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Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka

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Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka

Bayanai
Gajeren suna SADC, CDAA, 南共體, 南共体, САДК, SAOG, CDAA, СРПА da САДК
Iri international organization (en) Fassara
Masana'anta international governmental or non-governmental organizations (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Botswana
Ƙaramar kamfani na
SADC Statistics Committee (en) Fassara da SADC Tribunal (en) Fassara
Mulki
Hedkwata Gaborone
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1980
1992
sadc.int

Kungiyar Ci Gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) kungiya ce ta gwamnati da ke da hedikwata a Gaborone, Botswana .

Manufofin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manufar SADC ita ce ci gaba da hadin kan tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na yanki da hadin kai da kuma hadin kan siyasa da tsaro tsakanin kasashe 16 a kudancin Afirka.[1] Kodayake manyan manufofinta sune ci gaba, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rage talauci, kiyaye zaman lafiya ya zama da mahimmanci ga SADC.[2]: 70 

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Asalin SADC ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, lokacin da shugabannin kasashe masu rinjaye da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa suka daidaita gwagwarmayar siyasa, diflomasiyya da soja don kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka a kudancin Afirka.  [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambaton] Mai gabatar da haɗin gwiwar siyasa da tsaro na SADC na yau shine ƙungiyar Frontline States (FLS) ta yau da kullun. An kafa shi a cikin 1980. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Alamar SADCC (1980-1992)

Taron Gudanar da Ci gaban Kudancin Afirka (SADCC) shine farkon haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na SADC na yau. Samun amincewar kasashe tara masu rinjaye na kudancin Afirka na sanarwar Lusaka a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1980 ya shirya hanya don kafa SADCC a watan Afrilu 1980.

Kasancewar membobin FLS da SADCC wani lokacin sun bambanta.

SADCC ta canza zuwa SADC a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1992, tare da karɓar mambobin da suka kafa SADCC da sabuwar Namibia mai zaman kanta na sanarwar Windhoek da yarjejeniyar da ta kafa SADC. SADC ta 1992 ta samar da hadin gwiwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da hadin kan siyasa da tsaro. A zahiri, an rushe FLS ne kawai a cikin 1994, bayan zaben dimokuradiyya na farko na Afirka ta Kudu. Kokarin da ya biyo baya na sanya hadin gwiwar siyasa da tsaro a kan tushe mai karfi a karkashin laima na SADC ya gaza. A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001, an yi wa yarjejeniyar SADC gyare-gyare ta 1992. Gyaran ya sanar da sake fasalin tsarin, manufofi da hanyoyin SADC, tsarin da ke gudana. Ɗaya daga cikin canje-canjen shine cewa an kafa hadin gwiwar siyasa da tsaro a cikin Hukumar Siyasa, Tsaro da Tsaro (OPDS); ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin SADC. Yana ƙarƙashin kulawar babban hukumar kungiyar, Taron, wanda ya ƙunshi shugabannin jihohi ko gwamnati.   Kungiyar tana gudanar da wasanta na wasanni da yawa a cikin nau'ikan Wasannin SADC, wanda aka fara gudanarwa a 2004 a Maputo. Da farko an shirya shi don kwanan wata a Malawi da Lesotho, batutuwan ƙungiyoyi sun haifar da watsi da shirin kuma SADC ta ba da tarar $ 100,000 a kan Malawi. Taron farko a shekara ta 2004 a Maputo ya haifar da matasa sama da 1000 na kasa da shekaru 20 daga kasashe 10 da ke shiga cikin shirin wasanni ciki har da wasanni, kwallon kafa, Netball, dambe da Kwando.

A cikin 2012, SADC ta tura masu kiyaye zaman lafiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo don magance barazanar 'yan tawaye.[2]: 70 Sojojin da aka tura sun fito ne daga Tanzania, Malawi, da Afirka ta Kudu.[2] : 70 : 70 

A watan Agustan 2019 SADC ta karbi Swahili a matsayin harshen aiki na huɗu, tare da Turanci, Faransanci da Portuguese.[3] Kiswahili - harshen magana ne a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, wasu sassan Gabashin Afirka, kuma zuwa ƙaramin mataki, sassan Kudancin Afirka - yare ne na hukuma na Tanzania, Kenya da Uganda da na Tarayyar Afirka.

Kasashen membobin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa 2022, SADC tana da jimlar kasashe mambobi 16: [4]

Yankin ƙasa da yawan jama'a [5]
Kasar Yankin (km2) Yawan jama'a (2020) [6] GDP (USD) Bayani game da membobin
Jimillar (billioni) [7] Kowane mutum [7]
 Angola 1,246,700 32,866,268 $124.86 $3,792.75
 Botswana 582,000 2,351,625 $18.42 $7,519.2
 Comoros[8][9] 2,235 869,595 $1.31 $1,371.02 An shigar da Tarayyar Comoros cikin SADC a taron koli na 37 na shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na SADC da aka gudanar a Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2017, wanda ya kawo jimlar adadin kasashe membobin zuwa 16.[10]
Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango 2,344,858 89,561,404 $64.79 $669.36 Tun daga 8 ga Satumba 1997
 Eswatini 17,363 1,160,164 $4.65 $4,035.54
 Lesotho 30,355 2,142,252 $2.56 $1,212.57
 Madagascar 587,295 27,691,019 $14.61 $504.31 An yarda da shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2005. An sake dawo da membobin a ranar 30 ga Janairun 2014 bayan dakatarwar da aka ɗora a 2009[11]dakatarwar da aka sanya a cikin 2009
 Malawi 118,484 19,129,955 $12.04 $545.06
 Mauritius 1,969 1,265,740 $11.26 $8,892.11 Tun daga ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 1995
 Mozambique 801,590 31,255,435 $18.09 $546.71
 Namibia 824,268 2,540,916 $13.01 $5,016.17 Tun daga 21 ga Maris 1990 (tun daga samun 'yancin kai)
 Seychelles 456 98,462 $1.75 $17,693.00 Har ila yau a baya memba ne na SADC daga 8 ga Satumba 1997 har zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2004 sannan ya sake shiga a 2008.
 Afirka ta Kudu 1,221,037 59,308,690 $426.17 $6,979.44 Tun daga 30 ga watan Agusta 1994
 Tanzania 947,303 59,734,213 $77.51 $1,260.06
 Zambia 752,612 18,383,956 $26.66 $1,330.37
 Zimbabwe 390,757 14,862,927 $36.38 $2,300.56

Kasashen membobin nan gaba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Burundi ta nemi shiga.[12]

Yarjejeniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

SADC tana da ka'idoji 27 da ke da alaƙa da al'amuran kamar su Tsaro, Ci gaba, Cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, Ciniki da Ƙungiyar Jama'a.

  • Yarjejeniya kan Makamashi (1996) - An yi niyyar inganta ingantaccen ci gaban manufofin makamashi na kasa. Wadannan dabarun ci gaba sun tsara manufofi masu mahimmanci ga SADC da membobinta don ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a cikin makamashi da sassanta na man fetur, man fetur da iskar gas, wutar lantarki, kwal, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ingancin makamashi na kiyayewa.[13]
  • Yarjejeniya kan Jima'i da Ci gaba - Ana bukaci kasashe membobin da su hanzarta kokarin aiwatarwa zuwa ga nasarorin gyare-gyare da canji a rayuwar mata da 'yan mata a yankin. H.E. Shugaba Mutharika ya kuma nuna damuwa game da karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali na jinsi a yankin, musamman wadanda aka yi wa mata da 'yan mata, kuma ya yi amfani da wannan lokacin don sanya hannu kan sadaukarwa don kawo karshen auren yara, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin AU don kawo karshen Auren Yara a Afirka.[14]
  • Yarjejeniya kan Siyasa, Tsaro da Haɗin Kai na Tsaro (2001) - An yi niyyar inganta hadin gwiwar tsaro da tsaro na yanki, inganta zaman lafiya, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da kuma kula da rikice-rikice. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma fara sake fasalin ma'aikata na Hukumar Siyasa, Tsaro da Tsaro ta SADC (OPDS).

SADC FTA

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa Yankin Ciniki na SADC a watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, bayan aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar SADC kan Ciniki a shekara ta 2000 ta kafa harsashin kafa ta.[15][16] Mambobin sa na asali sune Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe, tare da Malawi da Seychelles sun shiga daga baya.[17] Daga cikin kasashe 15 na SADC, Angola da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ne kawai ba su shiga ba tukuna, duk da haka ministan cinikayya na Angola Joffre Van-Dúnen Júnior ya ce a Luanda cewa ma'aikatarsa tana aiki don ƙirƙirar yanayi don shiga Angola cikin Yankin Ciniki na SADC a cikin 2019. [18][19] Kungiyar Kasuwancin SADC, wacce aka shirya za a kafa ta 2010 bisa ga Shirin Ci gaban Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Yankin SADC (RISDP), ba zai yiwu ya zama gaskiya ba a nan gaba. Wannan shi ne saboda Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai ta Tattalin Arziki ta Tarayyar Turai (EPA) tare da tsarin mulkin da suka dace na yankin da suka ba da dama ga membobin SADC fiye da zurfin haɗin kasuwar yanki a cikin tsarin Tarayyar Kasuwancin SADC. Tun lokacin da waɗannan ƙasashen SADC suka kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda huɗu don tattaunawa da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai ta Tattalin Arziki daban-daban tare da Tarayyar Turai, an rasa damar kafa farashi na waje na SADC a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don ƙungiyar kwastam ta yanki.

A ranar Laraba 22 ga Oktoba 2008, SADC ta shiga tare da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka da kuma Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka don kafa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, gami da dukkan mambobin kowace kungiya. Shugabannin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku sun amince da kirkirar yanki daya na cinikayya kyauta, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, wanda ya kunshi kasashe 26 tare da GDP na kimanin dala biliyan 624 (£ 382.9bn). Ana fatan yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta sauƙaƙa samun dama ga kasuwanni a cikin yankin kuma ta kawo ƙarshen matsalolin da suka taso daga gaskiyar cewa yawancin ƙasashen membobin suna cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa.

Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya kasance mai tasiri fiye da shekaru ɗari a cikin yin - yankin kasuwanci da ya mamaye dukan nahiyar Afirka daga Cape zuwa Alkahira kuma Cecil Rhodes da sauran masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun yi la'akari da shi a cikin shekarun 1890. Bambanci kawai shi ne cewa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka shine kirkirar kasashe masu zaman kansu na Afirka. Tunanin yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda ya mamaye duk nahiyar daga Cape zuwa Alkahira (Cape Town a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Alkahora a Misira).

Baya ga kawar da membobin da ke da matsala da kuma kasashe membobin da suka shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwarsa na siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata juna, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya ci gaba da niyyar karfafa ikon sasantawa yayin tattaunawar kasa da kasa.

Dangane da burin SADC na ƙarin hadin kai, Botswana da Namibia sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a watan Fabrairun 2023 wanda ya ba da damar 'yan ƙasa suyi tafiya tsakanin ƙasashe biyu ta amfani da katunan ainihi kawai, ba tare da fasfo ba a buƙata ba. Botswana ta gudanar da tattaunawa da Zimbabwe don cimma irin wannan yarjejeniya, kuma tana sa ran bude tattaunawa da Zambia.

Kalubale da kasashe membobin ke fuskanta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashen SADC suna fuskantar kalubale da yawa na zamantakewa, ci gaba, tattalin arziki, kasuwanci, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, diflomasiyya, tsaro da siyasa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kalubalen ba za a iya magance su yadda ya kamata ta kowane memba. Cututtukan shanu da ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka ba su da iyaka. Yaƙi a cikin ƙasa ɗaya na iya cinye maƙwabtanta kuma ya lalata tattalin arzikin su. Ci gaban da zai iya kawowa yana fuskantar barazanar kasancewar ka'idojin samfurori daban-daban da tsarin farashi, kayan aikin kwastam marasa ƙarfi da hanyoyi marasa kyau. Manufofin hadin gwiwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa da tsaro na SADC suna da yawa, kuma an yi niyyar magance kalubalen da aka saba da su.[20]

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙalubale shine cewa kasashe membobin suna shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwoyin siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata manufofin SADC. Misali, Afirka ta Kudu da Botswana duka suna cikin Kudancin Afirka Kwastam, Zambia wani bangare ne na Kasuwancin Gabas da Kudancin Afrika, kuma Tanzania memba ne na Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka.

A cewar Human Rights Watch, an soki SADC saboda rashin kulawa da yin bin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin jihohin membobinta fifiko.[21] 

Tsarin da hanyoyin yanke shawara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyar tana da manyan hukumomi shida:

Sai dai ga Kotun (wanda ke zaune a Windhoek, Namibia), SNCs da Sakatariyar, yanke shawara ta hanyar yarjejeniya ce.

Shugabanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shugabannin Kwamitin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙasa Shugaban Kwamitin Lokacin Mulki
Samfuri:ZAM Levy Mwanawasa 2007–2008
Samfuri:ZAF Kgalema Motlanthe 2008–2009
Samfuri:COD Joseph Kabila 2009–2010
Template:Country data Namibia  Hifikepunye Pohamba 2010–2011
 Angola José Eduardo dos Santos 2011–2012
Samfuri:MOZ Armando Guebuza 2012–2013
 Malawi Joyce Banda
Peter Mutharika		 2013–31 Mayu 2014
31 Mayu–17 Agusta 2014
 Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe 2014–17 Agusta 2015
 Botswana Ian Khama 17 Agusta 2015 – 2016
Samfuri:SWZ Sarki Mswati III 2016–2017
Samfuri:ZAF Jacob Zuma
Cyril Ramaphosa		 2017–2018
Template:Country data Namibia  Hage Geingob 17 Agusta 2018 – 17 Agusta 2019
Samfuri:TZA John Magufuli[22] 17 Agusta 2019 – 17 Agusta 2020
Samfuri:MOZ Filipe Nyusi 17 Agusta 2020 – 17 Agusta 2021
 Malawi Lazarus Chakwera 17 Agusta 2021 – 17 Agusta 2022
Samfuri:COD Félix Tshisekedi 17 Agusta 2022 – 17 Agusta 2023
 Angola João Lourenço[23] 17 Agusta 2023 – 17 Agusta 2024
 Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa[24] 17 Agusta 2024 – yanzu

Sakatarorin Zartarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙasa Hoto Suna Lokacin Mulki
Template:Country data Namibia  Kaire Mbuende 1994–2000
Samfuri:MUS Prega Ramsamy 2000–2001 (Riƙon ƙwarya)
2001–2005
Samfuri:MOZ Tomaz Salomão 2005–2013
Samfuri:TZA Stergomena Tax 2013–2021
 Botswana Elias Magosi 2021–yanzu

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Schenoni, Luis L. (3 April 2018). "The Southern African unipolarity". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 36 (2): 207–228. doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1364355. S2CID 158137607 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":32" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "SADC adopts Kiswahili as 4th working language – The Mast Online" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2021.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  4. ↑ "Member States". Southern African Development Community. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division: 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  6. ↑ "Population, total - Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Eswatini, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "IMF World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund (in Turanci). 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  8. ↑ "Communiqué of the 37th Summit SADC of Heads of State and Government or Tambo Building, Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) Pretoria, South Africa" (PDF). Southern African Development Community. 20 August 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  9. ↑ "The Union of Comoros becomes the 16th SADC Member State". Southern African Development Community. 20 August 2017. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  10. ↑ Tore, Ozgur (28 August 2017). "Comoros joins Southern African Development Community – SADC". ftnnews.com. FTN News. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  11. ↑ "SADC Lifts Madagascar Suspension". SADC. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  12. ↑ Nakale, Albertina (22 August 2017). "Southern Africa: Comoros Admitted into SADC". Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  13. ↑ "South African Development Community". sadc.int. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  14. ↑ "Southern African Development Community". sadc.int. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  15. ↑ "Free Trade Area". Southern African Development Community. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  16. ↑ "Southern African Development Community Protocol on Trade" (PDF). Southern African Development Community. 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  17. ↑ Mbola, Bathandwa (18 August 2008). "SADC launches free trade area". Southafrica.info – Brand South Africa portal website. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  18. ↑ "Angola joins SADC free trade zone from August 2019". macuhub. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  19. ↑ "Free Trade Area". Southern African Development Community. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  20. ↑ "Deep integration". inwent.org. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010.
  21. ↑ "SADC: Address Members' Rights Issues". 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  22. ↑ "Shugaban Tanzaniya ya karɓi shugabancin SADC, ya bukaci karfafa masana'antu". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  23. ↑ "SANARWA DAGA TARON 43 NA KOLIN SADC". SADC. 17 August 2023. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  24. ↑ "Mnangagwa ya karɓi shugabancin SADC, ya sha alwashin ci gaba mai ɗorewa". newscentral.africa. 17 August 2024. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.

Ƙara karatu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Gabriël Oosthuizen, The Southern African Development Community: The organisation, its history, policies and prospects. Institute for Global Dialogue: Midrand, South Africa, 2006.
  • John McCormick, The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, 2004.
  • Muntschick, Johannes, The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Regionalism and External Influence. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham. 2017. ISBN 978-3-319-45330-9.
  • Ramsamy, Prega 2003 Global partnership for Africa. Presentation at the human rights conference on global partnerships for Africa's development, Gaborone: SADC
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