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Ƙarfafa matasa

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Ƙarfafa matasa
process (en) Fassara da empowerment (en) Fassara
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Malala Yousafzai, mai fafutukar ilimin mata kuma ƙaramar yarinyar da ta lashe kyautar Nobel.

Ƙarfafawa matasa tsari ne inda ake ƙarfafa yara da matasa su kula da rayuwarsu. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar magance halin da suke ciki sannan su dauki mataki don inganta damar da suke samu ga albarkatun kuma su canza lamirin su ta hanyar imanin su, dabi'u, da halayen su.[1] Ƙarfafa matasa yana da niyyar inganta ingancin rayuwa. Ana samun karfafa matasa ta hanyar shiga cikin shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa. Koyaya malamai suna jayayya cewa aiwatar da haƙƙin yara ya kamata ya wuce koyo game da haƙƙoƙi da hanyoyin da za su haifi ƙwarewar haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙe. Akwai samfuran da yawa waɗanda shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa ke amfani da su waɗanda ke taimaka wa matasa su sami karfafawa. Ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa iri-iri a duk duniya. Wadannan shirye-shiryen na iya zama ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin gwamnati, makarantu ko kungiyoyi masu masu zaman kansu.

Ƙarfafa matasa ya bambanta da ci gaban matasa saboda ci gaba yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka mutane, yayin da karfafawa ke mai da hankali akan ƙirƙirar babban canjin al'umma ya dogara da ci gaban iyawar mutum.[2]

Ƙungiyoyin karfafawa, gami da karfafawa matasa, sun samo asali, sun sami ƙarfi, sun zama masu aiki, kuma sun zama masu kafawa.[1] Sau da yawa ana magance karfafa matasa a matsayin ƙofar daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, shiga cikin jama'a da Gina dimokuradiyya. Ayyuka na iya mayar da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai na matasa, haƙƙin matasa, majalisun matasa, gwagwarmaya matasa, sa hannu na matasa a cikin yanke shawara na al'umma, da sauran hanyoyin.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da karfafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ka'idar karfafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ka'idar karfafawa tana mai da hankali kan matakai da ke ba da damar shiga; inganta iko ta hanyar yanke shawara; da kuma samar da damar koyo, aiki, da haɓaka ƙwarewa.[3] Ka'idar karfafawa ta nuna cewa shigar da matasa cikin ayyukan zamantakewa, masu ma'ana, da inganta al'umma waɗanda matasa da kansu suka bayyana da sarrafa, suna taimaka wa matasa su sami ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci, alhakin, da amincewa da ake buƙata don zama manya masu fa'ida da lafiya.[4]

Manufofin karfafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarfafa matasa yana nazarin fannoni shida masu dogara da juna: tunani, al'umma, ƙungiya, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.[1][5] Ƙarfafawar tunani yana inganta sanin mutum, imani da ingancin kai, wayar da kan jama'a da ilimin matsaloli da mafita da kuma yadda mutane zasu iya magance matsalolin da ke cutar da ingancin rayuwarsu.[1] Wannan bangare yana da niyyar ƙirƙirar amincewa da kai da kuma ba matasa ƙwarewa don samun ilimi.[5] Ƙarfafa al'umma kuma yana mai da hankali kan inganta al'umma ta hanyar ci gaban jagoranci, inganta sadarwa, da ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa ta tallafi don tattara al'umma don magance damuwa.[1] Ƙarfafawa na ƙungiyoyi yana da niyyar ƙirƙirar tushen albarkatu ga al'umma, gami da ƙungiyoyin sa kai, ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke da niyyar karewa, ingantawa da kuma ba da shawara ga marasa iko.[1] Ƙarfafa tattalin arziki yana koyar da ƙwarewar kasuwanci, yadda za a mallaki kadarorinsu da kuma yadda za a sami tsaro na samun kudin shiga.[5] Ƙarfafa zamantakewa yana koya wa matasa game da haɗa jama'a da karatu da rubutu tare da taimaka wa yara su sami albarkatun su kasance masu aiki a cikin al'ummominsu.[5] Karfafa al'adu yana da niyyar sake farfado da ayyukan al'adu da sake bayyana ka'idojin al'adu ga matasa.[5] Ta hanyar waɗannan fannoni na karfafawa, shirye-shirye na iya aiki akan karfafa matasa a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da bangarorin rayuwarsu.

Nau'o'in karfafawa

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Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa suna da niyyar samar da ingantattun halaye na rayuwa ga matasa marasa galihu ko masu haɗari.[1] Kwarewa guda biyar na matashi mai lafiya sune: (1) kyakkyawar ma'anar kai, (2) kula da kai, (3) ƙwarewar yanke shawara, (4) tsarin imani na ɗabi'a, da (5) haɗin kai. Dole ne a kafa matakai da shirye-shiryen ci gaba a kan waɗannan ƙwarewar da ke bayyana sakamako mai kyau na matasa masu lafiya.[1]

Ƙarfafawa mai auna

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A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, ingancin rayuwa (QOL) ya fito ne a matsayin muhimmiyar ma'auni don kimanta nasarar shirye-shiryen karfafawa.[1] Ana amfani dashi azaman burin shirye-shirye da kuma alamar tasiri. Koyaya, babu ma'anar ma'anar QOL. QOL na mutum ya dogara da kimantawa na ra'ayi game da bangarorin rayuwar mutum.[1]

Saitin ci gaba mai kyau

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Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa suna bunƙasa a cikin saitunan ci gaba masu kyau. Kyakkyawan saitunan ci gaba suna inganta ƙwarewar matasa, amincewa da haɗin kai.[6] Abubuwa biyu na ingantaccen tsarin matasa na ci gaba sune dangantakar tallafi da tallafi don inganci da mattering. Dangantaka mai tallafawa sune wadanda ke tsakanin matasa da manya wadanda ba na iyali ba waɗanda ke inganta amincewa da girmamawa. Taimako don inganci da mattering musamman yana mai da hankali kan matasa masu aiki, kayan aiki na canji a cikin al'ummominsu, yanke shawara tare da manya suna sauraro da girmama muryarsu.[6]

Youth empowerment programs

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Akwai nau'ikan shirye-shiryen karfafawa daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya waɗanda ke karfafa matasa ta hanyar dabaru da shirye-shirye daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen na iya aiki a wurare daban-daban. Yawancin shirye-shiryen suna aiki a cikin saiti fiye da ɗaya, wanda zai iya zama babban abu a cikin nasarar su.[7] Sakamakon da ya dace da shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa shine inganta ƙwarewar zamantakewa, inganta halayyar, kara nasarorin ilimi, kara girman kai da kara karfin kai.[8]

Akwai shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyya don karfafa mata da 'yan mata. Ba tare da la'akari da takamaiman manufofi ko hanyoyin ba, tasirin karfafawa sun haɗa da inganta lafiyar mata, girman kai, da ingantaccen matsayi na zamantakewa ta hanyar koyar da fasaha da ƙwarewar ƙungiya.[5][9]

Sauran shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa suna mai da hankali kan Rage talauci. Yanayin rayuwa na waɗanda ke zaune a cikin talauci suna raguwa wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan talauci kamar yadda ya shafi abinci, albarkatu da ilimi. Shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyyar karfafa matasa matalauta, aiki don kare rayuwarsu ko inganta rayuwarsu.[10]

Har ila yau, akwai ƙungiyoyin karfafawa waɗanda ke amfani da Tsarin aikin zamantakewa, da nufin mutanen da ba su da wadata su zama masu ƙarfi, masu tsari, da ilimi don su iya haifar da canji.[11] Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da shawara ga rikice-rikice masu kyau don haɓaka ikon zamantakewa na mutanen da ake la'akari da marasa galihu. Wani samfurin shine samfurin 5C wanda ke mai da hankali kan jaddada ƙwarewa, amincewa, haɗin kai, hali da kulawa.[12] Daga baya aka kara C na shida na gudummawa ga al'umma.[12] Wannan samfurin yana mai da hankali da farko kan shiga a matsayin babban alama na ingantaccen ci gaban matasa, yana jaddada buƙatar inganta shirin. Haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya wani nau'in hanyar karfafawa ce da ake amfani da ita a duniya. An bayyana wannan hanyar a matsayin tsarin ci gaba da aikin al'umma. Haɗin gwiwar ya haɗa da mutane na shekaru daban-daban suna aiki tare a kan batutuwan al'umma na tsawon lokaci.[13] Hanyar tana jaddada musayar tsakanin manya da matasa tare da mai da hankali kan yanke shawara da kuma ilmantarwa. Ma'anar raba iko shine mabuɗin karfafa matasa. Ƙarfin zuciya ne don yin abubuwa masu kyau.

An kuma yi amfani da karfafa matasa a matsayin tsari don hanawa da rage tashin hankali na matasa.[4][14] Bincike ya nuna cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa na iya inganta kauce wa rikice-rikice da ƙwarewar warwarewa, haɓaka ƙwarewar jagoranci na rukuni, da ingancin jama'a [14] da inganta asalin kabilanci da rage rikice-rikicen launin fata. [15]

Misalan shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa

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A duk faɗin duniya akwai shirye-shiryen karfafawa daban-daban da aka mayar da hankali kan abubuwa iri-iri kuma wannan ba cikakken jerin ba ne. Ba a rubuta shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa marasa nasara ba ko kuma a buga su a cikin binciken shari'a.[1]

A Indiya, Gidauniyar Ƙarfafa Matasa, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba tana mai da hankali kan inganta matasa marasa galihu na al'umma daga samar musu da ilimi na asali don ƙirƙirar tushe mai ƙarfi don ayyukansu, don haɓaka ƙwarewar mutum, saboda matasa sune makomar ƙasar.

A Namibia, wani shahararren shirin karfafawa shine Pots of Hope . Babban burin Pots of Hope shine rage matasa masu rauni ga cutar kanjamau da Aids ta hanyar ilimi, bayanai da wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma ayyukan tsaro na samun kudin shiga. Pots of Hope yana aiki ta hanyar ilmantarwa, da kuma ba da shawara ga waɗanda ke cikin ƙauyuka waɗanda ba su da damar yin amfani da waɗannan albarkatun.[16] Wannan shirin yana mai da hankali kan karfafawa a cikin al'umma.

Matasa da ke shiga cikin 4-H, ƙungiyar ƙarfafa matasa da farko a Amurka.

A cikin Amurka akwai shirye-shiryen karfafawa da yawa ga matasa. Urban 4-H wani al'ada ne mai amsawa, al'umma wanda ke da alaƙa da iyalai, matasa da al'umma a ci gaban matasa.[17] Urban 4-H misali ne na karfafa al'umma wanda ke mai da hankali kan tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma na karfafawa. Shirin yana taimaka wa matasa su gina ƙwarewa don ba su damar shawo kan shingen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa yayin da suke fahimtar muhimmancin ilmantarwa na kai tsaye ga matasa. Urban 4-H yana mai da hankali kan karfafa matasa suyi tunani mai mahimmanci, sadarwa a fadin iyakokin al'adu da jagorantar wasu.[17]

A Indiya, wasu kungiyoyi da matasa ke gudanarwa sun karɓi karfafa matasa. Gidauniyar Matasa ta Indiya tana aiki a kan karfafa matasa ta hanyar kai tsaye da matasa da siyasar zabe, na farko ga ƙungiyar da za ta yi a Indiya.[18]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana da shirye-shiryen ci gaba da dama, daya daga cikinsu shi ne shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana ba da tallafi ga ci gaban manufofin kasa da ke kewaye da karfafawa a cikin yankuna biyar.[1] Suna yin hakan ta hanyar ba da jagorar manufofin tushen shaida da tallafin shirye-shirye ta hanyar haɓaka rawar da matasa ke yi a cikin al'umma. UNDP na inganta shigar da matasa baki daya cikin ingantacciyar shugabanci da mulkin dimokaradiyya, karfafa tattalin arzikin matasa, karfafa hadin gwiwar matasa wajen gina juriya a cikin al'ummominsu, shigar da matasa cikin ajandar ci gaban gaba, gami da shawarwari da tattaunawa.[1] Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na duba dukkan bangarori hudu na karfafa matasa da kuma neman inganta dukkansu.

USAID tana da shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa da aka kafa a duk duniya waɗanda aka tsara don shiga cikin jama'a, samun damar samun albarkatu da damar ilimi da aiki.[19]

Don cikakken jerin: Jerin kungiyoyin karfafa matasa

Kasancewar gwamnati a cikin karfafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sau da yawa ana magance karfafa matasa a matsayin ƙofar daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, shiga cikin jama'a da Gina dimokuradiyya. Hukumomin gwamnati na cikin gida, jihohi, lardin, yanki, na ƙasa, da na duniya da kungiyoyin da ba su da riba suna ba da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi karfafa matasa. Ayyukan da ke ciki na iya mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai na matasa, haƙƙin matasa, majalisun matasa, gwagwarmaya matasa, sa hannun matasa a cikin yanke shawara na al'umma, da sauran hanyoyin.

Kowace babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Amurka, gami da 'yan Republican, 'Yan Democrat, da Green Party, da kuma manyan jam'iyyun siyasa na Turai, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka (Peru), da Australiya suna da maganganun da ke tallafawa karfafa matasa. Ƙarfafa matasa kuma babban jigon Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara, wanda kowace ƙasa a duniya (ban da Amurka da Sudan ta Kudu) ta sanya hannu a cikin doka.

Tarayyar Turai

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"Matasa" a cikin Tarayyar Turai (EU) an bayyana su a matsayin wadanda ke tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 29 ta Cibiyoyin Turai.

Tarayyar Turai ta kasance wurin haihuwar ƙungiyoyin matasa masu yawa na al'adu a cikin ƙarni da ya gabata. Kwanan nan waɗannan sun haɗa da, Jumma'a don Makomar, Rebellion Extinction da zanga-zangar ɗaliban Austrian ta 2009. Amma kuma a tarihi yana da alaƙa da karfafa matasa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin al'adu kamar su al'adun punk.

Tushen karfafa matasa a cikin EU ya dogara ne a cikin sashe na 165 da 166 na Yarjejeniyar kan Ayyukan Tarayyar Turai (TFEU). Manufofin karfafa matasa na yarjejeniyar sun yi niyyar karfafa ci gaban musayar matasa da musayar tsakanin masu koyar da zamantakewa da ilimi (watau ma'aikatan matasa) da kuma karfafa shiga matasa a rayuwar dimokuradiyya a Turai.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayyaryar Turai sune cibiyoyin da aka fi alhakin sa hannu kan matasa da karfafawa. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun kafa shirye-shirye da ayyuka daban-daban don cimma wadannan manufofi ciki har da; Shirin Erasmus, Tabbacin Matasa, Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai, Taron Matasa na Turai, Taron Matasa na Tarayyar.

Majalisar Turai kuma tana da hanyoyin karfafa matasa kamar Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Matasa da Cibiyoyin Matasa na Turai.

Ana gudanar da ayyukan karfafa matasa ta Cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai tare da hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya, kamar su Taron Matasa na Turai, da Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa.

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Karfafa matasa yana faruwa a gidaje, a makarantu, ta hanyar Kungiyoyin matasa, yin manufofin gwamnati da kuma shirya kamfen na al'umma. Manyan ayyukan tsari inda karfafa matasa ke faruwa a duk faɗin al'umma sun haɗa da yanke shawara na al'umma, tsara ƙungiyoyi, da sake fasalin ilimi.

Ayyukan ilimi waɗanda ke ambaton karfafa matasa a matsayin manufa sun haɗa da ilmantarwa na ɗalibai, ilimi mai kyau, da ilmantarwar sabis. Makarantu masu kyauta da kungiyoyin yada labarai da matasa ke jagoranta galibi suna bayyana niyyar su don karfafa matasa, da muryar matasa, Ci gaban matasa na al'umma, da shirye-shiryen jagoranci na matasa. Masana da yawa sun yi nazarin karfafa matasa ciki har da Shawn Ginwright, Henry Giroux, Barry Checkoway, da Mike Males. Binciken da suka yi ya nuna ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari daga sanannun masu gwagwarmaya kamar William Upski Wimsatt, Alex Koroknay-Palicz, Salome Chasnoff da Adam Fletcher. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shirye-shirye a Amurka shine Matasa Ƙarfafa Matasa, wanda Obama Foundation Youth Group ta tallafawa.

Ireland

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Kar, Snehendu B; Pascual, Catherine A; Chickering, Kirstin L (1999-12-01). "Empowerment of women for health promotion: a meta-analysis". Social Science & Medicine. 49 (11): 1431–1460. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00200-2. PMID 10515628.
  2. ↑ Ledford, Meredith King; Lucas, Bronwyn (2013). "Youth Empowerment: The theory and its implementation" (PDF). Youth Empowerment Solutions. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  3. ↑ Zimmerman, Marc A. (1995-10-01). "Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations" (PDF). American Journal of Community Psychology (in Turanci). 23 (5): 581–599. doi:10.1007/BF02506983. ISSN 1573-2770. PMID 8851341. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Reischl, Thomas M.; Zimmerman, Marc A.; Morrel-Samuels, Susan; Franzen, Susan P.; Faulk, Monique; Eisman, Andria B.; Roberts, Everett (2011-12-01). "Youth empowerment solutions for violence prevention". Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 22 (3): 581–600, xiii. ISSN 1934-4287. PMID 22423465.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Edralin, Divina M.; Tibon, Maria Victoria P.; Tugas,, Florenz C. (Jan 2015). "Initiating Women Empowerment and Youth Development through Involvement in Non-Formal Education in Three Selected Parishes: An Action Research on Poverty Alleviation". DLSU Business & Economics Review. Vol. 24 (Issue 2,): p108–123. ISSN 0116-7111. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Krauss, Steven Eric; Collura, Jessica; Zeldin, Shepherd; Ortega, Adriana; Abdullah, Haslinda; Sulaiman, Abdul Hadi (2013-10-12). "Youth–Adult Partnership: Exploring Contributions to Empowerment, Agency and Community Connections in Malaysian Youth Programs" (PDF). Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 43 (9): 1550–1562. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0027-1. ISSN 0047-2891. PMID 24122395.
  7. ↑ Catalano, Richard F.; Berglund, M. Lisa; Ryan, Jean A. M.; Lonczak, Heather S.; Hawkins, J. David (2004-01-01). "Positive Youth Development in the United States: Research Findings on Evaluations of Positive Youth Development Programs". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 591 (1): 98–124. doi:10.1177/0002716203260102. ISSN 0002-7162.
  8. ↑ "Youth empowerment programs". County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  9. ↑ "Youth Empowerment: Developing Tomorrow's Leaders Today – UUWYN". uuwyn.org. Retrieved 2025-03-18.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  11. ↑ Kar, Snehendu B; Pascual, Catherine A; Chickering, Kirstin L (1999-12-01). "Empowerment of women for health promotion: a meta-analysis". Social Science & Medicine. 49 (11): 1431–1460. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00200-2. PMID 10515628.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Guerra, Nancy G.; Bradshaw, Catherine P. (2008-12-01). "Linking the prevention of problem behaviors and positive youth development: Core competencies for positive youth development and risk prevention". New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. 2008 (122): 1–17. doi:10.1002/cd.225. ISSN 1534-8687. PMID 19021244.
  13. ↑ Krauss, Steven Eric; Collura, Jessica; Zeldin, Shepherd; Ortega, Adriana; Abdullah, Haslinda; Sulaiman, Abdul Hadi (2013-10-12). "Youth–Adult Partnership: Exploring Contributions to Empowerment, Agency and Community Connections in Malaysian Youth Programs" (PDF). Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 43 (9): 1550–1562. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0027-1. ISSN 0047-2891. PMID 24122395.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Franzen, Susan; Morrel-Samuels, Susan; Reischl, Thomas M.; Zimmerman, Marc A. (2009-10-16). "Using Process Evaluation to Strengthen Intergenerational Partnerships in the Youth Empowerment Solutions Program". Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 37 (4): 289–301. doi:10.1080/10852350903196290. ISSN 1085-2352. PMID 19830624.
  15. ↑ Fuentes, Vanessa E.; Goncy, Elizabeth A.; Sutherland, Kevin S. (2016-05-17). "Cross-Cultural Perspectives After Participation in the YES Program: A Pilot Study". Journal of Youth Development (in Turanci). 10 (3): 64–73. doi:10.5195/JYD.2015.8. ISSN 2325-4017.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Landrieu, Josey; Pierson Russo, Jessica. "The What, How, and Why of 21st Century Urban Youth Development". Reclaiming Children & Youth. Vol. 23 (Issue 3): p48–52. ISSN 1089-5701. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Young India Foundation – Empowering young people from the Panchayat to the Parliament". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  19. ↑ "Global Highlights: USAID Youth Programs". USAID. 2012-08-10. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 2015-11-09.

A shekara ta 2002 an kafa Comhairle na nÓg a kowane yanki na karamar hukuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun yara na kasa. Comhairle na nÓg shine Irish don Majalisar Matasa. Ana ƙarfafa waɗannan majalisun su haɗa da sa hannun matasa daga kowane bangare na rayuwa da kuma magance batutuwan cikin gida da ke shafar matasa. Gundumar ko majalisun birni ne ke gudanar da shi a karkashin Ofishin Ministan Harkokin Yara da Matasa. Kungiyar siyasa ce da Gwamnatin Ireland ta amince da ita. Ƙarin Comhairle na nÓg shine Comhairle na n Óg National Executive . Hukumar zartarwa ta kasa tana da "mai ba da shawara ga matasa" guda ɗaya daga kowane Comhairle na nÓg kuma tana magance batutuwan da ke da muhimmanci ga matasa. Matasa da kansu ne ke zabar waɗannan batutuwan a taron jama'a a kowace shekara biyu. Hukumar zartarwa ta kasa ta Comhairle na nÓg tana da damar bayyana ra'ayoyin a cikin wani nau'i na rahoton bincike, kamfen ɗin talla, taro, tarurruka da kuma sanya waɗannan ra'ayoyi ga masu tsara manufofi.

Commonwealth

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashe 53 da ke cikin Commonwealth of Nations duk sun sanya hannu kan shirin Commonwealth na Ayyuka don Karfafa Matasa (2007-2015). Shirin Aiki yana tallafawa aikin Shirin Matasa na Commonwealth (CYP). A kan ma'anar Commonwealth, "Matasa suna da iko lokacin da suka yarda cewa suna da ko za su iya ƙirƙirar zaɓuɓɓuka a rayuwa, suna sane da tasirin waɗancan zaɓuɓɓukan, su yanke shawara da yardar rai, su ɗauki mataki bisa ga wannan yanke shawara kuma su yarda da alhakin sakamakon waɗancan ayyukan. Karfafa matasa suna ƙirƙirar da tallafawa yanayin da matasa za su iya yin aiki a madadin kansu, kuma a kan nasu sharuddan, maimakon a kan jagorancin wasu".

Sakatariyar Commonwealth ce ta kirkiro Shirin Ayyuka don Karfafa Matasa, tana aiki tare da Ministocin Matasa da matasa da kansu. Yana ƙarfafa haɓaka matasa kuma yana ƙunshe da maki goma sha uku ga gwamnatoci. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine: "Ci gaba da aiwatar da matakai don inganta 'yancin tattalin arziki na matasa" ta hanyar matakan da suka fara daga karamin bashi da ilimin kasuwanci ta hanyar sake duba tsarin tattalin arziki da tsarin kasuwanci da kuma yadda suke shafar matasa. Sauran matakai suna magana ne game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi, HIV / AIDS, ilimi, muhalli, shiga matasa a cikin yanke shawara, da dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Fa'idodin karfafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lokacin da matasa suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen karfafawa da aka kafa suna ganin fa'idodi iri-iri. Ayyukan sa hannu na matasa da karfafawa sun shiga cikin al'adun ƙungiyoyi da al'adun al'umma.[1] Manya da kungiyoyi suma suna amfana daga shirye-shiryen karfafawa. Dukansu sun zama masu yaduwa da amsawa ga matasa a cikin al'umma, wanda ke haifar da inganta shirye-shirye da kuma karuwar shiga daga matasa.[1]

Tattaunawar karfafa matasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan zarge-zargen karfafa matasa shine cewa yawancin shirye-shiryen suna da hanyar da ke da haɗari.[2] An ba da babbar damuwa game da abin da ke faruwa ga matasa a rayuwarsu maimakon abin da ke daidai. Wannan yana nuna matasa a matsayin matsala da ke buƙatar gyarawa kuma yana nuna tsarin ci gaba a matsayin tsari na shawo kan haɗari. Wannan na iya hana matasa shiga shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa. Misali mai haɗari na iya rufe gaskiyar cewa ƙuruciya lokaci ne lokacin da matasa ke ƙwarewa da ra'ayoyi.[2]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Jerin kungiyoyin karfafa matasa
  • Yunkurin matasa
  • Zaɓin matasa
  • Muryar matasa
  • Ayyukan matasa
  • Ƙananan koyarwar da ta manyanta
  • Ci gaban matasa mai kyau
  • Giovinezza

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarin karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Baya ga matasa masu sha'awar ko masu fafutuka: Matasa 'na yau da kullun' da kuma nau'ikan shiga na zamani, Matasa, 18, 1, 9-32.
  • [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Muhimmanci mai kyau: kallo mai mahimmanci ga 'sabon' ƙungiyar ci gaban matasa, Journal of Youth Studies, 14, 6, 675-691.
  • Evans S. (2007) Matasa Jin al'umma: murya da iko a cikin mahallin al'umma, Journal of Community Psychology, 35, No. 6, 693-709.
  • Morsillo J., Prilleltensky I. (2007) Ayyukan zamantakewa tare da matasa: tsoma baki, kimantawa da ingancin zamantakewar siyasa, Journal of Community Psychology, 35, No. 6, 725-740
  • Tsekoura, M. (2016). Spaces for Youth Participation da Youth Empowerment Case Studies daga Burtaniya da Girka. Matashi, DOI: 10.1177/1103308815618505.
  • Zeldin S., Petrokubi, MacNeil C. (2008) Haɗin gwiwar Matasa da Manya a cikin Yanayi: Yadawa da Aiwatar da Sabon Ra'ayi a cikin Ƙungiyoyi da Al'ummomi da aka kafa, American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 262-277.
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  • "What works in enhancing social and emotional skills development during childhood and adolescence?" (PDF). WHO. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  • Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (2015). Karfafa matasa su shiga cikin al'umma (PDF). Ofishin wallafe-wallafen Tarayyar Turai. ISBN 978-92-79-46640-3. (Rahoton Majalisar Turai da Tarayyar Turai)  
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guerra, Nancy G.; Bradshaw, Catherine P. (2008-12-01). "Linking the prevention of problem behaviors and positive youth development: Core competencies for positive youth development and risk prevention". New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. 2008 (122): 1–17. doi:10.1002/cd.225. ISSN 1534-8687. PMID 19021244.
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