Ƙasar da ba ta da ƙasa
 Ƙasar da ba ta da ƙasa | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | al'umma |
| Hannun riga da |
Statehood (en)  |
Ƙasar da ba ta da ƙasa, ƙabila ce ko al'ummar da ba ta mallaki ƙasarta ba.[1] Amfani da kalmar yana nuna cewa irin waɗannan kabilun suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, don kafa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta tare da gwamnatinta.[2] Membobin ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa suna iya zama ƴan ƙasar da suke zaune a ciki, ko kuma ƙasar ta hana su zama ɗan ƙasa. Ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa ba su da wakilci a wasanni na duniya ko a ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa an rarraba su a matsayin ƙasashen duniya na huɗu.[3] Wasu al’ummomin da ba su da kasa suna da tarihin zama, wasu kuwa a ko da yaushe ba su da wata kasa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Jacques Leruez ne ya kirkiro kalmar a cikin 1983 a cikin littafinsa L'Écosse, une nation sans État game da matsayin Scotland a cikin United Kingdom. Daga baya malaman Scotland kamar David McCrone, Michael Keating da T. M. Devine suka karbe shi kuma suka shahara.
Ƙabilun da aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ba su da ƙasa za a iya tarwatsa su a cikin jihohi da dama (misali, kabilar Yarbawa da ake samu a jahohin Afirka na Najeriya, Benin da Togo) ko kuma su zama 'yan asalin lardin da ke cikin babbar jiha (kamar 'yan kabilar Uygur da ke jihar Xinjiang ta kabilar Uyghur mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin). Wasu al’ummomin da ba su da kasa a tarihi suna da wata kasa, wadda wata ta mamaye ta; Alal misali, ba a amince da ayyana 'yancin kai na Tibet a shekarar 1913 ba, kuma a shekarar 1951 Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta sake hadewa - wacce ke ikirarin cewa Tibet wani bangare ne na kasar Sin, yayin da gwamnatin Tibet mai gudun hijira ta ce Tibet kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta karkashin haramtacciyar mamaya.
Ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa suna iya samun yawan jama'a; misali Kurdawa suna da adadin al’umma sama da miliyan 30, wanda hakan ya sa su zama daya daga cikin manyan kasashen da ba su da wata kasa.[4]
Kasa-kasa da kasashe marasa jihohi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomi da jihohi ta taso ne a yammacin Turai a karni na 18, kuma ana fitar da ita zuwa sauran kasashen duniya ta hanyar mulkin mallaka. Ganin cewa a halin yanzu kasashen yammacin turai suna barin wasu daga cikin ikonsu ga Tarayyar Turai, yawancin kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka a yanzu sun kasance masu kishin kare manufar kasa ta kasa. Koyaya, ba duk mutanen da ke cikin jahohin al'adu dabam-dabam ba ne suke ɗaukar kansu a matsayin al'umma marasa ƙasa. Da yake ba duka jihohi jihohi ne na kasa ba, akwai kabilun da ke zaune a kasashe daban-daban da ba a la'akari da su "kasashen marasa kasa".
Kadan daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen duniya ne kawai suka danganta jihohin ƙasa; sauran ana rarraba su a daya ko fiye da jihohi. Yayin da akwai kasashe sama da 3000 da aka kiyasta a duniya, akwai kasashe mambobi 193 ne kawai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zuwa 2011, wadanda kasa da 20 ake ganin jihohi ne na kabilanci. Don haka jihohin ƙasa ba su zama gama gari kamar yadda ake zato ba, kuma ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa su ne mafi yawan al'ummomi a duniya.
Sakamakon mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A zamanin daular da mulkin mallaka, al'ummomi masu karfi sun ba da ikon su a wajen kasarsu; wanda hakan ya sa al'ummomi da dama da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka daina gudanar da mulkin kansu, kuma daga baya ake bayyana su a matsayin al'ummomin da ba su da wata kasa. Wasu al'ummomi sun sha fama da "sassaƙa" da suka bar ƙasarsu ta rabu tsakanin ƙasashe da yawa. Har a yau, iyakokin mulkin mallaka sun kafa iyakokin kasa na zamani. Wadannan iyakoki sau da yawa sun bambanta da iyakokin al'adu wanda ke haifar da yanayi inda mutanen da ke magana da harshe ɗaya ko masu al'adu iri ɗaya suka raba ta iyakokin ƙasa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, turawan mulkin mallaka sun kafa tsarin kasa daya ba tare da la'akari da bambancin kabila ba tare da ba wa yankunansu 'yancin kai a matsayin kasa na kasa da kasa. Wannan ya haifar da jahohin da suka gaje su tare da ƴan tsirarun ƙabilun a cikinsu, wanda hakan ya ƙara haifar da rigingimun ƙabilanci.[5] Wasu daga cikin wadannan ’yan tsiraru sun yi kamfen don cin gashin kansu. Kasashen da ba su da wata kasa ba a ba su kariya ba a dukkan kasashe, sakamakon haka, sun zama wadanda ke fama da munanan ayyuka kamar wariya, kawar da kabilanci, kisan kare dangi, tilastawa jama’a, da cin gajiyar aiki da albarkatun kasa.[6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ↑ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ↑ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p
- ↑ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014
- ↑ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ↑ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples