Ƙauracewa Beer Hall
 Ƙauracewa Beer Hall |
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Ƙauracewa barasa ta Beer Hall a Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance kamfen ne na kasa da kasa, wanda mata ke jagoranta na kauracewa da nuna adawa da dakunan giya na birni wanda ya fara daga kusan shekarun 1920 zuwa 1960. Dokar Beer ta 1908 ta sanya haramtacciyar doka ga matan Afirka ta Kudu su yi giya ta gargajiya. 'Yan sanda sun mamaye gidaje kuma sun lalata abin sha na gida don maza su yi amfani da wuraren giya na gari. A mayar da martani, mata sun kai hari kan shaguna kuma sun lalata kayan aiki da gine-gine.
Dokar barasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Beer ta 1908 ta sanya haramtacciyar doka ga matan Afirka ta Kudu su yi giya ta gargajiya.Dokar ta hana 'yan asalin Afirka shan barasa da aka samar a Turai. An ba da izini ga mazajen Afirka masu ilimi, wanda ya ba su damar cinye ruwan inabi na Turai, ruhohi da giya. Matsakaicin mutumin da ba shi da ilimi zai sha giya da mata na Afirka suka yi. Afirka ta Kudu ta rasa matsayin cinikayya da ta fi so a cikin Commonwealth lokacin da ta zama jamhuriya a 1961. Wannan ya sanya kasuwancin fitar da ruwan inabi da giya a cikin barazana kuma nan da nan akwai karuwar buƙata don ɗaga haramcin.
Kafin 1928 matan Afirka sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin giya-brewing don tsarin gwamnati da dakunan giya. Sayar da giya a cikin kananan hukumomi masana'antu ce mai daraja R3 miliyan a 1961. Dokar Kwaskwarimar Abincin na 1962 ta ɗaga iko a kan 'yan Afirka a matsayin masu amfani da abin sha. An haramta wa 'yan Afirka shiga kasuwar giya, duk da haka, za su iya siyan giya daga ƙofofin 'ba na Turai' na shagunan fararen kwalba. A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan sanda ba su iya sarrafa tallace-tallace na giya na 'Turai' a cikin birane ba. 'Yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu sun bayyana cewa ɗaga haramcin zai daidaita halaye na shan giya na mutanen Afirka. [1]
Kashewar Beer Hall
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kauracewa dakunan giya alama ce ta karuwar rashin jin daɗi na mutane game da matakai masu yawa na zalunci kafin Dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu.[2]
Beer Hall Riots ya fara ne a cikin 1929 a duk fadin kasar.[3] Wadannan kauracewa da tashin hankali sun kasance don mayar da martani ga Dokar Beer ta 1908 wanda ya haifar da yawancin matan Afirka a cikin birane da yankunan karkara sun rasa hanyar samun kudin shiga. Masu shayar da giya na gargajiya sun yi tsayayya da dakunan giya na birni yayin da suka ba da iko ga majalisun don sayar da giya na Afirka kuma mai shayar da barasa na Afirka ba zai iya samun kudin shiga ba. Ofishin reshe na Natal na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci (ICU) ya yi kamfen don rufe dakunan giya na gari. Tsakanin 1950 da 1951, ribar birni ta shekara-shekara daga tallace-tallace na giya ta wuce £ 175,000; zuwa 1952, waɗannan ribar sun wuce £ 200,000.
A lokacin tashin hankali na Soweto na 1976, ɗaliban ɗalibai sun kai hari kan dakunan giya. Kusan kowane zauren giya a Soweto ya shafa. 'Yan sanda sun kashe masu tayar da kayar baya da yawa yayin da suke tserewa daga zauren giya yayin zanga-zangar. Ba a sake gina dakunan giya da aka rushe a shekara ta 1976 ba.[4][5]
Durban
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattaunawar Boycotts ta fara ne tun daga 1926 a Durban.[3] A ranar 17 ga Yuni 1959 a Cato Manor, KwaZulu Natal, wata kungiya ta mata ta Afirka ta shirya zanga-zanga game da dokar giya a Cato manor Beer Hall. Sauran masu zanga-zangar sun shiga zauren giya kuma sun lalata giya da sauran dukiya. 'Yan sanda sun watsar da masu zanga-zangar kuma sun ci gaba da sa ido a duk maraice. A ranar 18 ga Yuni 1959, zanga-zangar ta bazu zuwa Dalton Road da Victoria Street a birnin Durban. Wannan yanki yanzu yana daga cikin Hanyar Tarihin 'Yanci.[6] An kai hari ga maza da ke cikin waɗannan Majami'un giya a lokacin zanga-zangar kuma an yi gargadi game da tallafawa majami'un barasa na gari. Darakta na Sashen Gudanar da Bantu, Mista Bourquin, ya yi magana game da mata 2000 a Cato Manor Beer Hall. Bayan da matan suka yi tsayayya da umarni daga 'yan sanda don warwatsewa, an yi zargin sanda. A cikin wata sanarwa a cikin Majalisar, Ministan Shari'a ya bayyana cewa an ƙone gine-gine 25 kuma 7 sun lalace, duk suna da alaƙa da tashin hankali na Beer Hall. An rufe dakunan giya na ɗan lokaci kuma an dakatar da ayyukan bas na birni bayan hare-hare da yawa a kan motoci. A watan Yunin 1959 sama da mata 2000 sun yi tafiya a kan maza da ke shan giya a cikin Beer Halls. Masu zanga-zangar sun shirya takunkumin giya wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a duk faɗin Natal. A cikin shekara ta 1959, kimanin mata 20 000 a Natal sun yi zanga-zanga kuma an yanke wa sama da 1 000 hukunci a kotuna.[7][8]
Gabashin Cape
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan Ministan Harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar ya ba majalisar damar yin giya da samar da giya daga 1 ga Yulin 1938, sama da mata 200 na Afirka sun yi tafiya zuwa City Hall na Gabashin London don yin hira da Magajin garin. Dokar ta shafi mata da yawa waɗanda ke samun rayuwa ta hanyar yin giya a cikin shebeens. An kiyasta cewa sama da mata 20,000 daga yankuna 30 sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, gami da Beer Hall Boycotts .
Shahararrun mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1931 kusa da Dundee a KwaZulu-Natal . Ta shiga cikin kafa kungiyar mata ta ANC a Cato Manor . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da ke adawa da cirewa daga Cato Manor a 1956, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin shugabanni na boycotts na gidan giya.[9][10]
Mary Ngalo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Mary Ngalo a Cradock, Gabashin Cape . An kama ta a lokacin kauracewa zauren giya na 1957 kuma an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin wata daya.[11]
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedjoah - ↑ "Document 44 - "The Revolt of the Women", The Soyan, December 1959 | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- 1 2 "Africa Perspective" (PDF). abahlali.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ↑ "ICU women members, beer halls and boycotts | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. 2012-08-16. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- ↑ Author—Christine Marot (2013-08-29). "Illicit Brewing Beer Halls Soweto Riots And The Rise Of Shebeens – SAB World of Beer". Worldofbeer.co.za. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-09-24.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Durban, Amandla (2016-11-10). "The Durban System and the Native Beer Act | Amandla!". Amandladurban.org.za. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- ↑ "The Role of Women in the Struggle against Apartheid | African National Congress". Anc.org.za. Archived from the original on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- ↑ "The Durban Riots". Nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- ↑ "Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- ↑ "Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe - A Titan of Struggle | African National Congress". Anc.org.za. Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- ↑ Supplement (25 August 2016). "60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (41-50)". Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- "Document 44 - "The Revolt of the Women", The Soyan, December 1959 | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- "Truth Commission - Special Report - TRC Final Report - Volume 3, Section 1, Chapter". Sabctrc.saha.org.za. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- Structure and experience in the making of Apartheid wiredspace.wits.ac.za