Ƙungiyar Inganta Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka

Ƙungiyar Inganta Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka
Un Dieu ! Un but ! Un destin !
Bayanai
Gajeren suna	UNIA
Iri	fraternal organization (en)
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Ideology (en)	Black Nationalism (en)
Mulki
Hedkwata	Cleveland
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira	15 ga Yuli, 1914
Wanda ya samar	Marcus Garvey
unia-acl.org

Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka ( UNIA-ACL ) ƙungiya ce ta ƴan'uwa baƙar fata mai kishin ƙasa ta Marcus Garvey, ɗan gudun hijira na Jamaica zuwa Amurka, da matar sa Amy Ashwood Garvey . Kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa ta Afirka ta sami karfinta mafi girma a cikin 1920s, kuma tana da tasiri kafin a kori Garvey zuwa Jamaica a 1927. Bayan haka martabarta da tasirinsa ya ragu, amma yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a tarihin Afirka da ci gaban Amurka . An ce UNIA ta kasance "babu shakka, kungiyar da ta fi tasiri a kasar Jamaica kafin 1938," a cewar Honor Ford-Smith .

An kafa kungiyar ne don yin aiki don ci gaban mutanen asalin Afirka a duniya. Taken ta shi ne "Ubangiji Daya! Buri Daya, Kaddara Daya!" kuma takenta shine "Afirka ga 'yan Afirka, a gida da waje!" Manyan manufa na Unia-ACL ya haifar da kafa kayan aikin Appilas da yawa, daga cikinsu Lajista na Afirka (unguwar Parasesess kamar su na Black Star Star .

Suna

A cikin labarin mai suna "Babban Maƙiyi na Negro", da aka buga a Tarihin Yanzu (Satumba 1923), Garvey ya bayyana asalin sunan ƙungiyar:

Daga ina sunan kungiyar ya fito? A lokacin da nake magana da wani Negro na Yammacin Indiya wanda yake fasinja tare da ni daga Southampton, wanda ke komawa gida zuwa Indiya ta Yamma daga Basutoland tare da matarsa Basuto, na kara samun labarin munin rayuwar asali a Afirka. Ya ba ni labarin tatsuniyoyi masu ban tsoro da ban tausayi har zuciyata ta zubar da jini a cikina. Na yi ritaya daga tattaunawa zuwa gidana, duk rana da dare na yi tunani a kan abin da ke cikin wannan tattaunawar, da tsakar dare, na kwanta a bayana, hangen nesa da tunanin ya zo mini cewa in sa wa kungiyar suna da Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Afirka (Imperial). Irin wannan suna na yi tunanin zai rungumi manufar dukan baƙar fata. Don haka a duniya aka haifi suna, aka yi motsi, aka san mutum.

Tarihin farko

Marcus Garvey

Asalinsa daga Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica, Marcus Garvey ya bar yana da shekaru 23 kuma ya zagaya cikin Amurka ta tsakiya kuma ya koma Ingila na ɗan lokaci. A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa ya gamsu cewa haɗakar da Baƙar fata ita ce kawai hanyar inganta yanayin su. A karshen wannan, ya bar Ingila a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1914, a cikin jirgin SS , ya koma Jamaica a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1914. Ya kafa UNIA a Kingston daga baya a wannan watan, yana da niyyar hada dukkan kasashen Afirka da sauran kasashen waje cikin kungiyar. Bayan tafiya ta Amurka tun daga Maris 1916, Garvey ya kaddamar da Ƙungiyar New York na UNIA a 1918 tare da mambobi 13.

An kafa Negro World a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 1918, a matsayin jaridar mako-mako don bayyana ra'ayoyin kungiyar. Garvey ya ba da gudummawar edita a shafi na farko a kowane mako inda ya haɓaka matsayin kungiyar kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi al'ummomin asalin Afirka a duniya baki ɗaya, musamman UNIA. A ƙarshe da ake da'awar rarraba 500,000, an buga jaridar a cikin harsuna da yawa. Ya ƙunshi shafi na musamman ga mata masu karatu, wanda ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na duniya da suka shafi mutanen zuriyar Afirka, kuma an rarraba shi a ko'ina cikin ƙasashen Afirka har sai an daina bugawa a 1933.

A cikin 1919, UNIA ta sayi na farko na abin da zai zama da yawa Zauren 'Yanci . Wurin da ke 114 West 138th Street, a Harlem, Birnin New York, ginin yana da damar zama na 6,000. Zauren mataki ɗaya mai ƙananan rufi ya kasance a baya gida ga Babban Tabarbarewar Baftisma. An keɓe shi a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1919. A yammacin Lahadi, wurin taron UNIA na mako-mako; shi ma gidan cin abinci. Daga baya waccan shekarar Ƙungiyar ta shirya na farko na kamfanonin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da kuma wani kamfani na kasuwanci daban.

An haɗa shi a cikin Delaware a matsayin kamfani na cikin gida a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1919, Black Star Line, Inc. (BSL) ya sami babban jari a dala miliyan 10. Ya sayar da hannun jari daban-daban da aka kimanta a dala biyar ga membobin UNIA da wadanda ba mamba ba. An yi amfani da abin da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen hannun jari don siyan SS <i id="mwWA">Yarmouth</i> da farko sannan kuma SS <i id="mwWg">Shady Side</i> . Kungiyar ta yi amfani da Side na Shady don balaguron rani da balaguron balaguro, da kuma hayar hayar ga wasu kungiyoyi. Daga baya BSL ta sayi Kanawha a matsayin jirgin ruwa na uku. Wannan ƙaramin jirgin ruwa an yi niyya ne don zirga-zirga tsakanin tsibiri a Yammacin Indiya kuma an sake yin baftisma SS Antonio Maceo .

Har ila yau, an kafa shi a cikin 1919 shine Kamfanin Negro Factories Corporation, tare da babban jari na dala miliyan daya. Ya samar da kudin shiga kuma ya samar da ayyukan yi kusan 700 ta kamfanoni da yawa: shagunan sayar da abinci guda uku, gidajen abinci guda biyu, wanki, shagon tela, kantin sayar da sutura, kantin kayan masarufi, kamfanin bugawa, da masana'antar tsana. Duk da haka, yawancin sun daina kasuwanci ta 1922.

Tare da haɓakar membobinta daga 1918 zuwa 1924, da kuma samun kuɗin shiga daga masana'antun tattalin arziki daban-daban, UNIA ta sayi ƙarin Zauren 'Yanci a Amurka, Kanada, Costa Rica, Belize, Panama, Java, da sauran ƙasashe. UNIA ta kuma sayi gonaki a Ohio da sauran jihohi. Ya sayi ƙasa a Claremont, Virginia da niyyar kafa Jami'ar Liberty.

Babban Taro na Farko na Duniya

File:UNIA parade in Harlem, 1920.jpg|thumb|300px|Wani fareti na Universal Negro Improvement Association a Harlem a 1920. Wani allo a kan mota ya ce "Sabon Baƙar Fata Ba Ya Jin Tsoro" A shekarar 1920 ƙungiyar tana da rassa sama da 1,900 a cikin ƙasashe fiye da 40. Yawancin rassan suna cikin Amurka, wadda ta zama tushen ayyukan UNIA. Akwai, duk da haka, ofisoshi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Caribbean, inda Cuba ke da mafi yawa. Hakanan akwai rassa a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka: Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, da Venezuela; a Afirka: Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), Saliyo, Laberiya, Najeriya ta mulkin mallaka, Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (yanzu Namibiya), da Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu; kuma a Indiya da Ostiraliya.

A duk tsawon watan Agusta na 1920, UNIA-ACL ta gudanar da babban taronta na farko na duniya a Madison Square Garden a birnin New York. Membobi 20,000 da suka halarci taron sun fitar da "Sanarwar Haƙƙoƙin Baƙaƙen Fata na Duniya" a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1920, kuma sun zaɓi shugabannin UNIA a matsayin "shugabanni ga baƙaƙen fata na duniya". Listen|filename=Marcus Garvey, speech, 1921.ogg|title="Bayanin Manufofin Universal Negro Improvement Association"|description=Cikakken jawabin 1921|format=Ogg

Ƙungiyar ta gabatar da wani shiri bisa ga wannan sanarwa, wanda ya nuna juyin halittar ƙungiyar a matsayin mai inganta kishin ƙasa na baƙar fata. Ta nemi ɗaukaka launin baƙar fata kuma ta ƙarfafa dogaro da kai da kuma ikon mallaka. Daga cikin sanarwar akwai wata da ta shelanta jajaye, baƙi da kore a matsayin tutar hukuma ta launin Afirka. (Farawa daga shekarun 1960, masu kishin ƙasa baƙaƙen fata da Pan-Africanists sun karɓi wannan tutar a matsayin Tutar 'Yancin Baƙar Fata.) UNIA-ACL ta ba da izini a hukumance waƙar "Habasha, Ƙasarmu ta Ubanninmu" a matsayin taken hukuma na "Afirka da 'Yan Afirka, a gida da waje".

A ƙarƙashin tanadin kundin tsarin mulkin UNIA, Gabriel Johnson an zaɓe shi Babban Mai Iko; G. O. Marke, Mataimakin Babban Mai Iko; J. W. H. Eason, shugaban "Baƙaƙen fata" miliyan goma sha biyar na Amurka; kuma Henrietta Vinton Davis, Mai Shirya Kasa da Kasa. An zaɓi Garvey a matsayin "Shugaban Afirka na wucin gadi", wani taken da ya fi dacewa da al'ada. George Alexander McGuire, wani firist na Episcopal, an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban limamin farko na UNIA.

McGuire ya rubuta muhimman takardu guda biyu ga ƙungiyar: "Al'adar Baƙar Fata ta Duniya" da "Koyarwar Baƙar Fata ta Duniya". Don waɗannan ya jawo daga sha'awarsa da iliminsa na addini da tarihin launin fata. A Philadelphia, inda ya taɓa zama shugaban Cocin St. Thomas Episcopal, McGuire ya kasance memba na farko na American Negro Historical Society.

Faretin buɗe taron ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abubuwan da suka shafi babban taron 1920. Ya fara ne a waje da hedkwatar UNIA a titin West 135th Street, ya tafi sama har zuwa 145th da ƙasa har zuwa 125th Street, wanda ya kai shi fiye da iyakokin mazaunin baƙar fata zuwa yankunan farare. Jami'an 'yan sanda huɗu masu hawa dawakai, da shugabannin Black Star Line da Negro Factories Corporation, sun jagoranci faretin, sai motocin da ke ɗauke da Garvey da Magajin Garin Monrovia, babban birnin Laberiya, da sauran jami'an UNIA, sannan kuma Choir na Black Star Line, a ƙafa, da tawagar daga ko'ina cikin Amurka da Caribbean, Kanada, Najeriya, suna ɗauke da alloli, kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa 12, tare da motoci kusan 500 da ke biye. Irin waɗannan fareti masu ban mamaki an nuna su a cikin manyan tarurrukan 1922 da 1924. Hotuna da yawa sun ragu na Faretin Babban Taron 1924, yayin da Garvey ya yi amfani da sanannen mai ɗaukar hoto James Van Der Zee don rubuta taron.

Ko da bayan Garvey ya bar Harlem (an ɗaure shi a 1925 kuma aka kore shi zuwa Jamaica a 1927), UNIA ta yi fareti kowane Agusta a duk tsawon shekarun 1920, tare da ba da fifiko ga hotunan shugabansu da ba ya nan. Taron jama'a sun kasance suna mai da hankali kan abin ban mamaki na membobin UNIA masu riga, musamman Rundunar Afirka da Ma'aikatan Jinya na Black Cross.

Dangane da gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin 1929 kamar yadda aka gyara, UNIA wata

wata ƙungiya ce ta jama'a, mai abokantaka, mai taimakon jama'a, mai bayar da agaji, ilimi, cibiyoyi, mai ginawa da faɗaɗa, kuma an kafa ta ne ta mutanen da ke son yin iyakar ƙoƙarinsu don ci gaban mutanen Afirka a duniya. Kuma membobin sun yi alƙawarin yin duk abin da za su iya don kiyaye haƙƙoƙin darajarsu kuma su mutunta haƙƙoƙin dukkanin bil'adama, suna imani koyaushe da 'Yan Uwan Mutane da Uban Allah. Taken ƙungiyar shine 'Allah ɗaya! Manufa ɗaya! Kaddara ɗaya!' Don haka, a yi adalci ga dukkanin bil'adama, da sanin cewa idan mai ƙarfi ya zalunci mai rauni, rudani da rashin jin daɗi za su ci gaba da nuna hanyar mutum amma da soyayya, imani da sadaka ga kowa da kowa mulkin zaman lafiya da wadata za a shelanta shi a duniya kuma zuriyar mutane za a kira su masu albarka.