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'Yancin Dan Adam na mutanen Kurdawa a Turkiyya

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'Yancin Dan Adam na mutanen Kurdawa a Turkiyya
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasa ko yankuna

Kurdawa suna da dogon tarihin nuna bambanci da gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi musu.[1] An yi kisan kiyashi a kan Kurdawa tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a shekarar 1923. Daga cikin mafi mahimmanci shine kisan kiyashi da ya faru a lokacin kisan kiyashin Dersim, lokacin da Sojojin Turkiyya suka kashe fararen hula 40,000-70,000 kuma aka tura mutane 11,818 zuwa gudun hijira.[2] A cewar McDowall, an kashe mutane 40,000.[3] Kisan kiyashi na Zilan na 1930 kisan kiyashi ne na mazaunan Kurdawa na Turkiyya a lokacin tawaye na Ararat, wanda aka kashe 5,000 zuwa 47,000 .[4] [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]

An haramta amfani da yaren Kurdawa, tufafi, al'adun gargajiya, da sunaye, kuma yankunan Kurdawa sun kasance a ƙarƙashin dokar soja har zuwa 1946.[5] A cikin ƙoƙari na musanta wanzuwar kabilanci na Kurdawa, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta rarraba Kurdawa a matsayin "Turks na Dutsen" har zuwa shekarun 1980s. Kalmomin "Kurds", "Kurdistan", da "Kurdish" gwamnatin Turkiyya ta haramta su a hukumance. Bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1980, an haramta yaren Kurdawa a hukumance a rayuwar jama'a da ta sirri. Mutane da yawa da suka yi magana, buga, ko raira waƙa a yaren Kurdawa an kama su kuma an ɗaure su. Amma duk da cewa an ɗaga haramcin yin magana a cikin yaren da ba na Turkiyya ba a cikin shekarata 1991, manufar Kurdawa ita ce a gane ta a matsayin mutane daban-daban fiye da Turkiyya ko kuma a haɗa Kurdawa a matsayin harshen koyarwa, amma sau da yawa ana rarraba wannan a matsayin rabuwa ko goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan (PKK).[6] A halin yanzu, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi amfani da yaren Kurdawa a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, duk da haka akwai makarantun da ke ƙin wannan haramcin.[7] Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta zargi wadanda suka bukaci karin 'yancin al'adu da ilimi na Kurdawa daga ta'addanci ko goyon baya ga JaJam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan). [13][8]

A lokacin rikicin Kurdawa-Turkiyya, an sanya takunkumin hana abinci a kauyuka da garuruwan Kurdawa.[1][2] Akwai lokuta da dama da jami'an tsaron Turkiyya suka yi ta korar Kurdawa daga kauyukansu da karfi.[3] An ce an kona kauyuka da dama ko kuma an lalata su.[4][3] A cikin shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon 2000, an hana jam'iyyun siyasa da ke wakiltar muradun Kurdawa.[5] A shekara ta 2013, yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta ta kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula har zuwa watan Yunin 2015, lokacin da aka sake samun tashin hankali tsakanin PKK da gwamnatin Turkiyya kan rikicin Rojava da Islama. An yi ta samun tashe-tashen hankula a kan talakawan Kurdawa kuma an kai hari kan hedkwata da rassan jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party mai rajin kare hakkin Kurdawa.[6] Kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun yi Allah wadai da Turkiyya kan dubban take hakkin bil'adama a kan Kurdawa.[7][8] [shafi da ake buƙata] Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna da alaƙa da aiwatar da kashe-kashen fararen hula,[9]  azabtarwa, [10] ƙaura ta tilastawa,[11] ruguza ƙauyuka,[12] [13] [14] kama ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, [15] da kisan kai da bacewar 'yan jarida, masu fafutuka da 'yan siyasa.[16]

Tambayoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ilimi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Turkiyya, kawai harshen koyarwa a cikin tsarin ilimi shine Turkiyya; Ba a yarda da Kurdawa a matsayin harshen farko a cikin tsarin ilimin jama'a ba.[9] Jama'ar Kurdawa na Turkiyya sun daɗe suna neman a haɗa Kurdawa a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun jama'a da kuma batun. An rufe wani gwaji a gudanar da makarantun koyar da yaren Kurdawa masu zaman kansu a shekara ta 2004 saboda yanayin tattalin arziki mara kyau na mutanen yankin. A halin yanzu akwai wasu makarantun masu zaman kansu da ba a san su ba da ilimi a yaren Kurdawa.[7] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008 ilimi a cikin Kurdawa doka ce, amma bukatun suna da wuyar cikawa sabili da haka ilimi a cikin Kurdish ba a samun sauƙin isa ba. Sau da yawa ana zargin mutane da tallafawa ta'addanci idan sun yi ƙoƙari su shirya ilimi a cikin yaren Kurdawa.[6][8]

An ba da izinin yaren Kurdawa a matsayin batun a jami'o'i, amma a zahiri akwai ƙananan darussan majagaba.

Al'adu da yawa da daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saboda yawan Kurdawa a Turkiyya, gwamnatoci masu zuwa sun kalli bayyanar asalin Kurdawa ta hanyar kishin kasa na Turkiyya, a matsayin barazana ga hadin kan Turkiyya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan zarge-zargen al'adun al'adu yana da alaƙa da cin zarafin tarihin jihar na yaren Kurdawa. An rufe wallafe-wallafen Kurdawa da aka kirkira a cikin shekarun 1960 da shekarar 1970 a karkashin dalilai daban-daban na shari'a. Bayan Juyin mulkin soja na Turkiyya na 1980, an haramta yaren Kurdawa a hukumance a cibiyoyin gwamnati.

Dan majalisa na Amurka Bob Filner ya yi magana game da "Kisan kare dangi na al'adu", yana jaddada cewa "hanyar rayuwa da aka sani da Kurdawa tana ɓacewa da tsananin tsoro". Mark Levene ya nuna cewa ayyukan daidaitawa ba a iyakance su ga daidaitawa da al'adu ba, kuma abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen karni na 19 sun ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1990.[1]

Desmond Fernandes da Tove Skutnabb-Kangas sun yi iƙirarin cewa Turkiyya ta kafa shirin kisan kare dangi (bisa ga sashe na 2 (a) da 2 (e) na Yarjejeniyar kisan kare kare dangi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) a kan Kurdawa, wanda ke da niyyar daidaitawa su.[10] Babu wata al'umma ko babbar kungiya da ta amince da ra'ayin kisan kare dangi. Desmond Fernandes, babban malami a Jami'ar De Montfort, ya karya manufofin hukumomin Turkiyya cikin waɗannan rukunoni: [11]

  1. Shirin tilasta daidaitawa, wanda ya haɗa da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, haramta Harshen Kurdawa, da kuma tilasta ƙaura Kurdawa zuwa yankunan da ba na Kurdawa ba na Turkiyya.
  2. Hana duk wata kungiya da ke adawa da rukuni na farko.
  3. Rikicin tashin hankali na duk wani juriya na Kurdawa.

Bayyana al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsakanin shekarata 1983 da shekarar 1991, an hana shi yadawa, bugawa da / ko watsawa a cikin kowane harshe ban da Turkiyya, sai dai idan wannan harshe shine harshen farko na hukuma na ƙasar da Turkiyya ke da alaƙar diflomasiyya da ita. Kodayake wannan haramcin ya shafi kowane harshe, yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan yaren Kurdawa, wanda ba shine harshen hukuma na farko na kowace ƙasa ba, duk da cewa ana magana da shi a ko'ina a yankin Kurdawa.[12]

A watan Yunin shekarar 2004, gidan talabijin na jama'a na Turkiyya TRT ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen Kurdawa na rabin sa'a, kuma a ranar 8 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2006, Majalisar Rediyo da Talabijin (RTÜK) ta ba da izinin tashoshin talabijin guda biyu (Gün TV da Söz TV) da tashar rediyo guda ɗaya (Medya FM) don samun iyakantaccen sabis a cikin harshen Kurdawa. Wannan dokar ta fara aiki ne a matsayin ƙoƙari na biyan ɗayan bukatun Tarayyar Turai don zama memba a tattaunawar da ta yi da Turkiyya. Sabuwar ka'idar za ta ba da sa'o'i biyar na watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na mako-mako da hudu na talabijin. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Turkiyya TRT ya ƙaddamar da tashar yaren Kurdawa ta farko: TRT Kurdî .

Duk da wadannan gyare-gyare, har yanzu an hana amfani da Kurdawa a cikin jama'a da cibiyoyin gwamnati har zuwa shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta yanke shawarar cire Abdullah Demirbaş daga ofishinsa a matsayin zababben magajin gari na gundumar Sur ta Diyarbakır . Sun kuma cire zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisa. Babban kotun ta amince da shawarar ma'aikatar kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa "bayar da bayanai game da ayyuka daban-daban na birni kamar al'adu, fasaha, muhalli, tsaftace birni da kiwon lafiya a cikin harsuna ban da Turkiyya ya sabawa Kundin Tsarin Mulki".

Wannan ya faru ne duk da gaskiyar cewa bisa ga karamar hukumar da aka ambata a sama, kashi 72% na mutanen gundumar suna amfani da Kurdawa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. A wani lamari, magajin garin Diyarbakır, Osman Baydemir, ya fuskanci irin wannan tsarin tambayoyi da hanyoyin shari'a. Shari'arsa tana da alaƙa da amfani da kalmar Kurdawa Sersala Mu Pîroz Be (Happy New Year) a cikin katunan bikin sabuwar shekara da gari ya bayar. Mai gabatar da kara ya rubuta cewa: "An ƙaddara cewa wanda ake zargi ya yi amfani da hukuncin Kurdawa a cikin katin bikin, 'Sersala We Piroz Be' (Happy New Year). "Ni, a madadin jama'a, ina buƙatar a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 222/1 na Dokar Shari'a ta Turkiyya".

A halin yanzu, an warware waɗannan batutuwan na ɗan lokaci; shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Municipality a yau yana da harsuna uku: Turkiyya, Kurdawa da Ingilishi.[13]

Wakilin siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jam'iyyun Kurdawa da aka haramta a Turkiyya
Jam'iyyar Shekarar da aka haramta
Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Jama'a (HEP) 1993
Jam'iyyar 'Yanci da Dimokuradiyya (ÖZDEP) 1993
Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya (DEP) 1994
Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (HADEP) 2003
Jam'iyyar Democrat Society Party (DTP) 2009

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Turkiyya ya haramta kafa jam'iyyun siyasa bisa kabilanci. Mataki na 81 na Dokar Jam'iyyar Siyasa ya bayyana cewa ana ba da izinin amfani da Turkiyya ne kawai a cikin ayyukan siyasa na jam'iyyun.[14] Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Turkiyya ta rufe jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa na Kurdawa a karkashin uzuri na tallafawa PKK. A shekara ta 2012, an kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta Kurdish Peoples ta hagu kuma jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da aiki, ta sami kujeru 50 a majalisa bayan Zaben Nuwamba 2015. [15]

A Turkiyya, bayan shekara ta 2014, an kafa siyasa kamar Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Kurdistan a Turkiyya (PDK-T), Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Kurdistan (PSK), Jam'iyya ta 'Yanci ta Kurdistan "PAK" da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Kurdistan. Amma, a cikin 2019, Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Kotun Koli ya gabatar da karar rufewa a kan KKP, PAK, PSK da PDK-T saboda suna da kalmar 'Kurdistan' a cikin sunayensu.[16][17][18]

Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida (IDPs)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarun 1980 da shekarar 1990, Turkiyya ta kori yawancin 'yan ƙasa daga yankunan karkara a kudu maso gabashin Anatolia ta hanyar lalata dubban ƙauyuka da amfani da ƙaura ta tilasta.[19] Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi iƙirarin cewa an tilasta ƙaura ne don kare Kurdawa daga ƙungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar Kurdawa ta Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Kodayake jami'an tsaro na Turkiyya ba su bambanta mayakan da ke dauke da makamai daga fararen hula da ya kamata su kare ba. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, an shafe kauyuka sama da 3,000 daga taswirar kuma bisa ga adadi na hukuma an kori mazauna kauyen Kurdawa 378,335 kuma sun bar marasa gida.[19][20][21][22]

Taswirar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarata 2017, Turkiyya ta haramta kalmomin "Kurdistan" da "Yankunan Kurdawa". A cikin Shekarar 2018, gwamnati tana da taswirar da aka samar da mai amfani na Kurdistan, wanda ta yi la'akari da "farfaganda ta'addanci", an cire shi daga Google Maps.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan juyin juya halin Young Turk a farkon karni na 20 da kuma furewar kishin kasa na Turkiyya, lalacewa ko daidaitawa da 'yan tsiraru (musamman Armeniyawa, Assuriyawa, Helenawa da Kurdawa) ya kasance tsari ne mai maimaitawa.[23] Dokar Maido da Turkiyya ta 1934 ta shirya hanya don tilasta zama da sake zama.

Abubuwan da aka zaɓa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Leyla Zana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 1994, Leyla Zana - wacce, shekaru uku da suka gabata, ita ce mace ta farko ta Kurdawa da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Turkiyya - an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru 15 saboda "magana ta rabuwa". A lokacin da aka rantsar da ita a matsayin 'yar majalisa a shekarar 1991, an ruwaito cewa ta bayyana kanta a matsayin Kurdawa. Ta yi rantsuwa da aminci a cikin Turkiyya, kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci, sannan ta kara da ita a cikin Kurdawa, "Na kammala wannan tsari a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Zan yi gwagwarmaya don mutanen Kurdawa da Turkiyya su zauna tare a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya. " [24] Majalisar ta fashe da ihu na "Separatist", "Terrorist", da kuma "Kashe ta".[25]

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku saboda zargin "yaduwar farfagandar ta'addanci" ta hanyar cewa a cikin jawabin, "Kurdawa suna da shugabannin uku, wato Massoud Barzani, Jalal Talabani da Abdullah Ocalan. " Na ƙarshe shine shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa PKK (Kurdistan Worker's Party).

Akin Birdal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2000, an daure shugaban Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya Akin Birdal a karkashin Mataki na 312 saboda jawabin da ya yi kira ga "zaman lafiya da fahimta" tsakanin Kurdawa da Turks. An tilasta masa ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa, saboda Dokar Ƙungiyoyi ta hana mutanen da suka karya wannan da sauran dokoki da yawa daga aiki a matsayin jami'an ƙungiyar.

Kurkuku na Diyarbakır (2006)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikicin tashin hankali ya faru a birane da yawa a kudu maso gabas a watan Maris da Afrilun shekarar 2006. Fiye da mutane 550 ne aka tsare su sakamakon wadannan abubuwan, ciki har da yara sama da 200. Kungiyar lauyoyin Diyarbakır ta gabatar da korafe-korafe sama da 70 na rashin kulawa ga hukumomi. An kaddamar da bincike a cikin 39 daga cikin wadannan da'awar. A lokacin abubuwan da suka faru a Diyarbakır, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na fursunoni a wuraren da aka tsare su. A cewar rahoton hukumar, "wannan ya saba wa dokoki da sakonni da Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Lafiya suka bayar da kuma 'yancin aikin likita". Har ila yau, hukumar ta yi imanin cewa "sabon tanadi da aka gabatar a watan Yunin shekarar 2006 don gyara dokar yaki da ta'addanci na iya lalata yaki da azabtarwa da rashin kulawa".[9] Hukumar ta kuma jaddada cewa "komawa ga al'ada a kudu maso gabas za a iya cimma ta hanyar bude tattaunawa tare da takwarorinsu na gida".[9] "Ya kamata a bi cikakkiyar dabarun don cimma ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yankin da kuma kafa yanayi ga mutanen Kurdawa don jin daɗin cikakken haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci. Batutuwan da ake buƙatar magance su sun haɗa da dawowar mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu, diyya ga asarar da wadanda ke fama da ta'addanci, bam da kuma batun masu tsaron ƙauye".[9]

Istanbul haramtacciyar wasan yaren Kurdawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Oktoban shekarar 2020, gwamnan Istanbul ya haramta wasan kwaikwayo na yaren Kurdawa Beru jim kadan kafin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin birni. An yi shi shekaru uku da suka gabata a Turkiyya da kuma kasashen waje ba tare da fitowa ba.[26]

Matsayi na yanzu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2009, mai watsa shirye-shiryen jihar, TRT, ya ƙaddamar da tashar (TRT 6) a cikin yaren Kurdawa.

Rahoton Ci Gaban Turkiyya na shekarar 2006 ya jaddada cewa, bisa ga Dokar Jam'iyyun Siyasa, amfani da harsuna ban da Turkiyya ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a rayuwar siyasa. An ga wannan lokacin da Leyla Zana ta yi magana da yaren Kurdish a lokacin da aka rantsar da ita a matsayin 'yar majalisa an kama ta a shekarar 1994 kuma an tuhume ta da cin amana da zama memba a cikin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan (PKK). An yanke wa Zana da sauran hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku.[27] Kafin wannan a cikin 1992, 'yan sanda sun kai hari Cibiyar Kurdawa a Istanbul wadanda suka kama mutane biyar kuma suka kwace littattafai kan yaren Kurdawa, adabi, da tarihi.[28]

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kammala tun daga shekara ta 2006 cewa "dukan Turkiyya ba su da ci gaba sosai wajen tabbatar da bambancin al'adu da inganta girmamawa da kariya ga 'yan tsiraru daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa".[9] Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kan wariyar launin fata da rashin haƙuri (ECRI) ta ba da rahoton cewa (tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010): "Amfani da jama'a da jami'an yaren Kurdawa ke yi ya sa su bude ga gurfanar da su, kuma kare jama'a ta hanyar mutanen Kurdawa ko 'yan tsiraru akai-akai yana haifar da gurfanar a karkashin Dokar Laifi. " Daga bayanin shekarar 1994 a Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya: "matar da ta karya Kundin Tsarin Mulki a Turkiyya ya yi adawa da Kurdawa kuma ya ci gaba da yin amfani da shi".[29][30]

Hare-hare 128 a kan ofisoshin HDP, jam'iyyar kare hakkin Kurdawa, sun faru a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ƙin yarda da Kurdawa ta Turkiyya
  • Tsanantawa ga Kurdawa
  • Racism in Turkey § Against Kurds
  • Rashin jin daɗi na Kurdawa

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 Levene, Mark (1998). "Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 12 (3): 393–433. doi:10.1093/hgs/12.3.393. The persistence of genocide or near-genocidal incidents from the 1890s through the 1990s, committed by Ottoman and successor Turkish and Iraqi states against Armenian, Kurdish, Assyrian, and Pontic Greek communities in Eastern Anatolia, is striking. ... the creation of this 'zone of genocide' in Eastern Anatolia cannot be understood in isolation, but only in light of the role played by the Great Powers in the emergence of a Western-led international system.

    In the last hundred years, four Eastern Anatolian groups—Armenians, Kurds, Assyrians, and Greeks—have fallen victim to state-sponsored attempts by the Ottoman authorities or their Turkish or Iraqi successors to eradicate them. Because of space limitations, I have concentrated here on the genocidal sequence affecting Armenians and Kurds only, though my approach would also be pertinent to the Pontic Greek and Assyrian cases.

  2. ↑ "Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü", Radikal, November 19, 2009. (in Turkish)
  3. ↑ David McDowall, A modern history of the Kurds, I.B.Tauris, 2002, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0, p. 209.
  4. ↑ Pınar Selek, Barışamadık, İthaki Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 978-975-8725-95-3, p. 109. (in Turkish)
  5. ↑ H. Hannum, Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-determination, 534 pp., University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8122-1572-9, ISBN 978-0-8122-1572-4 (see page 186).
  6. ↑ Karakoç, Ekrem; Sarıgil, Zeki (June 2020). "Why Religious People Support Ethnic Insurgency? Kurds, Religion and Support for the PKK". Politics and Religion (in Turanci). Cambridge University Press. 13 (2): 251. doi:10.1017/S1755048319000312. ISSN 1755-0483. S2CID 202266557. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  7. 1 2 "Cizre'de Kürtçe eğitim verilen okulda öğrenciler karne aldı". CNN Türk (in Harshen Turkiyya). Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  8. 1 2 Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Fernandes, Desmond (2008). "Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3 (1): 45–46. doi:10.3138/gsp.3.1.43.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Turkey 2006 Progress Report" (PDF). European Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  10. ↑ Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Fernandes, Desmond (April 2008). "Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: a Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3: 43–73. doi:10.3138/gsp.3.1.43.
  11. ↑ "Gomidas Institute". www.gomidas.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  12. ↑ "Kürtçe yabancı dil mi?". Evrensel (in Harshen Turkiyya). 2003-04-15. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  13. ↑ "Duty Telephone Service". Diyarbakir Buyuksehir Municipality Software and Programming Branch Office. Archived from the original on 2014-08-31. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  14. ↑ "Turkey Law of Political Parties" (PDF). Legislationonline. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  15. ↑ YSK. "Nov. 2015 Election Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  16. ↑ "Closure Case for Parties Which Have 'Kurdistan' in Their Names". Bianet. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  17. ↑ "Four Kurdistani parties in Turkey face closure over name". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  18. ↑ "Kürdistan isimli partilerin kapatılması davasına karşı 400 kişilik ortak bildiri". Rûdaw. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  19. 1 2 "Turkey: 'Still critical': Introduction". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  20. ↑ "Displaced and Disregarded". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  21. ↑ "Turkey". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  22. ↑ "Profile of Internal Displacement: Turkey" (in Turanci). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 2021-08-29 – via Refworld.
  23. ↑ Levene, Mark (1998). "Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 12 (3): 393–433. doi:10.1093/hgs/12.3.393. The persistence of genocide or near-genocidal incidents from the 1890s through the 1990s, committed by Ottoman and successor Turkish and Iraqi states against Armenian, Kurdish, Assyrian, and Pontic Greek communities in Eastern Anatolia, is striking. ... the creation of this "zone of genocide" in Eastern Anatolia cannot be understood in isolation, but only in light of the role played by the Great Powers in the emergence of a Western-led international system.
    In the last hundred years, four Eastern Anatolian groups—Armenians, Kurds, Assyrians, and Greeks—have fallen victim to state-sponsored attempts by the Ottoman authorities or their Turkish or Iraqi successors to eradicate them. Because of space limitations, I have concentrated here on the genocidal sequence affecting Armenians and Kurds only, though my approach would also be pertinent to the Pontic Greek and Assyrian cases.
  24. ↑ "Racism and the administration of justice". Amnesty International. 2001-07-25.
  25. ↑ "The ex-Kurdish MP Leyla Zana is not allowed to go abroad". Human Rights House Foundation (in Turanci). 2004-09-11. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  26. ↑ Karakas, Burcu (17 October 2020). "Turkey bans Kurdish-language play in Istanbul". DW.COM (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-26.
  27. ↑ Kürkçü, Ertugrul (Fall 2003). "Defiance Under Fire: Leyla Zana: Prisoner of Conscience". Amnesty Magazine. Archived from the original on February 12, 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  28. ↑ Baets, Antoon de. Censorship of Historical Thought, p.471. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31193-5.
  29. ↑ "ECRI report on Turkey (4th cycle)" (PDF).
  30. ↑ ""Implementation of the Helsinki Accords Criminalizing Parliamentary Speech in Turkey. Briefing by the International Human Rights Law Group." May 1994. Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Washington DC". Archived from the original on 2012-06-24. Retrieved 2018-09-19.

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