Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka
 Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Iri | ma'aikata |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 1973 |
| oatuuousa.org | |
Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka ( OATUU ) ( Faransa : Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine ; OUSA ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanki mai zaman kanta da nufin hada kan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka . An kafa wannan kungiya ne a watan Afrilu, 1973 a matsayin magajin kungiyoyin kungiyoyin kwadago guda biyu da a baya suka fafata a Afirka: Kungiyar Kwadagon Kasuwanci ta Afirka baki daya (AATUF) da Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwanci ta Afirka (ATUC). [1] Tsarin hadewar kungiyar kwadago ta Pan-Afrika ya kuma kunshi kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na yanke shawara kamar kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU). Daga karshe kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU), AATUF da ATUC suka hade suka kafa OATUU. Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan haɗin kai da ƙirƙirar OATUU shine don ciyar da Pan-Africanism, adalcin tattalin arziki, da adalci na zamantakewa a duk wuraren aiki na Afirka.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, OATUU tana hada kai da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) don zama kungiya ta musamman mai wakiltar muradun ma’aikatan Afirka. Kungiyar OATUU tana da kungiyoyi hudu na yanki: kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya (OTUCA); Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka (SATUCC); da kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib (OTUAM). Tare, suna wakiltar jimilar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasa 73, jimillarsu kusan mambobi miliyan 25. [2] OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka [2] ta hanyar ayyukan da ke yaki da cutar HIV / AIDs, ba da tallafi ga mata a wuraren aiki, da tallafawa kokarin dimokiradiyya a kasashen Afirka. Kungiyar ta OATUU tana samun tallafin kudi daga kungiyar ta ILO domin daukar nauyin wadannan ayyuka kai tsaye da kuma kokarin neman ra’ayi da ke taimakawa manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki a Afirka.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].jpg)
Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Pan-Afrika, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AATUF), an kafa ta a Casablanca, Morocco a 1961. An haifi AATUF ne daga kudurorin taron jama'ar Afirka na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1958 a Accra, Ghana karkashin jagorancin fitattun 'yan Afirka kamar Tom Mboya da Kwame Nkrumah . [3] Kungiyar ta AATUF ta yi niyya ne don haɓaka Pan-Africanism da kuma kasancewa ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da fifikon muradun dukkan ma'aikatan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. [3]
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Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ma'aikatan Afirka a karkashin mulkin mallaka sun rabu kuma sun kai ga kafa kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu daban-daban a fadin nahiyar. [3] Kuma bayan decolonization na Afirka a cikin 1950s, yawancin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Afirka na yankin sun ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kut da kut da cibiyoyin daularsu. [3] Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yunkurin farko na Pan-Africanism ta hanyar tarayyar gamayyar kasa da kasa ya kara dagulewa saboda bambance-bambancen akida na yakin cacar baka . Yayin da al'ummomin Afirka suka shiga cikin haɗin kai na kishin ƙasa na mulkin mallaka, tsarin jari -hujja mai goyon bayan Yamma, da kuma jerin tsarin tsarin Markisanci da na gurguzu a cikin yankin Gabas, bambance-bambancen akida daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970 sun kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin haɗin kai. [3]
Yayin da kungiyar ta AATUF ta fara samun nasara wajen ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da nuna banbanci ba kuma ba tare da tsoma bakin kasashen waje a shekarun 1960 ba, sabuwar kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka da aka kafa da kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ICFTU) ta fara samun ci gaba tare da kawo cikas ga kudurin AATUF na zama wakili daya tilo ga kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikata ta Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da rabuwar kungiyoyin kwadagon Afirka bisa tsarin akida [3] kuma kungiyar ATUF ta fara daidaitawa da kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (WFTU) don mayar da martani ga kirkirar ATUC a 1962. [3] Kungiyoyin kwadago da dama a Afirka sun yi arangama da tsoma baki tare da haifar da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1960. [3]
Tashi da OATUU
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Budaddiyar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu (AATUF da ATUC) ya haifar da shigar da sabuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka OAU a matsayin mai shiga tsakani kan rigingimu a cikin harkokin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka. [4] Tun daga shekarar 1964, AATUF da ATUC sun aika da tawaga zuwa taron OAU domin samun karbuwa ta musamman a matsayin wakilin ma'aikatan Afirka. Wannan ya kai ga kotun Ministocin Kwadago na Afirka, wadanda suka taru daga 1966 zuwa 1967, domin tattauna irin rawar da kungiyoyin kwadago za su taka wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma yadda za a samu hadin kai a tsakaninsu. A cikin 1967, Babban Sakatare Janar na Gudanarwa na OAU ya kira dukkan cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da su halarci taron da nufin sulhunta rikice-rikice da AATUF da ATUC. [4] An kira wannan taron kungiyar Hadin kan Kasuwancin Afirka (OATUU) da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba, 1972 a Addis Ababa, Habasha . [5] Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) wajen shirya taron, Sakatare Janar na OAU ya gabatar da hadin kai a matsayin babban ka'ida ga dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago a Afirka. [5] Karkashin inuwar Pan-Africanism, a karshe an kulla yarjejeniya a watan Afrilu, 1973 da aka kafa OATUU. [4] Ƙirƙirar OATUU na nufin ɗaukar AATUF, ATUC, Pan-African Congress, da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata a faɗin Afirka. [6]
Tarihin Manyan Sakatarorin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1973: Dennis Akumu
- 1980: Ibrahim Ghandour
- 1986: Hassan Sunmonu
- 1991: Napoleon Kpoh
- 2012: Owei Lakemfa
- 2015: Mezhud Arezki
OATUU A Yau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]OATUU ta fara aiki ne a matsayin abokin tarayya, sannan ta zama magaji ga ayyukan ILO a Afirka. Daya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da suke yi shi ne taimakon kungiyoyin 'yantar da kasa a fadin Afirka, kamar bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin ma'aikata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. [7] Baya ga raba wa'adin, ILO tana tallafawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga "tsarin koyar da ilimin ma'aikata (WED)" wanda OATUU ke bayarwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na nahiyoyi. [7] Kamar yadda aka gani, OATUU na ƙoƙari don inganta "adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a Afirka [2] magance matsalolin kamar HIV / AIDs, ƙarfafa mata a wuraren aiki, da kuma tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen Afirka. OATUU tana samun tallafin kuɗi daga ILO don ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga waɗannan ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, tana goyan bayan ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarce waɗanda za su dace ga ma'aikatan ƙungiyar a faɗin Afirka.
Jerin Tarukan OATUU da Fitattun Abubuwan da suka faru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Kwanan wata | Taro | Wuri | Sanannen Siffofin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afrilu 1973 | Taron farko na OATUU | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | OATUU ya fara kafa. [8] |
| Maris 18-20, 1975 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na farko | Accra, Ghana | Dukkanin cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa a Afirka sun samu shiga kungiyar OATUU. [9] |
| Afrilu 20-23, 1976 | Taron Majalisar OATUU Na Biyu | Tripoli, Libya | An yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bincike kan yadda kamfanonin ketare za su bunkasa ci gaban Afirka. [9] |
| 1978 | Taron farko na ILO don ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa | Lusaka, Zambia | Ya jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago irin su OATUU da gwamnatoci domin samun ‘yancin kai. [10] |
| 1980 | Taron Majalisar OATUU na Uku | Mogadishu, Somalia | Bayyanawa da ƙoƙarin haɗa rarrabuwar kawuna da na kuɗi a cikin OATUU. |
| 1985 | Taron Majalisar OATUU karo na hudu | Lagos, Nigeria | Taron dai ya tashi ne domin zaben sabon shugaba, amma duk da haka ba a gudanar da zaben gama-gari na jami'ai ba. An samu cece-kuce game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tasirin kungiyar gaba daya. [9] |
| Afrilu 12-14, 1994 | Taron karawa juna sani na OATUU/ ECA /ILO akan Dimokuradiyya da Sanarwa ga Shugabannin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka. | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | An kafa "Shirin Aiki don Dorewa Dimokuradiyya da Shaharar Shiga Cikin Ci Gaba". [11] |
Mabuɗin Ayyuka da Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake an yi taɗi da yawa game da tarihi da kafuwar OATUU, ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukansu da ayyukan da suke yi ba kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen sakandare suka yi.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai rassa 73 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasuwancin Afirka, 33 daga tsoffin kasashen Faransa, 28 daga tsoffin kasashen Anglophone, da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago na yanki 12 wadanda ke aiki daga kungiyoyi hudu na OATUU: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Yammacin Afirka (OTUWA); Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Tsakiya (OTUCA); Majalisar Kula da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Kudancin Afirka (SATUCC); da kungiyar kwadago ta Larabawa Magrib (OTUAM). [12]
Babban hangen nesansu shine wakiltar ma'aikata daga duk ƙasashen Afirka don "ganewar adalcin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga kowa". [13] OATUU tana da 12 da aka jera manufofin hukuma [13] duk suna ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa dangantaka da daidaita ayyukan tattalin arziki tsakanin membobin haɗin gwiwa. OATUU tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri na ilimi, horo, bincike da shawarwari a sassa daban-daban na Afirka: Tsaron kasa, dimokuradiyya, karfafa mata, kasuwanci, lafiya da aminci, ayyuka da cutar kanjamau, hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka, da kasuwanci . [13] Bayar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ma wani babban ɓangare ne na aikinsu, kuma OATUU za ta yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago wajen tafiyar da rikitattun tsare-tsare na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar shigar da takardun neman aiki ga ILO. [13]
OATUU tana aiki ne a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar muradun tattalin arzikin gwamnatocin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, wato ja da baya a kan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), Bankin Duniya, da kuma manufofin Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO) waɗanda ke cutar da masana'antun cikin gida na Afirka da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da Tarayyar Afirka (AU), OATUU na ƙoƙarin ci gaba da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tare, OATUU, ILO, AU, tare da tuntuɓar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka (AEC), da inganta madadin Afirka don shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAP), da kuma yunkurin soke bashi a fadin Afirka. [14]
Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abokan hulɗa na Faransanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Country | Trade Union | Acronym |
|---|---|---|
| Algeria | General Union of Algerian Workers | UGTA |
| Angola | Union Nationale des Travailleurs d’Angola | UNTA |
| Benin | Union Nationale Des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Benin | UNSTB |
| Burkina Faso | Confédération Syndicale du Burkina Faso | CSB |
| Burkina Faso | Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Burkinabé | CNTB |
| Burkina Faso | Organisation Nationale des Syndicats Libres | ONSL |
| Burkina Faso | Union Syndicale des Travailleurs du Burkina Faso | USTB |
| Burundi | Confédération des Syndicats du Burundi | CSB |
| Cameroon | Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Cameroun | CSTC |
| Cape Verde | Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Cap-Vert | UNTC-CS |
| Central African Republic | Union Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique | USTC |
| Chad | Union des Syndicats du Tchad | UST |
| Comoros | Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs des Comores | USTC |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | Confédération Syndicale Congolaise | CSC |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Congo | UNTC |
| Djibouti | Union Générale des Travailleurs Djiboutiens | UGTD |
| Equatorial Guinea | Union Nationale des Travailleurs de la Guinée Equatoriale | UNTG |
| Gabon | Confédération Syndical Gabonaise | COSYGA |
| Guinea Bissau | Union Nationale des Syndicats de Guinée Bissau | UNSGB |
| Guinea Conakry | Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Guinée | CNTG |
| Ivory Coast | Union Générale des Travailleurs de Cote d’Ivoire | UGTCI |
| Madagascar | Fédération des Syndicats des Travailleurs de Madagascar | FISEMA |
| Mali | Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Mali | UNTM |
| Mauritania | Union des Travailleurs Mauritanie | UTM |
| Morocco | Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc | UGTM |
| Morocco | Confédération Démocratique du Travail | CDT |
| Niger | Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Niger | USTN |
| Rwanda | Centrale des Syndicats des Travailleurs du Rwanda | CESTRAR |
| Senegal | Union des Travailleurs du Sénégal | UTS |
| Senegal | Union Démocratique des Travailleurs du Senegal | UDTS |
| Senegal | Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Senegal | CNTS |
| Togo | Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo | CNTT |
| Tunisia | Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail | UGTT |
Ƙungiyoyin Anglophone
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Country | Trade Union | Acronym |
|---|---|---|
| Botswana | Botswana Federation of Trade Unions | BFTU |
| Egypt | Egyptian Trade Union Federation | ETUF |
| Eritrea | National Confederation of Eritrean Workers | NCEW |
| Ethiopia | Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions | CETU |
| Gambia | Gambia Workers Congress | GWC |
| Gambia | Gambia Labour Congress | GLC |
| Ghana | Ghana Trade Unions Congress | GTUC |
| Kenya | Central Organisation of Trade Unions | COTU-K |
| Lesotho | Lesotho Trade Union Congress | LTUC |
| Liberia | Liberia Labour Congress | LLC |
| Libya | National Union of Libyan Workers | NULW |
| Malawi | Malawi Congress of Trade Unions | MCTU |
| Mauritius | Mauritius Labour Congress | MLC |
| Mozambique | Mozambique Workers' Organisation (Organização dos Trabalhadores de Moçambique) | OTM |
| Namibia | Namibia Union of Namibian Workers | NUNW |
| Nigeria | Nigeria Labour Congress | NLC |
| Seychelles | Seychelles Federation of Workers Union | SFWU |
| Sierra Leone | Sierra Leone Labour Congress | SLLC |
| Somalia | Federation of Somali Trade Unions | FESTU |
| South Africa | Congress of South African Trade Unions | COSATU |
| South Africa | National Council of Trade Unions | NACTU |
| Swaziland | Trade Union Congress of Eswatini | TUCOSWA |
| Sudan | Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation | SWTUF |
| Sudan | South Sudan Workers’ Trade Unions Federation | SSWTF |
| Tanzania | Trade Union Congress of Tanzania | TUCTA |
| Uganda | National Organisation of Trade Unions | NOTU |
| Zambia | Zambia Congress of Trade Unions | ZCTU |
| Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions | ZCTU |
Suka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cin hanci da rashawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Taron OATUU na 4 a shekarar 1985 da aka gudanar a birnin Lagos na Najeriya ya ruguje yayin da wasu kungiyoyin suka zargi sakatariyar da yin amfani da kudade da kuma magudin zabe. [15] Sakatare Janar na OATUU ya ki yin murabus don haka aka kafa kwamitin riko na wucin gadi a cikin OATUU. [15] A cikin 1985, Shirin Ilimin Ma'aikata (WED) ya soke wani aiki da Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish (DANIDA) da ILO suka dauki nauyin aiwatarwa saboda damuwar tasirin kasashen waje da kuma karkatar da kudade daga shugabannin kungiyar. [15] Don haka sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyar ta OATUU, lamarin da ya kara yin barazana ga aikin hukumar ta OATUU na inganta hadin kan kasashen Afirka . [15]
Rashin Kudi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]OATUU ta sha wahala wajen kafa nasu hanyoyin tattara kudade, don haka tushen OATUU ya kasance yana fuskantar babbar barazana; OATUU har yanzu tana dawwama a yau galibi saboda karfinta na ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar ILO . [15] Matsalolin kudi da OATUU suka fuskanta a farkon shekarun kafa su ya sa mahalarta masu ba da tallafi na waje su dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen ilimi. [16] Wahalhalun da ake fama da shi ya sa OATUU ta dogara da ita sosai, da kuma lura da muradun wasu gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin siyasa. Alal misali, an tilasta wa 'yan Libiya daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Libya (NULW) su karbi manyan hanyoyin samun kudade daga " Kungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO), Tarayyar Soviet, da wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da dama" ba tare da la'akari da yanayinta a cikin 1990s ba. [16]
Jahilci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A taron karawa juna sani na "Dimokradiyya da farin jini ga shugabannin kungiyar kwadagon Afirka" da aka gudanar a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, wakilan kungiyar kwadagon sun bayyana jahilci da jahilci a tsakanin al'ummar Afirka a matsayin wani lamari da ke yin illa ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya, wani muhimmin tushe na manufar OATUU a Afirka. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin (SAPs) da IMF da Bankin Duniya suka yi sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda a ƙarshe ya rage ƙarfin ci gaban dimokiradiyya a nahiyar. Wakilai sun yanke shawarar cewa, domin a kara inganta dimokuradiyya a nahiyar, kungiyoyin kwadago na bukatar kara yawan matakan ilimi da shirye-shiryen horarwa, ba ga wakilan wakilai kadai ba har ma da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Fatan hakan shi ne zai sanya matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin Afirka su samar da karin ayyukan yi, da mayar da hankali kan ilimi, da inganta dabi'un zamantakewa.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Staff writer (2024). "Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU)". uia.org. Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 OATUU (2021). "OATUU About Us". The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Zeleza, Tiyambe (1986). "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord" (PDF). Transafrican Journal of History. 15: 164–9. JSTOR 24328613.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zeleza, Tiyambe (1986). "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord" (PDF). Transafrican Journal of History. 15: 178–9. JSTOR 24328613.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bernards, Nick (2017). "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles" (PDF). Review of African Political Economy. 44 (153): 404–5. doi:10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359. S2CID 149187027.
- ↑ OATUU (2021). "OATUU About Us". The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bernards, Nick (2017). "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles" (PDF). Review of African Political Economy. 44 (153): 406–10. doi:10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359. S2CID 149187027.
- ↑ Zeleza, Tiyambe (1986). "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord" (PDF). Transafrican Journal of History. 15: 179. JSTOR 24328613.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Martens, George (1985). "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions". Industrial Relations Journal. 16 (4): 90–91. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x.
- ↑ Bernards, Nick (2017). "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles" (PDF). Review of African Political Economy. 44 (153): 405. doi:10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359. S2CID 149187027.
- ↑ OATUU, ILO, and ECA (April 1994). "Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report". United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. 13: 21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ OATUU (2021). "OATUU Affiliates". The Organization of African Trade Union Unity. Retrieved March 15, 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 OATUU (2021). "OATUU About Us". The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity. Retrieved March 15, 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:7 - ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Bernards, Nick (2017). "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles" (PDF). Review of African Political Economy. 44 (153): 404–7. doi:10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359. S2CID 149187027.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Martens, George (1985). "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions". Industrial Relations Journal. 16 (4): 90–2. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2338.1985.tb00869.x.
Bibiyar Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." Review of African Political Economy 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414.
- International Centre for Trade Union Rights.Trade Unions of the World. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7
- Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In Labour Questions in the Global South, edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. ISBN 978-981-334-635-2.
- Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." Industrial Relations Journal 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97.
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