Ƙone amarya
 Ƙone amarya | |
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| kisa |
Ƙone amarya wani nau'i ne na kisan gilla da ake yi a ciki da kewayen Yankin Indiya. Wani nau'i na Mutuwar sadaki, ƙone amarya yana faruwa ne lokacin da mijinta ko danginsa suka kashe mace saboda ƙin biyan ƙarin sadaki. Matar yawanci ana shafa ta da kerosene, man fetur, ko wasu ruwa masu cin wuta, kuma ana ƙone ta, wanda ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar konewa.[1] Ana amfani da kerosene sau da yawa azaman man fetur don ƙananan murhun man fetur, wasu daga cikinsu suna da haɗari, don haka yana ba da damar da'awar cewa laifin ya kasance haɗari. Ya fi yawa a Indiya kuma ya kasance babbar matsala a can tun aƙalla 1993.[2]
A shekara ta 2004, an gane ƙone amarya a matsayin muhimmiyar matsala a Indiya.[3] A cikin 1995, Mujallar Time ta ba da rahoton cewa mutuwar sadaki a Indiya ya karu daga kusan 400 a kowace shekara a farkon shekarun 1980 zuwa kusan 5,800 a kowace shekara ta tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A cewar Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Laifuka na Indiya, an yanke musu hukunci 1,948 da kuma 3,876 a cikin shari'o'in mutuwar sadaki a shekara ta 2008.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutuwar sadaki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutuwar sadaki ita ce mutuwar wata budurwa a kasashen Kudancin Asiya, da farko Indiya, wacce mijinta ya kashe ko ya sa ta kashe kansa. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga mijinta ko danginsa da ke ci gaba da ƙoƙarin cire karin sadaki daga amarya ko iyalinta. Ƙone amarya wani nau'i ne kawai na mutuwar sadaki; jefa acid, guba da sauran nau'ikan mummunan tashin hankali suma suna faruwa. Saboda sadaki yawanci ya dogara da aji ko matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, mata galibi suna fuskantar matsin sadaki na mijinsu na gaba ko danginsa.[1]
Asalin ƙone amarya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai akalla ra'ayoyi huɗu game da dalilin da ya sa ƙone amarya ta kasance da kuma yadda wanzuwarta ta kasance a cikin ƙasashen Asiya ta Kudu, kamar yadda Avnita Lakhani ya bayyana a cikin rahotonta game da ƙone amaryar da ake kira "The Elephant in the Room Is Out of Control". Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun bayyana ayyukan da suka ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar sadaki gaba ɗaya, don haka a ƙarshe suna ba da guddina ga ƙone amarya.[4]
Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa da al'adu ya nuna cewa a cikin al'umma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar Indiya, an bayyana rawar mace tun kafin a haife ta, wanda a ƙarshe ya sanya ta ƙasa da maza. Saboda ana ganinta a matsayin nauyi da kuma "ƙarin baki don ciyarwa", matsayinta a matsayin alhakin tattalin arziki yana inganta ra'ayin cewa maza, waɗanda ake la'akari da dukiyar jiki, na iya bi da mata a matsayin masu biyayya. [1] Da zarar mace ta yi aure, tana da ɗaure ga mijinta da nufinsa saboda "al'umma ta ba da umarnin biyayya ga mijinta". [1] [5]
Wata ka'ida ta yi iƙirarin cewa cinikin kayayyaki ya sa ƙasashe kamar Indiya su zama masu haɗama. Saboda wannan, ana amfani da sadaki a matsayin hanyar samun matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Yayin da ake ci gaba da samun matsayi, buƙatar sadaki na amarya tana ƙaruwa don ci gaba da motsawa cikin matakan zamantakewa.[1]
Lakhani ya kuma nuna cewa a tarihi, ana iya tunanin tsarin sadaki a matsayin hanyar rarrabe Musulmi daga al'adun Hindu, [1] haifar da ƙarin rarrabuwa a cikin kabilu. Kyauta mafi girma zai nuna matsayi mafi girma da bambanci daga Islama, don haka samar da ƙarfafawa don neman kyauta mafi girma.[1]
A ƙarshe, wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa aikin sadaki ya fito ne daga mulkin Burtaniya da tasiri a Indiya don rarrabe "nau'o'i daban-daban na aure" tsakanin kabilu.[1] Lokacin da aka kafa tsarin sadaki a cikin manyan kabilu, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta nemi karfafa shi a cikin ƙananan kabilu a matsayin hanyar kawar da auren da suka fi dacewa.[1] Irin waɗannan nau'ikan haɗin kai an lalata su har sai an amince da tsarin aure na manyan mutane.[1]
Mutanen Asiya ta Kudu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da kimantawa daga shekara ta 2011, tsakanin mutane 4,000 da 25,000 suna faruwa ne daga konewar amarya a kowace shekara a Indiya, Pakistan, da Bangladesh.[6]
A Indiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ashley K. Jutla da David Heimbach sun bayyana konewar amarya ta hanyar cewa "mijin da / ko surukai sun yanke shawarar cewa sadaki, kyautar da aka ba wa mijinta, bai isa ba sabili da haka ƙoƙarin kashe sabuwar amarya don yin mijinta don sake yin aure ko azabtar da amarya da iyalinta. " [7] A Indiya, girman sadaki yana nuna wadata. Marubucin Indiya Rajesh Talwar ya rubuta wani wasa game da mutuwar sadaki mai taken The Bride Who Would Not Burn . [8]
A shekara ta 1961, gwamnatin Indiya ta zartar da Dokar haramtacciyar Kyauta, ta sa buƙatun sadaki a cikin shirye-shiryen aure ba bisa ka'ida ba.[9]
A shekara ta 1986, majalisar dokokin Indiya ta kara mutuwar sadaki a matsayin sabon laifin tashin hankali na cikin gida. Dangane da sabon sashi na 304-B na Dokar Shari'a ta Indiya, inda aka kashe amarya "a cikin shekaru 7 na aurenta kuma an nuna cewa jim kadan kafin mutuwarta, mijinta, ko kowane dangi na mijinta, ya yi mata zalunci ko cin zarafi, ko kuma dangane da duk wani bukatar sadaki, irin wannan mutuwar za a kira ta 'mutuwa' kuma irin wannan mijinta ko dangi za a ɗauka ya haifar da mutuwarta" [9]
Ana iya yanke wa masu laifi hukunci na kowane lokaci, daga akalla shekaru bakwai a kurkuku zuwa iyakar rayuwa. An bayar da rahoton shari'o'i da yawa na tashin hankali na gida, kashe kansa, da kisan kai. Wani rahoto na 1997 ya yi iƙirarin cewa akalla mata 5000 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara saboda mutuwar sadaki kuma akalla goma sha biyu suna mutuwa kowace rana a cikin 'wutar kicin' da ake zaton da gangan ne. Kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari na mutuwar sadaki da aka ruwaito ya haifar da hukunci a kotuna.
A Pakistan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Pakistan, Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Ci gaba ta ce iyalan mazajensu suna ƙone mata 300 har zuwa mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma wasu lokuta ana yin amfani da abubuwan da suka faru na ƙone amarya a matsayin haɗari, kamar 'ƙonewar wuta'. [10] A cewar kungiyar, likitoci sun ce wadanda abin ya shafa daga wadannan hatsarori suna da raunin da bai dace da konewar murhu ba. A cewar wani rahoto na Amnesty International a cikin 1999, kodayake an bayar da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na ƙone amarya 1600, 60 ne kawai aka gurfanar da su kuma, daga cikin waɗannan, biyu ne kawai suka haifar da hukunci.[11]
A Pakistan, mata ciki har da Shahnaz Bukhari suna yin kamfen don kare dokokin da suka shafi aikin, don kafa mafaka ga mata da kuma asibitoci tare da unguwanni na ƙonewa na musamman. Amnesty International ta ce matsin lamba daga ciki, da kuma daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa, na iya kara matakin wayar da kan jama'a a cikin gwamnatin Pakistan. BBC ta kiyasta cewa an ƙone amarya 300 na Pakistan har zuwa mutuwa a 1999.
A shekara ta 1988, wani bincike ya nuna cewa an kashe mata 800 ta wannan hanyar; a shekara ta 1989, adadin ya karu zuwa 1100, kuma a shekara ta 1990 ya tsaya a kimanin kashe-kashen 1800. Jaridu a Lahore a cikin watanni shida (1997) sun ruwaito a matsakaita hare-hare 15 a wata. Dangane da kimantawa ta Ci gaban Dan Adam a Kudancin Asiya, a matsakaita akwai shari'o'i 16 na ƙone amarya a wata. Women's eNews ta ba da rahoton cewa an kai mata 4000 hari ta wannan hanyar a kewayen Islamabad a cikin shekaru takwas kuma cewa matsakaicin shekarun wadanda abin ya shafa yana tsakanin 18 zuwa 35 tare da kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari suna da ciki a lokacin mutuwar.[12] Shahnaz Bukhari ya ce game da irin waɗannan hare-haren:
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 Lakhani, Avnita (2005). "Bride-burning: the "elephant in the room" is out of control". Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal. 5 (2): 249–298. pdf.
- ↑ "Brideburning claims hundreds in India – CNN". Articles.cnn.com. 18 August 1996. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ↑ Kumar, Virendra; Kanth, Sarita (December 2004). "Bride burning". The Lancet. 364 (special issue): 18–19. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17625-3. PMID 15967137. S2CID 32625512.
- ↑ "Brideburning claims hundreds in India – CNN". Articles.cnn.com. 18 August 1996. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Nangia". - ↑ "Brideburning claims hundreds in India – CNN". Articles.cnn.com. 18 August 1996. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ↑ "Brideburning claims hundreds in India – CNN". Articles.cnn.com. 18 August 1996. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ↑ "Brideburning claims hundreds in India – CNN". Articles.cnn.com. 18 August 1996. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- 1 2 "The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961". wcd.nic.in. Ministry of Women and Child Development (India). 20 May 1961. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "BBC_1999". - ↑ "Honour killings of girls and women (ASA 33/018/1999)". Amnesty International. 1 September 1999. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Terzieff".