Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai
 Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | Rother |
| Haihuwa |
Kłodzko (en)  , 3 ga Janairu, 1857 |
| ƙasa |
Königreich Preußen (mul) |
| Mutuwa | Berlin, 8 ga Janairu, 1911 |
| Makwanci |
The Socialists' Memorial (en) |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Jamusanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
ɗan siyasa, trade unionist (en) , edita, modiste (en) , feminist (en) da union member (en) |
| Imani | |
| Jam'iyar siyasa |
Social Democratic Party of Germany (en) |
Emma studi (3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1857 - 8 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1911) 'yar jam'iyyar mata ce kuma 'yar kungiyar kwadago wacce ke aiki a cikin kafa al'ummomi don kare haƙƙin ma'aikatan mata.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Emma studi a lokacin da aka hana mata damar shiga, kuma a karkashin dokar kungiyar Prussian ta 1850 an hana su shiga cikin kungiyoyin siyasa. Hukumomi na iya bayyana " siyasa" kamar yadda suka zaɓa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1878 na farko daga cikin Dokokin Anti-Socialist ya hana mambobin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic da wadanda ke da alaƙa da ita damar yin tarayya. Ba har sai Dokar Ƙungiyar ta 15 ga Mayu 1908 ba aka ba mata damar shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa da ƙungiyoyi. Mata masu aiki sun fuskanci adawa daga maza masu aiki, waɗanda suka gan su a matsayin gasa maraba, da kuma daga mulkin mallaka wanda ya hana su hakkoki na asali.[1]
Shekaru na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Emma Rother a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1857 a Glatz, Lower Silesia, 'yar mai yin takalma. An ba ta tsananin koyarwar Roman Katolika.[1] A lokacin da take ƙarama ta auri Emmanuel studi, mai ba da magani mai shekaru ashirin da biyu. Sun koma Berlin a shekara ta 1881.[2] Emma studi ta sami aiki a matsayin mai yin gyare-gyare.[1]
Emma studi ta fara magana a fili a wani taro kan "Yadda za a inganta halin ma'aikata". Ta bayyana ra'ayin cewa karuwanci wani bangare ne kawai na wahalar ma'aikata, kuma ta yi kira ga kawar da mataimakin tawagar, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na matsalar.[1] A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1883 Emma studi ta kafa kungiyar kwaminisanci da mata Frauen-Hilfsverein für Handarbeiterinnen ("Aid Society for Women Manual Workers"). Manufar ita ce ta karfafa membobinta ta zahiri da ruhaniya, don wakiltar bukatun membobinta a wurin aiki, don ba da rance a cikin gaggawa da kuma biyan fa'idodin nakasassu. Ƙarin shirye-shiryen kafa wuraren aiki don wasu nau'ikan aikin mata, kafa ɗakin karatu da gidan cin abinci bai faru ba. Ƙaunar Emma ta ragu yayin da ta ga ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin ƙananan gyare-gyare kawai.[1]
A ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1885, Emma studi, Marie Hofmann, Pauline Staegemann da Gertrude Guillaume-Schack sun kafa Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen der Arbeiterinnen ("Society for the Protection of Women Workers' Interests"). Al'umma ta yi aiki da farko a matsayin ƙungiyar tallafi inda likitoci da lauyoyi suka ba da ayyukansu kyauta.[2] Dear ya kasance sakataren kwamitin. An kafa reshe na Berlin, kuma mata ne suka kafa irin waɗannan kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Reich. Ma'aikatan tufafi sun kasance masu aiki sosai, kuma ta hanyar tasirin su ne Reichstag ta yanke shawarar amincewa da binciken hukuma na albashi a cikin masana'antar tufafi da tufafi. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta tabbatar da cewa tsarin masana'antu ya haɗa da tanadi game da riba tare da kayan aiki. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1886 an dakatar da kungiyar ne saboda siyasa ce. Hofmann, Staegemann, studi da Johanna Jagert an gwada su a kotu.[1] Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka rushe kulob din yana da mambobi sama da dubu.[2]
Shugaba na Tarayyar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1889 studi da Clara Zetkin (1857-1933) sun tafi a matsayin wakilai na SPD zuwa Majalisar Socialist ta Duniya a Paris. Wannan shi ne taron kafa na kasa da kasa na biyu.[3] Sun gabatar da wani yunkuri game da nuna bambanci game da aikin mata wanda ya tabbatar da cewa mata suna da daidaito a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago.[2] A cikin fall of 1890 gwamnatin Prussian ta soke dokokin Anti-Socialist, ta ba da damar gudanar da aikin ƙungiyar tare da ɗan tsangwama kaɗan. A ranar 16-17 ga Nuwamba 1890 an gudanar da taron farko na tarihi na kungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus, inda aka kafa Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands ("Janar Hukumar Kwadago ta Jamus"). Estudi ya nace cewa ka'idojin sun ba da izinin zama memba na mata, kuma an zabe su mata kaɗai a cikin kwamitin mutum bakwai na Babban Hukumar.[lower-alpha 1] An san ta sosai a cikin manema labarai a matsayin "ruhu na duk tashin hankali tsakanin mata masu zaman kansu".[1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Müller 2007.
- 1 2 3 4 von Gélieu 2007.
- ↑ Steenson 1981.
- ↑ Steenson 1981, p. 151.
- ↑ The SPD regulation that required election of women was preserved until 1894. Paradoxically it had the effect of causing over-representation of women in the senior levels, since there were relatively few women in the rank and file. This changed when the number of women members surged after restrictions on women's political association were lifted in 1908, but the merger of women's organizations into the mainstream had the effect of diluting their influence.[4]
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