Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka
 Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka | |
|---|---|
;_Flag_of_the_African_Union_(2004%E2%80%932010).svg) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Iri |
international organization (en)  da intergovernmental organization (en) |
| Mulki | |
| Hedkwata | Addis Ababa |
 | |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 1963 |
| Wanda yake bi |
African and Malagasy Union (en) , Monrovia Group (en) da Kungiyar Casablanca |
| Ta biyo baya | African Union |
| Dissolved | 2002 |
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; Faransanci: Organisation de l'unité africaine, OUA) [1] kungiya ce ta Afirka da aka kafa a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1963 a Addis Ababa, Habasha, tare da gwamnatoci 33 da suka sanya hannu. [2][lower-alpha 1] Wasu daga cikin manyan manufofi na OAU sune karfafa hadin kan siyasa da tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashe membobin, da kuma kawar da mulkin mallaka da neo-colonialism daga Nahiyar Afirka.[3]
Rashin sojoji kamar Masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bar kungiyar ba tare da hanyar aiwatar da shawarwarinta ba. Har ila yau, ba ta son shiga cikin harkokin cikin gida na kasashe membobin, wanda ya sa wasu masu sukar su yi ikirarin OAU ba ta da tasiri wajen daukar mataki. Da yake fahimtar wannan, a watan Satumbar 1999 OAU ta ba da Sanarwar Sirte, tana kira ga sabon jiki don maye gurbinsa. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002, Shugaban OAU, Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Thabo Mbeki, ya rushe OAU a hukumance kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Tarayyar Afirka (AU), wanda ya maye gurbi ta nan da nan, wanda ke goyan bayan yawancin ka'idodin kafa OAU.[4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farawar kafa OAU ita ce Sanniquellie Alkawari a Taron Taron Yammacin Afirka na farko da aka gudanar a Sanniquellia, Laberiya a ranar 15-19 ga Yuli 1959. Shugaba Tubman na Laberiya ya karbi bakuncin Shugaba Touré na Guinea, da Firayim Minista Nkrumah na Ghana, kuma ukun sun yi alkawarin yin aiki tare don kafa "Al'umma ta Kasashen Afirka masu zaman kansu". [5]
An kafa OAU a watan Mayu 1963 [6] a Addis Ababa, Habasha, ta jihohin Afirka 32 tare da babban manufar kawo al'ummomin Afirka tare da warware batutuwan a cikin nahiyar. An gudanar da taron farko a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1963 [6] a Addis Ababa. [7] A wannan taron, marigayi masanin tarihin Gambian - kuma daya daga cikin manyan 'Yan kasa na Gambiya da Pan-Africanists a lokacin - Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof ya gabatar da jawabi a gaban kasashe membobin, inda ya ce: [7] – –
- Shekaru 75 ne kawai lokacin da Ƙasashen Turai suka zauna a kusa da teburin a Jamus kowannensu yana riƙe da wuka don sassaƙa Afirka don amfanin kansa.... Nasararku za ta yi wahayi da hanzarta 'yanci da cikakken' yancin kai na nahiyar Afirka kuma ta kawar da mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaki daga nahiyar kuma a ƙarshe sabon mulkin mallaka daga duniya... Rashin nasararku, wanda babu wani Afirka na gaskiya a Afirka da ke addu'a, zai tsawaita gwagwarmayarmu tare da baƙin ciki da takaici. Ni, sabili da haka, ku yi watsi da duk wani shawara a waje da Afirka kuma ku riƙe cewa wayewar yanzu, wadda wasu daga cikin manyan masu iko suke alfahari da ita, sun fito ne daga Afirka, kuma kun fahimci cewa duk duniya tana da wani abu na duniya da za ku koya daga Afirka, za ku yi ƙoƙari ku cimma yarjejeniya, ku ceci Afirka daga hannun sabon mulkin mallaka kuma ku tayar da mutuncin Afirka, namiji da kwanciyar hankali na kasa.
Manufofin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]OAU tana da manyan manufofi masu zuwa:
- Don daidaitawa da karfafa hadin gwiwar jihohin Afirka don cimma kyakkyawar rayuwa ga mutanen Afirka.[2]
- Don kare ikon mallakar, amincin yanki da 'yancin kai na jihohin Afirka.
- OAU kuma an sadaukar da ita ga kawar da dukkan nau'ikan mulkin mallaka da mulkin 'yan tsiraru kamar yadda, lokacin da aka kafa shi, akwai jihohi da yawa da ba su sami' yancin kansu ba ko kuma sun kasance masu mulkin' yan tsiraru. Afirka ta Kudu da Angola sun kasance kasashe biyu irin wannan. OAU ta ba da shawarar hanyoyi biyu na kawar da nahiyar daga mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na fararen fata. Na farko, zai kare bukatun kasashe masu zaman kansu kuma ya taimaka wajen neman 'yancin kai wadanda har yanzu ke mulkin mallaka. Abu na biyu, zai kasance tsaka-tsaki dangane da al'amuran duniya, yana hana membobinta sake sarrafawa ta ikon waje.
An kafa kwamitin 'yanci don taimakawa ƙungiyoyin' yancin kai da kuma kula da bukatun jihohin da suka riga sun sami 'yanci. OAU kuma ta yi niyyar kasancewa tsaka-tsaki dangane da siyasar duniya, wanda zai hana su sake sarrafawa ta dakarun waje - haɗari na musamman tare da Yakin Cold.
OAU tana da wasu manufofi, ma:
- Tabbatar cewa duk 'yan Afirka sun ji daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
- Ci gaba da Yanayin rayuwa na dukkan 'yan Afirka.
- Warware muhawara da jayayya tsakanin mambobi - ba ta hanyar fada ba amma ta hanyar zaman lafiya da tattaunawar diflomasiyya.[8]
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun 'yancin kai, jihohin Afirka da yawa sun nuna sha'awar samun hadin kai a cikin nahiyar. Ba kowa ba ne ya amince da yadda za a iya cimma wannan hadin kai, duk da haka, kuma kungiyoyi biyu masu ra'ayi sun fito a wannan bangaren:
- Kungiyar Casablanca, karkashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah na Ghana, suna son tarayya dukkan kasashen Afirka. Baya ga Ghana, ta ƙunshi Aljeriya, Guinea, Morocco, Masar, Mali da Libya. An kafa shi a cikin 1961, an bayyana membobinta a matsayin "kasashe masu ci gaba".
- Ƙungiyar Monrovian, karkashin jagorancin Senghor na Senegal, sun ji cewa ya kamata a cimma hadin kai a hankali, ta hanyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki. Ba ta goyi bayan ra'ayin tarayyar siyasa ba. Sauran mambobinta sune Najeriya, Laberiya, Habasha, da kuma mafi yawan tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.
Wasu daga cikin tattaunawar farko sun faru ne a Sanniquellie, Laberiya. An warware rikicin ne lokacin da sarkin Habashawa Haile Selassie I gayyaci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa Addis Ababa, inda aka kafa OAU da hedkwatarta. Kasashe 32 masu zaman kansu na Afirka sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar.
A lokacin da aka rushe OAU, 53 daga cikin jihohin Afirka 54 mambobi ne; Morocco ta bar a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1984 biyo bayan shigar da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Larabawa ta Sahrawi a matsayin gwamnatin Yammacin Sahara a shekarar 1982.[9]
Rashin amincewa da yabo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi wa kungiyar ba'a sosai a matsayin "shagon magana" na hukuma tare da ƙaramin iko. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya tilasta yanke shawara, kuma rashin makamai ya sa shiga tsakani ya zama da wahala sosai. Yaƙe-yaƙe a Najeriya da Angola sun ci gaba ba tare da raguwa ba har tsawon shekaru, kuma OAU ba za ta iya yin komai don dakatar da su ba.
Manufofin rashin tsoma baki a cikin al'amuran kasashe membobin sun kuma iyakance tasirin OAU. Don haka, lokacin da aka keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar yadda a Uganda a ƙarƙashin Idi Amin a cikin shekarun 1970, OAU ba ta da ikon dakatar da su.
Tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ghana Kofi Annan ya yaba wa kungiyar saboda kawo 'yan Afirka tare. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna jayayya cewa, a cikin shekaru 39 na wanzuwarsa, OAU ba ta yi komai ba don kare haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na' yan Afirka daga shugabannin siyasa, sau da yawa suna kiranta da "Kungiyar Masu Ikklisiya" ko "Kungiyar Kwadago ta Masu Ikklisiyar".
OAU, duk da haka, ta yi nasara a wasu fannoni. Yawancin mambobinta ma mambobi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma sun tsaya tare a cikin kungiyar ta ƙarshe don kare bukatun Afirka - musamman game da mulkin mallaka. Saboda haka, neman hadin kan Afirka ya ci nasara a wasu hanyoyi.
Cikakken hadin kai yana da wuyar cimma, duk da haka, kamar yadda OAU ta rabu sosai. Tsoffin yankunan Faransa, har yanzu suna dogara da Faransa, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Monrovia, kuma akwai ƙarin rabuwa tsakanin waɗanda suka goyi bayan Amurka da waɗanda suka goyan bayan USSR a cikin Yaƙin Cold na akidar. Kwame Nkrumah na Ghana ne ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Socialist, yayin da Félix Houphouët-Boigny na Ivory Coast ya jagoranci masu goyon bayan jari-hujja. Saboda wadannan rarrabuwar, yana da wahala ga OAU ta dauki mataki a kan jihohin da ke cikin rikice-rikicen cikin gida saboda ba zai iya cimma yarjejeniya kan abin da za a yi ba.
OAU ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawar da mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaki fari a Afirka. Ya ba da makamai, horo da sansanonin soja ga kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke yaƙi da' yan tsiraru da mulkin mallaka. Kungiyoyi irin su ANC da PAC, masu yaki da wariyar launin fata, da ZANU da ZAPU, masu gwagwarmaya don hambarar da gwamnatin Rhodesia, OAU ta taimaka musu a kokarin su. An rufe tashar jiragen ruwa na Afirka ga gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, kuma an hana jirgin sama na Afirka ta Kudu tashi a kan sauran nahiyar. OAU ta shawo kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don fitar da Afirka ta Kudu daga kungiyoyi kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.
OAU ta kuma yi aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don sauƙaƙe matsalolin 'yan gudun hijira. Ya kafa Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka don ayyukan tattalin arziki da aka nufa don sanya Afirka ta fi karfi da kudi. Kodayake duk ƙasashen Afirka sun sami 'yancin kansu, ya kasance da wahala a gare su su zama cikakke' yanci daga tsoffin masu mulkin mallaka. Sau da yawa ana ci gaba da dogaro da tsoffin ikon mulkin mallaka don taimakon tattalin arziki, wanda sau da yawa ya zo tare da igiyoyi da aka haɗe: dole ne a biya rance a babban riba, kuma dole ne a sayar da kayayyaki ga masu taimako a ƙananan farashi.
Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet sun shiga tsakani a Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka don neman nasu manufofi. Ana ba da taimako a wasu lokuta ta hanyar fasaha da ma'aikatan taimako. Duk da kyakkyawar niyya da kyakkyawar manufa, OAU ta ci gaba da kasa cimma burinta - na gwagwarmayar kiyaye "Westerners" (masu mulkin mallaka) daga, kuma kawai mayar da hankali kan, al'amuran Afirka. Har yanzu kungiyar ta dogara sosai da taimakon Yammacin Turai (soja da tattalin arziki) don shiga tsakani a harkokin Afirka, duk da rashin jin daɗin shugabannin Afirka game da hulɗa da al'ummomin duniya, musamman ƙasashen Yamma.
Hukumomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hukumomi masu cin gashin kansu da ke aiki ƙarƙashin kulawar OAU sune:
- Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Afirka (PATU)
- Ƙungiyar Wasiku ta Afirka (PAPU)
- Hukumar Labarai ta Afirka (PANA)
- Ƙungiyar Talabijin da Rediyo ta Kasa na Afirka (URTNA)
- Kungiyar tarayyar africa dake kula da layin dogo (UAR)
- Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka (OATUU)
- Babban Hukumar Wasanni ta Afirka
- Hukumar Jiragen Sama ta Farar Hula ta Afirka.
Taron OAU
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samfuri:International opposition to Apartheid Samfuri:Politics of the African Union
| Birnin Mai Masaukin Bako | Kasar Mai Masaukin Bako | Ranar |
|---|---|---|
| Addis Ababa |  Ethiopia
|
22–25 Mayu 1963 |
| Cairo |  Egypt
|
17–21 Yuli 1964 |
| Accra |  Ghana
|
21–26 Oktoba 1965 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
5–9 Nuwamba 1966 |
| Kinshasa |  Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
11–14 Satumba 1967 |
| Algiers |  Algeria
|
13–16 Satumba 1968 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
6–10 Satumba 1969 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
1–3 Satumba 1970 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
21–23 Yuni 1971 |
| Rabat |  Morocco
|
12–15 Yuni 1972 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
27–28 Mayu 1973 |
| Mogadishu |  Somaliya
|
1974 |
| Kampala |  Uganda
|
28 Yuli–1 Agusta 1975 |
| Port Louis |  Moris
|
2–6 Yuli 1976 |
| Libreville |  Gabon
|
2–5 Yuli 1977 |
| Khartoum |  Sudan
|
18–22 Yuli 1978 |
| Monrovia |  Laberiya
|
17–20 Yuli 1979 |
| Freetown |  Saliyo
|
1–4 Yuli 1980 |
| Nairobi |  Kenya
|
24–27 Yuni 1981 |
| Addis Ababa |  Ethiopia
|
6–12 Yuni 1983 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
12–15 Nuwamba 1984 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
18–20 Yuli 1985 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
28–30 Yuli 1986 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
27–29 Yuli 1987 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
Taron Musamman: Oktoba 1987 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
25–28 Mayu 1988 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
24–26 Yuli 1989 |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia
|
9–11 Yuli 1990 |
| Abuja |  Nigeria
|
3–5 Yuli 1991 |
| Dakar |  Senegal
|
29 Yuni–1 Yuli 1992 |
| Cairo |  Egypt
|
28–30 Yuni 1993 |
| Tunis |  Tunisia
|
13–15 Yuni 1994 |
| Addis Ababa |  Ethiopia
|
26–28 Yuni 1995 |
| Yaoundé |  Cameroon
|
8–10 Yuni 1996 |
| Harare |  Zimbabwe
|
2–4 Yuni 1997 |
| Ouagadougou |  Burkina Faso
|
8–10 Yuni 1998 |
| Algiers | Algeria
|
12–14 Yuli 1999 |
| Sirte |  Libya
|
Taron Musamman 6–9 Satumba 1999 |
| Lomé |  Togo
|
10–12 Yuli 2000 |
| Lusaka |  Zambiya
|
9–11 Yuli 2001, taron OAU na ƙarshe |
Mambobin OAU bisa ranar shigarsu (jihohi 53)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Staff writer (2025). "Organization of African Unity (OAU)". uia.org. Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Department of International Relations and Cooperation – South Africa". dfa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "dfa.gov.za" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "African Union (See also – Organization of African Unity (OAU)) Archives". Question of Palestine (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-27.
- ↑ Beverton, Alys (2009-05-10). "Organization of African Unity (1963–2002)" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-27.
- ↑ "Special Conferences". International Organization. 16 (2): 444–446. 1962. doi:10.1017/S0020818300011218.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedJaynes - ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa 1st May 1963 – Alhaji A E Cham-Joof". The Point Newspaper, 29 June 2006. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
- ↑ Elias, T. O. (1965). "The Charter of the Organization of African Unity". The American Journal of International Law. 59 (2): 243–267. doi:10.2307/2196967. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2196967. S2CID 146867168.
- ↑ Beverton, Alys (10 May 2009). "Organization of African Unity (1963–2002)". blackpast.org.
Ƙara karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- OAU After Twenty Years. Praeger (1984); ISBN 0-03-062473-8;
- Terry M. Mays, Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981–1982, Praeger (2002); ISBN 0-275-97606-8
- Chaloka Beyani, Chris Stringer, African Exodus: Refugee Crisis, Human Rights, & the 1969 OAU Convention. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (1995); ISBN 0-934143-73-0
- CEC.rwanda2.free.fr, Report on the Rwandan genocide in 2000.
- Black-king.net, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia speaks at the OAU conference, Addis Ababa, 1963
- Willie Molesi, Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide, ISBN 979-8332308994
- Willie Molesi, Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities,ISBN 979-8334767546
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found