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'Yancin Dan Adam na' yan asalin tsakiya a Vietnam

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Mazaunan tsaunukan Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Vietnam ana kiransu da Montagnard. Vietnamese sun mamaye Tsaunukan Tsakiyar Tsakiya a lokacin "tafiya zuwa kudu" (Nam tiến). Kabilar Vietnamese (Kinh) a yanzu sun fi Degar na ƴan asali yawa (wanda ake la'akari da kalmar wulakanci) bayan mulkin mallaka na ƙasa wanda gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam da gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta yanzu ta haɗin kai Vietnam suka jagoranta. Montagnards sun tsunduma cikin rikici da Vietnamese, daga gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam mai adawa da kwaminisanci, Viet Cong, zuwa gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta hadaddiyar Vietnam. Akwai sabanin ra'ayi game da wannan batu, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin Vietnam ya ce "Mataki na 36 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, jihar ta ba da gudummawa sosai a fannin ilimi kuma tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen fifiko daban-daban ga 'yan tsiraru, kamar makarantun kwana na kananan kabilu, ƙananan bukatun shiga da adadin ga 'yan tsiraru." duk wasu tsiraru a Vietnam suna da 'yancin kula da yarensu na asali a makarantarsu tare da yin amfani da harsunansu don kiyaye al'adu da dabi'unsu na kabilanci, ko da yake ana ci gaba da muhawara game da aiwatar da doka saboda yanayin da ake ciki.[1]

Tarihi

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Jihar Champa da Chams a cikin ƙasƙanci sun kasance masu mulkin gargajiya waɗanda Montagnards a cikin tsaunuka suka amince da su a matsayin iyayengijinsu, yayin da Montagnard ke riƙe da ikon cin gashin kansu. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II malamai na Vietnam sun yi bikin ra'ayin "Nam tiến" da cin nasara a kudu. Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois shine sunan Tsakiyar Tsakiya daga Shekarar 1946 a ƙarƙashin Indochina ta Faransa.

Har zuwa mulkin Faransa, wani asalin Amurka ya zargi Tsakiyar Tsakiya kamar yadda kusan ba a taɓa shiga Vietnamese ba tun lokacin da suka kalli shi a matsayin wani yanki mai banƙyama (Moi-Montagnard) wanda ke da dabbobi masu tsananin gaske kamar tigers, "ruhohi mai guba" da "ruhohin mugunta", amma Vietnamese sun nuna sha'awar ƙasar bayan Faransanci sun canza shi zuwa yankin shuka mai fa'ida don shuka amfanin gona, ban da albarkatun halitta daga gandun daji, ma'adanai da ƙasa mai arziki da kuma fahimtar muhimmancin ƙasa. Koyaya, an kuma yi amfani da dabarar Faransanci na raba-da-nasara don rarraba ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa, ta amfani da ƙungiyoyi da sojoji na musamman na Montagnard da aka tattara da su da kuma raba yankin.

A shekara ta 1955, 'yan gudun hijirar Arewacin Vietnam sun zauna a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya bayan da Ngô Đình Diệm ya soke yankin Montagnard mai cin gashin kansa. Y Bham Enuol ya kafa Bajaraka a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1958 don tsayayya da nuna bambanci, mazaunin Vietnamese a kan Highlands da kuma tilasta wa gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam. Y Bham Enuol ya tuntubi Sakataren Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje. "Front for the Liberation of the Highlands of Champa" (MDCTTTTRANZZZZI Phóng Cao Nguyên Champa) da Bajaraka dukansu suna karkashin jagorancin Y Bham Enuol. Khmer Rouge ne suka kashe shi a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1975. [1] An ga goyon bayan kabilar Tsakiyar Tsakiya a matsayin mahimmanci ga dabarun yaki na Hanoi, kuma kabilun daban-daban sun goyi bayan National Liberation Front, tare da mutanen Kirista Y Bih Aleo da ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin Shugaban NLF. Yawancin jami'an Montagnard sun taimaka wa hare-haren PAVN kan sansanonin Sojoji na Musamman na Amurka da ma'aikata a cikin yankin, kuma adawarsu da Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam ya sa ba su gargadi su game da hare-hare a lokacin yakin 1975.[2]

Les Kosem, Y Bham Enuol da Yarima Norodom Sihanouk sun yi aiki tare don gano FULRO da kuma kaddamar da tashin hankali a kan gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam don dawo da ƙasarsu daga masu mulkin mallaka na Vietnam. Tun daga shekara ta 1964 'yan Montagnards na FULRO sun yi gwagwarmaya don ƙasarsu kuma sun ci gaba da yin gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin Kwaminisanci na Vietnam wanda ya tsananta musu saboda imanin addininsu. Bayan kurkuku da kisan kai a lokacin zanga-zangar 2001 da 2004 da 'yan tsirarun kabilun tsaunuka suka yi adawa da mulkin Vietnamese, Vietnam ta dakatar da baƙi daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya na wani lokaci. [3][4]

Daidaita mulkin mallaka na Tsakiyar Tsakiya a lokacin Yakin Indochina (s)

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Montagnards a FULRO sun yi yaƙi da Vietnamese na tsawon shekaru ashirin bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Vietnam kuma sikelin hare-haren Vietnamese a kan Montagnands wani marubucin Amurka ya yi zargin cewa sun kashe sama da 200,000 Montagnars bayan shekarar 1975 a lokacin yakin tsakanin FULRO da Vietnam a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, yayin da Vietnamese ke hayar ƙasar ga kamfanonin Japan don girbi katako a yankin. Sinawa sun ba da makamai, makamai, da bindigogi 5,000 ga wasu kungiyoyin Montagnard bayan wasu Montagnards sun nemi taimako daga China ta hanyar Janar Savit-Yun K-Yut tun lokacin da Amurka ta ki taimaka wa FULRO Montagnars a kan Vietnamese. An yi amfani da azabtarwa da kamawa da yawa da sojojin Vietnam suka yi a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya a kan Degar a lokacin zanga-zangar Fabrairun shekarar 2001 game da zaluncin Vietnamese.[5]

Sinawa, Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Cham, da Delta Cambodians (Khmer Krom) duk sun rabu da gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam a karkashin Diem. Montagnard Highlands sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ta ƙabilar Vietnamese a ƙarƙashin Diem. Cikakken kin amincewa da mulkin Vietnamese ya ji daga kabilun da ba na NLP ba na Montagnards a cikin shekarata 1963.

Vietnamese sun samo asali ne a kusa da Red River Delta amma sun shiga cikin cin nasara kuma sun kwace sabbin ƙasashe kamar su Champa, Mekong Delta (daga Cambodia) da kuma Tsakiyar Tsakiya a lokacin Nam Tien, yayin da Vietnamese suka sami tasirin Sin mai ƙarfi a cikin al'adunsu da wayewa kuma an Sinicized, kuma Cambodians da Laotians sun kasance Indianized, Montagnards a cikin Tsakiyar tsakiya sun kiyaye al'adun su ba tare da karɓar al'adun waje na asali na ƙasar da 'yan asalin ƙasar Ptagnese ba tare da' yan asalin ƙasar Ptignese suna Ptagners ba, kuma suna fitowa na yankin, kuma suna Ptagneese suna Pichnese suna Abinda sun kasancewar yankin, kuma sun kasance suna suna Ptaginese da' yan ƙasar da sunan' yan asalin yankin na ƙasar Ptagin da' yan ƙasa na yankin na ƙasar da mutanen Tsakiya na yankin, da mutanen Tsakiyar ƙasar Ptagne-M 'Yan mulkin mallaka na Vietnamese Kinh da ke mamayewa a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun canza yawan jama'a na yankin sosai. Rikicin zanga-zangar da aka yi da mutuwar mutane ya ɓarke saboda fushin Montagnard game da nuna bambanci na Vietnam da kwace ƙasarsu tun lokacin da gwamnati ta kafa yawancin Vietnamese Kinh a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya.

Montagnards sun yi tawaye a FULRO a kan Kudancin Vietnam sannan kuma suka hada kan Kwaminisanci Vietnam. An aiwatar da shirin mulkin mallaka na Kinh Vietnamese ta gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam da gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam da aka haɗa kai kuma yanzu yawancin Kinh sun fi yawa a yankunan tsaunuka. [6] Yankunan Montagnard a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na jihar da ke tallafawa ta ƙabilar Vietnamese a ƙarƙashin mulkin Kudancin Vietnamese na Ngo Dinh Diem wanda ya haifar da nisanta Montagnards kuma ya jagoranci su ƙi mulkin Vietnamese. FULRO duk da haka ba ta wakilci karfi ko ƙungiya ɗaya tsakanin Montagnards, Khmer Krom da sauran kungiyoyi ba, kamar yadda Kamfen ɗin Kambodiya wanda ya haifar da 'yan gudun hijira a yankin ya sa mutane da yawa su shiga Viet Cong kuma su zama mambobi. Roƙon " kare ƙasar" daga harin kasashen waje ya yi kira ga mutane da yawa.[7]

An kwatanta mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Vietnam da Kwaminisanci na Vietnam na Tsakiyar Tsakiya da tarihin Nam mai kyau na sarakunan Vietnam na baya. A lokacin Nam tiến (Maris zuwa Kudu) yankin Khmer da Cham an kwace su kuma an mallake su da soja (đồn ры) ta hanyar mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Vietnamese wanda aka sake maimaita shi ta hanyar mulkin mallakar 'yan gudun hijirar Katolika na Arewacin Vietnard a ƙasar Montagnard ta shugaban Kudancin Vietnamese Diem da kuma gabatar da "Sabon Yankin Tattalin Arziki" na yanzu. An zargi 'yan Kwaminisanci na Vietnam da aiwatar da mummunan hukunci a kan Montagnards bayan da aka ci Kudancin Vietnam. Ko waɗannan batutuwan gaskiya ne ko a'a ana jayayya da su a bayyane, saboda kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam ya amince da dukkan kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru na tsakiya na yanzu.[8] Bugu da ƙari, wannan rukuni ya nuna aminci mai ƙarfi, da yawa sun shiga cikin NLF don adawa da manufofin Saigon.

Wasu 'yan Vietnamese sun kalli kuma sun yi hulɗa da' yan asalin Montagnards a cikin CIDG daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya a matsayin "masu zalunci" kuma wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali na Montagnard a kan Vietnamese. Wasu Montagnard Rhades sun tayar da tawaye, sun kwace daruruwan fararen hula da sojoji na Vietnam, sun kashe jami'an sojojin Vietnam na musamman da kuma kwace masu ba da shawara na Amurka a ranar 19-20 ga Satumba amma sashen 23 na sojojin Vietnam ta Kudu ya dakatar da su daga yin girman Ban Me Thout, babban birnin lardin Darlac. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya kungiyar Montagnard FULRO ta yi yaƙi da Kwaminisanci da Kudancin Vietnam saboda nuna bambanci da sojojin Kudancin Vietnans suka yi wa Montagnards. Bayan nasarar Kwaminisanci na Arewacin Vietnamese, Vietnamese sun ki cin gashin kansu ga Montagnards, kuma a ƙasar Montagnard sun zauna kusan miliyan ɗaya na kabilun Vietnamese ban da amfani da "ƙananan sansanoni" a kan Montagnars, wanda ya jagoranci Montagnart FULRO don ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai da Vietnamese.

An kuma kira 'yan tsiraru kabilanci gabaɗaya "moi", gami da wasu "ƙabilun tsaunuka" kamar Muong. Manufofin nuna bambanci na 'yan tsiraru na Vietnamese, lalacewar muhalli, hana ƙasashe daga' yan asalin ƙasar, da kuma zama a ƙasashen asali ta hanyar yawan mazauna Vietnamese sun haifar da zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar da' yan asalin asalin ƙasar Highland na tsakiya suka yi wa Vietnamese a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu 2001 kuma wannan taron ya ba da babbar matsala ga da'awar da gwamnatin Vietnamese ke yawanci cewa a Vietnam babu wani rikici na kabilanci, babu rikici na addini, babu rikice-rikice-rikici na kabilu. Kuma babu kawar da al'ada ɗaya ta wani. Wannan sasantawa na kasa da ke tallafawa na kabilanci na Vietnamese Kinh ya faru ne a wani yanki mai tsawo, Annamite Cordillera (Trường Sơn) , duka tsakiya na tsakiya da Annamite cordillera sun cika da kabilun da ba Vietnamese ba a farkon karni na 20, amma yawan jama'ar tsaunuka ya canza sosai tare da mulkin mallaka na mazauna miliyan 6 daga 1976 zuwa 1990s, wanda ya haifar da yawan kabilun Vietnamese da suka fi yawan kabilansu.[9]

Cire al'adu da yawan jama'a

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Barin duk wani shiri na cin gashin kai ga 'yan tsiraru, gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam ta kaddamar da shirin daidaitawa tare da kirkirar "Kwamitin Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki na Kudancin Highlander". Kudancin Vietnamese sun kafa hanyarsu ga masu tsaunuka ta hanyar da'awar cewa za a "ci gaba" tun da yake sun kasance "matalauta" da "marasa sani", suna sa masu aikin gona su zauna kuma su zauna kabilun Vietnamese masu mulkin mallaka daga yankunan bakin teku zuwa cikin tsaunuka kamar 'yan gudun hijirar Katolika na Arewacin Vietnam da suka tsere zuwa Kudancin Vietnese, 'yan asalin Vietnamese sun kasance a cikin tsaunukan da suka fi mayar da hankali ga yankunan Vietnamese su duka sun kasance a kan iyakar yankin da su, har zuwa yankunan Vietnam da suka kasance suna da yawa sun kasance suna da 'yan asalin yankin Vietnamese masu tasowa da suka hada da yawa, har zuwa shekara ta hanyar yankunan Vietnam sun kasance suna barin yankunan da yawa, duk da' yan asalin yankin Vietnam da suka wucewa da suka kasance masu mulkin mallaki yankin Vietnamese da suka kasance a cikin yankuna masu tasowa na Arewacin Arewacin Vietnamese da yawa, sun kasance suna gudanar da su da kuma har zuwa yankuna masu mulkin mallattafi suna da suka kasance sun kasance suna nan da yawa, suna da yawa, tun da yawa, '

Babban Janar Les Kosem ne ya jagoranci kokarin 'yantar da mutanen Cham. Mutanen Cham suna kiyaye ran FULRO da rai bisa ga tsohon memba na FULRO Cham Po Dharma wanda ya tafi tafiya don ganin kabarin Les Kosem.[10]

Wani labarin 2002 a cikin Washington Times ya ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Vietnam ta tilasta wa matan Montagnard yin amfani da su don rage yawan mutanen Montagnards, ban da satar ƙasashen Montagnars, da kuma kai farmaki ga imanin addininsu, kashewa da azabtar da su a cikin wani nau'i na "kisan kare dangi".

Luke Simpkins, wani dan majalisa a majalisar wakilai ta Ostiraliya ya yi Allah wadai da tsanantawar Vietnamese na Tsakiyar Highland Montagnards kuma ya lura da gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam da gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam sun kai hari kan Montagnars kuma sun mallaki ƙasashensu, suna ambaton FULRO wanda ya yi yaƙi da Vietnamese da sha'awar Montagnard don adana al'adunsu da yarensu. Gwamnatin Vietnam ta sa wadanda ba Montagnards ba su zauna a ƙasar Montagnard kuma sun kashe Montagnars bayan sun tsare su.[11]

Rashin amincewar gwamnati

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zanga-zangar jama'a ta 2001

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Rahlan Djan da Rahlan Pon su ne 'yan Montagnards guda biyu waɗanda Vietnamese suka yi musu fyade kuma tsohon memba na FULRO Ksor Kok ya taimaka wajen jawo hankali ga yanayinsu.[12] An gina shuke-shuke da gwamnati ke gudanarwa a ƙasar Montagnards waɗanda kuma mutanen da ke ƙasa suka zauna. An sa 'yan Montagnards su ba da ƙasashensu ƙasa da yadda suka cancanci ga gwamnatin Vietnamese Gwamnatin Vietnamese ta azabtar da 'yan Montignards da aka daure wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a. Akwai jami'an 'yan sanda 30 da suka ji rauni a Buon Ma Thuot a Daklak da Pleiku. Aikin noma kofi da mulkin mallaka na kabilun Vietnamese a cikin tsaunuka na tsakiya suna samun goyon baya daga gwamnatin Vietnamese. Jiragen saman Vietnam da sojoji sun kai wa 'yan asalin hari a lardunan Daklak da Gia Lai. Wani yunkuri na 'yan gudun hijirar Montagnard a Cambodia ya faru ne bayan da gwamnatin Vietnam ta tsananta wa zanga-zangar a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001. [13] Bayan yunkurin tserewa daga Vietnam ko nuna adawa da gwamnati, an sanya wa'adin kurkuku a kan 'yan Montagnards sama da 70.

zanga-zangar jama'a ta 2004

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An fara zanga-zangar Montagnard ta farko ne lokacin da 'yan Vietnam suka tsare mazauna Montagnards 3 a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001. [14] Babban birnin Dak Lak Buon Ma Thuot shi ne wurin da Montagnards suka haɗu a cikin dubban a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2004. An tura tankuna da bindigogi na ruwa, 'yan sanda sun tura sandunan lantarki da iskar gas. Gundumomin Gia Lai na Dak Doa, Cu Se, da Ayun Pa a ranar 11 ga Afrilu sun kasance wuraren da Montagnards suka ci gaba da zanga-zangar da suka yi wa Vietnamese. Human Rights Watch ta kuma bayar da rahoton mutuwar da raunin da aka samu a tsakanin Montagnards a cikin tashin hankali na 2004. Maido da ƙasar 'yan asalin ƙasar buƙata ce daga masu zanga-zangar Montagnard marasa ƙarfi. Sadarwa ta waje ta iyakance kuma an haramta mutane uku ko fiye da su taru, tare da motsi na ciki na Central Highlands. An kama gida tare da 'yan sanda na Vietnam sun shiga gidaje da ƙauyuka na Montagnards. An rubuta abubuwan da suka faru da yawa na kurkuku da kuma kai hari kan Montagnards a cikin 2003 da 2004. Gia Lai da Daklak sun kasance wurin zanga-zangar jama'a ta 2004. Masu zanga-zangar Montagnard sun bukaci a ba su ƙasashensu kuma a bi da su daidai. Masu zanga-zangar sun hada da dubban 'yan sanda da masu zanga-zambe suna daga cikin wadanda suka ji rauni. Kamar zanga-zangar jama'a ta 2001, Buon Ma Thuot ya sake zama wurin babban taro na Montagnards suna neman a mayar da ƙasashen Daklak na gargajiya kuma a ba da 'yancin addini. An kafa shuke-shuke a kan ƙasar da aka sace inda gwamnatin Vietnam ta kori Montagnards tun lokacin da Vietnamese ke amfani da shi don shuka kofi. Kashe ƙasar 'yan asalin ƙasar yana ɗaya daga cikin korafe-korafe na taron a Daklak a waje da gine-ginen gwamnatin Vietnam da Montagnards suka yi. Vietnamese sun kama Montagnards a lokacin zanga-zangar kuma mutane sun ji rauni yayin fadace-fadace da suka ɓarke. Gwamnatin Vietnam ta zargi Gidauniyar Montagnard.

An kiyasta mahalarta Montagnard a 30,000 ko 10,000. 'Yan Vietnamese sun haramta masu sa ido na kasashen waje. Human Rights Watch ta bukaci samun damar zuwa Tsakiyar Tsakiya. 'Yan asalin Vietnam masu zaman kansu sun taimaka wa' yan sanda na Vietnam su kai hari, su yi kisa, kuma su kashe Montagnards a tsakiyar gonakin kofi da kuma a kan tituna, gami da wata mace mai suna Montagnard.[15] An ambaci rahoton Human Rights Watch a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka.[16][17][18][19][20][21] An farautar masu zanga-zangar tare da karnuka a cikin gonakin kofi ta Vietnamese, a cewar sabis na labarai na Baptist. An hana masu yawon bude ido da kamfanonin jiragen sama kamar yadda jami'an ofishin jakadancin kasashen waje suka kasance. 'Yan Vietnamese sun yi wa 'yan tsaunuka kaciya ba tare da son rai ba. Fata ƙasar 'yan asalin ƙasar da Vietnamese suka yi shine dalilin zanga-zangar.

A cewar Sabis ɗin Labaran Kirista, an yi mummunar nuna bambanci ga Montagnards ta Vietnamese. Kamfen ɗin wankewa na abubuwan da suka faru na jini da gwamnatin Vietnam ta yi ya zargi Human Rights Watch. An ga kisan gillar da 'yan Vietnam suka yi kuma an bayyana su ga Human Rights Watch. 'Yan Vietnam sun kaddamar da kwanto da tarkon mamaki a kan masu zanga-zangar. Fararen hula na Vietnam sun shiga cikin jami'an tsaro na Vietnam don kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar Buonmathuot Degar Montagnard. Fararen hula na Vietnam sun taimaka wa 'yan sanda na Vietnam da suka kai hari da kuma kisan kiyashi na Montagnard. 'Yan Vietnamese ne suka kafa tarkuna a wuraren da suka fara kai hari ga masu zanga-zangar.

Gwamnatin Vietnam ta murkushe zanga-zangar kuma adadin da aka yi ya yi yawa. Kafofin yada labarai na gwamnatin Vietnam sun yi iƙirarin cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai mutane biyu. Yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na Vietnam sun yi watsi da zanga-zangar. Akwai mutuwar da ta haifar da harbe-harbe da tashin hankali na Montagnards a hannun Vietnamese a cewar Human Rights Watch . Akwai takardun kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan Montagnards 10 bisa ga sa ido na' yancin dan adam yayin da Amnesty International ta rubuta 8. HRW ta yi zargin fararen fata yayin da Amnesty ta soki halin da ake ciki na kabilanci. Lokacin da aka murkushe zanga-zangar ƙauyuka sun rasa yawan mazaunansu. Hanawar da aka yi wa wadanda ba 'yan Vietnam ba da kuma tantancewa sun kasa dakatar da rahotanni game da asusun kisan kai da azabtarwa da aka yi a kan Montagnards a hannun' yan kasar Vietnam da 'yan sanda. Gwamnatin Vietnam ta aiwatar da kamfen don tantancewa da farfado da abubuwan da suka faru. Ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta zanga-zangar ya kai 400,000 yayin da aka ba da kimanin adadin mutuwar a 400. A lokacin zanga-zangar an harbe Montagnards bisa ga jagoran Save the Montagnars George Clark. An yi zargin cewa an kashe 'yan Montagnard 2,000 tare da koguna da ake amfani da su a matsayin wuraren zubar da gawawwakin da Vietnamese suka yi bisa ga Gidauniyar Montagnart.

Vietnam ta yi iƙirarin cewa rahotanni na Gidauniyar Montagnard da Human Rights Watch, sun musanta nuna bambanci kuma sun yi iƙirin cewa Vietnam tana kula da mutanen Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Vietnam ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ba da 'yancin imani da haƙuri ga' yan tsiraru don mayar da martani ga tashin hankali. An yi amfani da makamai na roba ne kawai bisa ga ikirarin Vietnamese don mayar da martani ga zargin amfani da bindigogi da kashe masu zanga-zangar ta hanyar buga su. Mutanen suna son ƙasarsu ta dawo. Ofishin Jakadancin Vietnam a Amurka da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Vietnam sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu nuna bambanci da ke faruwa kuma komai ya zama na al'ada.[22] An zargi masu zanga-zangar Montagnard da kasancewa masu rabuwa waɗanda gwamnatin Vietnam ke son ƙasarsu. Gidauniyar Montagnard ta zargi Vietnam. Gwamnatin Vietnam ta yi barazanar masu zanga-zangar nan gaba bayan sun murkushe zanga-zambe na Tsakiyar Tsakiya tare da Montagnard da aka kira shi a matsayin tushen ƙiyayya daga Nguyen Tan Dung, Mataimakin Firayim Minista. An zargi 'yan kasashen waje da tayar da zanga-zangar da Vietnam ta yi kuma ikon zanga-zambe ya faru an zarge shi da sassaucin ra'ayi a wani bangare na jihar da Nguyen Tan Dung, Mataimakin Firayim Minista.

Da zarar 'yan Vietnam sun murkushe zanga-zangar, an ba da gwamnatin Vietnam da ke sarrafawa da kuma saka idanu kan yawon shakatawa na Tsakiyar Tsakiya na' yan jarida wadanda ba 'yan Vietnam ba bayan sun shiga cikin martani mai karfi da wasu kasashe suka yi game da abubuwan da suka faru. An dakatar da wadanda ba 'yan Vietnam ba daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya yayin da' yan sanda na Vietnam suka murkushe zanga-zangar. Sojojin Vietnamese sun mamaye Buon Ma Thuoat bayan sun murkushe taron da Montagnards suka shiga da daruruwan. 'Yan sanda na Vietnam sun haramta baƙi daga shiga Buon Ma Thuot. Gwamnatin Vietnam ta zalunta addinai da kabilun bisa ga Gidauniyar Montagnard. An rufe tsaunuka ga kowane wanda ba ɗan Vietnam ba bayan zanga-zangar. An haramta filayen jirgin sama a Pleiku da Buon Ma Thuot daga ba da izinin wadanda ba na Vietnamese ba. Ana buƙatar izini na musamman ga 'yan jarida da jami'an kwastam da wadanda ba na Vietnam ba. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, an ba da rahoton cewa an sake buɗe tsaunuka na tsakiya ga wadanda ba 'yan Vietnam ba. An haramta aikin jarida na tsaka-tsaki lokacin da aka ba da izini ga manema labarai bayan Tarayyar Turai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun sami damar yin amfani da makamai bayan an sami cikakkiyar rashin rahoto game da zanga-zangar na makonni 3. An kashe 19 bisa ga kungiyoyi yayin da 2 suka mutu bisa ga Vietnam.

Kambodiya ita ce makoma ga yawancin mutanen Montagnards waɗanda suka tsere daga zalunci inda yawan mutanen da aka tsare da kuma rauni ya kai daruruwan bayan 'yan Kwaminisanci na Vietnam sun murkushe masu zanga-zangar, waɗanda suka nemi magance satar ƙasarsu ta gwamnatin Vietnam. Rikicin Vietnamese a kan Montagnards a cikin 2001 da 2004 a kan hakkinsu na ƙasa ya haifar da Cambodia ta fuskanci Fitowar masu neman mafaka na Montagnard.[23] Abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da Cambodia ta zama makoma ga 'yan Montagnards da ke tserewa. Cambodia ce ta yi korafe-korafe na Montagnards waɗanda suka tsere wa Vietnamese. Sarki Sihanouk na Kambodiya ya ba da shawarar mafaka ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Cambodia.[24] Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation (KKF) ta goyi bayan sanarwar da Sarki Sihanouk ya yi game da halin da ake ciki. Sanctuary for Montagnards running from the repression aka nemi daga gwamnatin Kambodiya ta KKF.[25]

Italiya da Amurka sun yi ƙoƙari su bincika zalunci. Jam'iyyar Radical Party ta Italiya ta jawo hankali ga halin da ake ciki na Montagnards ga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai. Tarayyar Turai ta nemi a nuna gaskiya daga gwamnatin Vietnam. Rikicin Vietnamese a kan zanga-zangar Easter ta 2004 ya haifar da zargi daga Tarayyar Turai. EU ta nemi a bude tsaunuka na tsakiya ga wadanda ba 'yan Vietnam ba tunda yankin ya hana 'yan jarida na kasashen waje. An dakatar da jakadun kasashen waje da masu sa ido daga yankin ta hanyar Vietnamese. Ofishin jakadancin Italiya da Amurka sun bukaci shiga cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Wakilin Jamhuriyar Republican Tom Davis ne ya fara ƙudurin House Resolution 613 kan tsanantawa a Vietnam. Italiya ta yi kira ga a ba masu neman mafaka na Montagnard damar shiga Cambodia kuma ta kira tsanantawar Montagnart a hannun Vietnamese don kawo karshen. A cikin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai an yi Allah wadai da tsanantawar Vietnamese na Montagnards ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Radical ta Italiya.[26] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Vietnam ta kai hari kan maganganun Jam'iyyar Radical ta Italiya da Mountagnard Fondation. Saboda zubar da jini a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, a Washington DC ofishin jakadancin Vietnam ya kasance wurin zanga-zangar. Hmong da 'yan adawar Laos sun goyi bayan Montagnards saboda kawancen Vietnam da gwamnatin Laos.

Tsanantawa na zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Vietnam ta zalunta 'yan Montagnards kuma ta yi musu fyade tare da Vietnamese da suka kwace ƙasarsu kuma suka sace su, Vietnamese sun toshe iyakar Kambodiya da Vietnamese don hana su barin su a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira da kuma Vietnamese suna azabtar da Montagnars da wutar lantarki da duka. A matsayin hanyar tsoratar da mutane, 'yan Vietnam sun tara daruruwan masu kallo don kallon gwajin Montaganrds da aka kama da kuma tilasta wa jama'a su ƙi imani na addini a kansu. Vietnamese sun zargi Montagnards da kasancewa "masu mayar da martani". [27] [28]

Gwamnatin Vietnam ba ta ba da izinin haƙƙin addini da cin gashin kai ba. Harin da 'yan kasar Vietnam suka yi ya sami izini kuma gwamnatin Vietnam ta goyi bayan su, tare da daya daga cikin dangin Montagnard da 'yan Vietnamese suka kai hari da wuka a cikin 2007. An kwace ƙasashensu na gargajiya daga gare su.[29][30][31]

Gwamnatin Vietnam ta goyi bayan wariyar launin fata, manufofi masu adawa da addini, satar ƙasa, cin zarafi, da ɗaurin kurkuku a kan 'yan tsiraru kamar Hmong, Montagnards, da Khmer Krom kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci a Geneva a lokacin zamanta na 80 [32] .[33]

A lardin Gialai, gundumar Cu Se, ƙauyen Hbong, Siu Klong, Degar Montagnard, 'yan ƙasar Vietnam sun rataye shi har ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2012. 'Yan sanda da gwamnati na Vietnam sun yi watsi da laifin kuma ba su dauki mataki a kan masu aikata laifin ba.[34][35][36]

An ba da izinin 'yancin addini a hukumance a cikin Mataki na 70 na kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam, amma gwamnatin Vietnam ta yi watsi da wannan kuma ta kashe, kurkuku, da cin zarafin Degars saboda addininsu bayan 1975 lokacin da Arewacin Vietnamese suka mamaye Tsakiyar Tsakiya. 'Yan sanda na Vietnam sun gicciye wani mutum mai shekaru hamsin mai suna A Tac yayin da yake kai hari da kuma doke wasu Degars waɗanda aka hana su a cikin garin Dak Krong . [37]

'Yan sanda na Vietnam sun kai hari kuma sun doke yara da jarirai na Montagnard Degar ban da manya, mata, da tsofaffi a lardin Kontum, gundumar Kon Braih, garin Dak T'Re a ƙauyen Bon Kon H'Drom a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2012. [38]

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki fitar da Vietnam saboda ci gaba da kamawa da cin zarafin Montagnards saboda addini.[39]

Degars sun fuskanci wahala, wahala da wahala a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Indochina kuma sun ci gaba da shan wahala daga zalunci na Vietnam yayin da masu cin gajiyar su ne Vietnamese. Vietnamese sun yi wa mata Degar kaciya, kuma sun kashe kuma sun tsare mazajen Degar don kawar da Degars don manufar kwace ƙasarsu kuma Vietnamese sun raina hanyar rayuwar Degar saboda ƙiyayya ta kabilanci da Vietnamese ke yi wa Degar wanda ya haifar da tsaftace kabilanci.[40]

Mutumin Montagnard Degar dangin Siu Thoan sun tsoratar da su kuma 'yan sanda na Vietnam sun zalunta su ciki har da matarsa. Vietnamese Pham Anh Tuan ya kai hari kan dangin Siu Thoan.[41]

Bayan ya ki amincewa da bukatar da Vietnamese suka yi na a yi watsi da addininsa, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku ga Y-Huong Nie, Degar Montagnard.[42]

'Yan sanda na Vietnam sun kai hari da kuma zaluntar mahaifiyar Shugaba Kok Ksor, Ksor H'Ble, musamman bayan zanga-zangar Degar a watan Fabrairun 2001 a kan ƙasa da addini da zanga-zambe na Afrilu 2004. 'Yan sanda na Vietnam sun zalunta ta kuma kai mata hari shekaru da yawa. Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2011. Saboda ƙasashe da rikice-rikice na addini, Vietnamese sun kashe Degars a cikin dubban.[43]

Saboda batutuwan addini, a cikin 2011 'yan Vietnamese sun azabtar da Montagnards 3 a cikin garin Bon Croh Ponan . [44] Kashegari, Degars yana da karnuka da 'yan sanda na Vietnam suka saki don su kai musu hari saboda bangaskiyarsu ta addini.[45]

'Yan kasar Vietnam masu wariyar launin fata sun kai wa Degars hari a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2007. An yi niyya da Degars don kisan kai da 'yan ƙasar Vietnamese a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2007. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya akwai tsananin tsattsauran ra'ayi na kabilanci ga 'yan asalin Degars da Vietnamese. Degars suna ƙarƙashin tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙiyayya daga talakawa Vietnamese da gwamnatin Vietnam.

Ƙasashen 'yan tsiraru na kabilanci suna ƙarƙashin sulhu da mulkin mallaka ta ƙabilar Vietnamese Kinh da gwamnatin Vietnamese ke tallafawa, yayin da aka kori' yan asalin ƙasar kuma aka sace ƙasashensu ban da mummunan yanayin tattalin arzikin su. Ana amfani da tashin hankali da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku a kan 'yan tsiraru kamar Khmer Krom kuma ana yin mafi yawan wariyar launin fata a kan Hmong da Montagnards.

Da yake buƙatar cewa gwamnatin Vietnam ta daina danne 'yan tsiraru da addini, an kafa "Coalition for Indigenous Peoples in Vietnam" daga Thai, Khmer Krom, da Montagnards bayan sun haɗu da dakarun da suka yi wa Vietnamese.[46]

Vietnamese sun zalunta, sun ɗaure kuma sun azabtar da Montagnards bayan Montagnands sun nemi ƙasashensu a lokacin zanga-zangar a lardin Gia Lai a shekarar 2012 don haka an tilasta wa 85 daga cikin Montagnard su tsere daga Vietnamese ta hanyar zuwa lardin Rattanakiri a Cambodia. Addini da kabilanci na Montagnards sun bambanta da Vietnamese. Tsarin mulkin Hun Sen a Cambodia ya harbe sabon tashin hankali da Montagnards suka yi don samun 'yancin kai wanda ya ki taimaka musu.[47]

A lokacin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen da ke cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya bayan da Vietnamese suka yi wa shugaban Montagnard Y'Soai Eban cin zarafi kuma suka daure ya yi nasarar tserewa daga hannun Vietnamese. An yi wa Montagnards kisan kare dangi bayan Yaƙin Vietnam a shekara ta 1975. [48]

'Yancin kai daga hukumomin Kwaminisanci sun kasance masu sha'awar Montagnards bayan Yaƙin Vietnam tun lokacin da aka kashe su, aka zalunta su, aka nuna musu wariya kuma aka ɗaure su da yawa daga cikinsu don haka an tilasta musu su gudu daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Cambodia kuma a ƙarshe Amurka sune wuraren da suke zuwa.[49]

Mutuwa, azabtarwa, da ɗaurin kurkuku sune azabtarwa da aka yi wa 'yan Montagnards da suka taru a cikin rukuni uku ko fiye da Vietnamese tare da addininsu da aka tsananta da kuma zalunta su a hannun gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam tun 1975. [50]

Wata yarinya mai shekaru goma sha uku mai suna Y Kang ta yi wa 'yan sanda na Vietnam hari, suka yi mata duka kuma suka kori tare da mata da maza 16 a lardin Gai Lai, birnin Plei Ku, gundumar Mang Yang, garin H'ra a kauyen Buon Kret Krot a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2011. Bayan harin, Gidauniyar Montagard ta soki Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka saboda rashin martani ga irin waɗannan abubuwan.[51]

Vietnam ta daure daruruwan Montagnards ban da kisan kai, cin zarafi, da nuna bambanci ga imanin addininsu.[52]

Death was a possible consequence of getting caught with a Bible. The Vietnamese regime claims that Montagnard separatism is conducted by religious matters and uses this as a reason to attack their religion. Montagnard land was seized by the Vietnamese government after the Vietnam War.[53] [better source needed] In 2010, Montagnards were assaulted and detained by the Vietnamese in Gia Lai province, Chu Prong district. Areas of Vietnam such as the Central Highlands are off limit to human rights organizations and reporters.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Degar
  • Yaƙe-yaƙe na Indochina
  • Yaƙin Cham-Annamese (1471)
  • Rikicin a Laos
  • Tsakiyar Tsakiya (Vietnam)
  • United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO)
  • Kisan kiyashi na Đắk Sơn - a hannun Viet Cong
  • Yaƙin Loc Ninh
  • Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Indochina
  • Kashe-kashen jama'a a karkashin mulkin kwaminisanci

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Written by Ja Karo, độc giả trong nước (18 April 2013). "Kỷ niệm 38 năm từ trần của Y Bham Enuol, lãnh tụ phong trào Fulro". Champaka.info. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  3. ↑ Bray, Adam (June 16, 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  4. ↑ Bray, Adam. "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". IOC-Champa. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "Degar-Montagnards". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. March 25, 2008.
  6. ↑ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (3): 81–82. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  8. ↑ "Vietnam: Indigenous Minority Groups in the Central Highlands" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  9. ↑ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (3): 81–82. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Written by BBT Champaka.info (24 April 2013). "Viếng thăm mộ Thiếu Tướng Les Kosem, sáng lập viên phong trào Fulro". Champaka.info. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  11. ↑ "Australia MP Luke Simpkins Speaks Out On Persecution of Montagnards". Montagnard Foundation, Inc. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. July 8, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-12-02.
  12. ↑ Nguyen Van Huy (Ph.D.). "The Uprising of the Central Highlanders in February 2001". Cham Today. Translated by Sean Tu. IOC-Champa. Archived from the original on 2014-03-16.
  13. ↑ "6.6 The Montagnards". LEARN NC. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  14. ↑ "Insight: The Plight of the Dega in Vietnam". The Khmer Krom Network. 2004.
  15. ↑ Human Rights Watch (April 22, 2004). "Montagnards: Human Rights Watch calls on Vietnam to open Central Highlands to international observer". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO.
  16. ↑ SMITH, CHRISTOPHER H. (April 27, 2004). "EASTER CRACKDOWN ON THE MONTAGNARDS". Congressional Record Online. Government Publishing Office. pp. E656–E657.
  17. ↑ "Open Central Highlands to International Observers". The Khmer Krom Network. Human Rights Watch. April 22, 2004.
  18. ↑ "Vietnam: Open Central Highlands to International Observers Reported Killings of Montagnard Protesters Must be Investigated Immediately". Human Rights Watch. April 22, 2004.
  19. ↑ "Vietnam: Open Central Highlands to International Observers Reported Killings of Montagnard Protesters Must be Investigated Immediately". Human Rights Watch. April 22, 2004.
  20. ↑ PoKempner, Dinah (April 22, 2004). "Vietnam: Open Central Highlands to International Observers". LƯƠNG TÂM CÔNG GIÁO VIỆT NAM. Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2025.
  21. ↑ "Vietnam: Violence against Montagnards During Easter Week Protests". Human Rights Watch. April 14, 2004.
  22. ↑ "All aspects of life remain normal in Central Highlands". 2004-04-16.
  23. ↑ Radio Free Asia (May 28, 2004). "Montagnards: Four more Montagnards fled to Cambodia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO.
  24. ↑ SIHANOUK, NORODOM (April 15, 2004). "Montagnards: King Sihanouks statement on the current Montagnard situation in Vietnam". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO.
  25. ↑ "KKF President wants Vietnamese Montagnards Protected". The Khmer Krom Network. 2004.
  26. ↑ "ON THE OCCASION OF THE VOTE ON THE REPORT ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD (KEYSER REPORT), THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HAS VOTED AN ORAL AMENDMENT BY GIANFRANCO DELL'ALBA, ON BEHALF OF THE RADICAL MEPS". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito. Transnational Radical Party Press Release. 2004-04-22. Archived from the original on 2004-06-24.
  27. ↑ "Vietnam: Montagnards Harshly Persecuted Forced Renunciation of Faith, Harassment, Violence, and Arrests". Human Rights Watch. March 30, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Vietnam: Montagnards Harshly Persecuted | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2011-03-30. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
  29. ↑ Nadia Hussain (2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People". Restless Beings: Voice the voiceless. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13.
  30. ↑ Nadia Hussain (18 August 2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. the true voice of the Degar people. Archived from the original on 2014-07-09.
  31. ↑ Nadia Hussain (18 August 2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. the true voice of the Degar people. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
  32. ↑ "UN Committee Highlights Pattern of Racial Discrimination in Vietnam". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. UNPO. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-02-18.
  33. ↑ "Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination" (PDF). www2.ohchr.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
  34. ↑ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. UNPO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013.
  35. ↑ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. UNPO. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  36. ↑ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
  37. ↑ Ðêgar (6 December 2012). "Vietnam Continues To Persecute Degar Christians Regardless Of International Law". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  38. ↑ "Mass Raid Against Degar Christians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-02-18.
  39. ↑ MFIpr (9 March 2012). "Vietnamese Authorities Continue Interrogating And Threatening So Called "ILLEGAL" Christians". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  40. ↑ Mr. Kok Ksor (21 February 2012). "Kok Ksor's Statement to CERD 80th Session". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  41. ↑ Ðêgar (24 November 2011). "Vietnamese Security Forces beat and threaten relatives of Christian Prisoner". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  42. ↑ Ðêgar (14 September 2011). "Vietnam Sentences Degar Christian to 5 Years". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  43. ↑ Ðêgar (12 September 2011). "A Mother's Silent Pain". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  44. ↑ "VN authorities beat and torment Montagnard men". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014.
  45. ↑ Ðêgar (24 February 2011). "VN Uses Dogs To Attack Degar Christian". DEGAR FOUNDATION, INC. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  46. ↑ Voice of America (May 15, 2012). "Degar-Montagnards: Vietnamese Minority Groups Unite". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Voice of America.
  47. ↑ Voice of America (November 20, 2012). "Degar-Montagnards: Refugees In Cambodia's Jungles". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Voice of America.
  48. ↑ Wral.com (February 4, 2013). "Degar-Montagnards: Father Reunited With His Family After 6 Years". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Wral.com.
  49. ↑ Biblical Recorder (December 4, 2013). "Degar-Montagnards: 11 Christian Vietnamese And Cambodian Refugees Ordained". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Biblical Recorder.
  50. ↑ Montagnard Foundation (May 28, 2009). "Montagnard: Government Destroys First Christian Degar Church". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Montagnard Foundation.
  51. ↑ "Degar Montagnard: Beaten for Worshiping in Church". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Charisma Magazine. August 19, 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011.
  52. ↑ Montagnard Foundation (October 1, 2010). "Degar Montagnard: Foundation Announces Establishment Of "Sang Ae Die Degar" Christian Church In Vietnam". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. Montagnard Foundation.
  53. ↑ Evans, Robert; Enuol, Rich (November 16, 2014). "I Don't Know My Age: 5 Things I Learned in My Isolated Tribe". Cracked.com.
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