Wannan iko ya ba da izinin cin zarafin ya bazu a duk lokacin shari'a", gami da amfani da shaidu na ƙarya a kai a kai, abubuwan da suka ƙirƙira da kuma lalata shaidu, da kuma zargin ƙarya, gami da rashin amincewa da umarnin kotu, kariya ga jami'an da ake zargi, da kuma cin zarafin masu gwagwarmayar siyasa. Har ila yau, yana nufin cewa tsarin shari'a ya daɗe yana da talauci sosai wajen binciken zargin cin zarafin da jami'an gwamnati suka yi.

Wani rahoto na 1993 Human Rights Watch ya bayyana cewa "gwamnatin shari'a tana cikin rikici. [Civil] kotuna suna lalacewa ta hanyar siyasa, cin hanci da rashawa, rashin inganci da rashin albarkatu. " An gano wani ɓangare na matsalar a matsayin "babban rawar" alƙali a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka a gudanar da bincike, gami da jagorantar 'Yan sanda na shari'a. Shari'o'i masu rikitarwa na iya mamaye ma da alƙalai masu lamiri, kuma tsarin yana ba da sauƙin "kayan aiki don rashin aiki na shari'a". Rahoton ya lura cewa "ra'ayi ya yadu - tsakanin lauyoyi, alƙalai da masu biyan haraji da kuma talakawa - cewa cin hanci da rashawa ya lalata kowane matakin tsarin shari'a... " Kafin 1991, an ce nadin alƙalai (ta hanyar Majalisar Shari'a) "yana da hankali"; daga baya, gasa da ka'idojin manufa sun rage tasirin siyasa har zuwa wani lokaci.

Babban matsala na dogon lokaci shine gazawar adalcin da ya taso daga jinkirta tsarin tsarin tsarin shari'a: a cikin 1990 matsakaiciyar kotu ta karbi sabbin shari'o'i 675, kuma ta kai ga yanke shawara akan 120. A Caracas matsakaicin kotu ya ɗauki kwanaki 286 don kammala binciken lokaci na gwaji, a kan iyakar doka na 34; da kuma kwanaki 794 kafin yanke hukunci, sabanin adadin da doka ta tanada na 68. Sakamakon koma bayan shari’a, da yawa daga cikin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin za su shafe tsawon lokaci a tsare a lokacin yanke hukunci fiye da iyakar hukuncin da aka amince da su kan laifukan da suka aikata. Rikicin baya kuma yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga cunkoson gidajen yarin Venezuela.

An kama Richard Blanco, wani jami'in karamar hukuma daga Caracas, a Caracas a watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, an tuhume shi da tayar da tashin hankali da raunata jami'in 'yan sanda yayin zanga-zangar. Amnesty International ta ce "tsayar da shi ya zama kamar siyasa ce", tana mai cewa shaidar bidiyon da aka bayar don tallafawa zargin ba ta nuna wata shaidar tashin hankali ko ta'addanci da Blanco ya yi ba. Amnesty ta nemi a sake shi.[46][47] An sake shi a kan beli a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010. [48]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Countries". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  2. ↑ "IACHR Annual Report 2008 - Chapter IV". www.cidh.oas.org. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  3. ↑ "Venezuela: Human Rights Watch Delegation Expelled". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Venezuela". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  5. ↑ "Venezuela 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  6. ↑ "Unemployment rate". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  7. ↑ "Democracy Index 2012". www.eiu.com. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  8. ↑ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  9. ↑ "Venezuela - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  10. ↑ "Venezuela - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  11. ↑ "AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "PACT OF SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA" (B-32)". Multilateral Treaties. Organization of American States. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IACHR
  13. ↑ "Comité de Familiares de las Víctimas". COFAVIC. 28 February 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  14. ↑ "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2014". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "VENEZUELA Protestors in civil disturbances". Amnesty International. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Venezuela". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  17. ↑ "Venezuela". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  18. ↑ "Punished for Protesting" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  19. ↑ "Venezuela: Violence Against Protesters, Journalists". Human Rights Watch. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  20. ↑ "S.2142 – Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  21. ↑ "Venezuela: UN rights chief calls for immediate release of opposition leader, politicians". United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LVmarch11
  23. ↑ Foro Penal; Human Rights Watch. Missing |author1= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ "Venezuela: Senior Officials' Responsibility for Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  25. ↑ "Heimild til flutnings á hergögnum um íslenskt yfirráðasvæði ekki veitt". Government of Iceland (in Yaren mutanen Iceland). 23 October 2017. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  26. ↑ "Standing in solidarity with Venezuelan human rights defenders". Human Rights Watch. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021./
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named reutersBacheletvisit
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bloombergBacheletvisit
  29. ↑ Smith, Scott; Goodman, Joshua (22 June 2019). "UN human rights chief appeals for dialogue in Venezuela". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  30. ↑ "UN Human Rights Chief Urges Venezuelan Government to Free Jailed Dissidents". VOANews. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "UN report cites 'shockingly high' number of likely 'executions' in Venezuela". France 24. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  32. ↑ "UN human rights chief 'hopeful' Venezuelan authorities are ready to address violations, calls for dialogue". UN News. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  33. ↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  34. ↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". United Nations Human Rights Committee: Office of the High Commissioner. United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  35. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  36. ↑ "CCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". United Nations Human Right Office of the High Commissioner. United Nations Human Rights Committee. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  37. ↑ "Venezuela: Globovisión attack must be urgently investigated and journalists protected". Amnesty International. 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  38. ↑ "2008 Human Rights Report: Venezuela". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. U.S. Department of State. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  39. ↑ "In 'cure worse than cold,' Globovisión waits to be stripped of broadcast frequency". Reporters without Borders. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  40. ↑ "FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2003" (PDF). Freedom House. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  41. ↑ "FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2014" (PDF). Freedom House. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  42. ↑ "Easy to See the Speck in the Other's Eye". Inter Press Service. May 30, 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  43. ↑ "Inter American Court of Human Rights" (PDF). IACHR. 23 March 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  44. ↑ "Venezuela: Journalist Detained, Accused of Causing Blackout". Human Rights Watch. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  45. ↑ "Venezuelan Journalist Luis Carlos Díaz Was Detained After Reporting On His Country's Blackout". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  46. ↑ "Document". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  47. ↑ "WebCite query result" (PDF). www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-04. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  48. ↑ "Document". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-10.
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