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Ƙungiyoyin da aka sace

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Ƙungiyoyin da aka sace
forced assimilation (en) Fassara, Kisan Al'adu da Tawali'u da aka tilasta masa
Bayanai
Ƙasa Asturaliya
Class of object(s) of occurrence (en) Fassara Indigenous Australians (en) Fassara
Hoton da ake kira The Taking of the Children on the 1999 Great Australian Clock, Sarauniya Victoria Building, Sydney, ta mai zane Chris Cooke

The Stolen Generations (wanda aka fi sani da Stolen Children) su ne 'ya'yan asalin Australiya da Torres Strait Islander waɗanda hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi na Australiya da kuma Ayyuka coci suka cire su daga iyalansu, a ƙarƙashin Ayyuka majalisunsu. An gudanar da cirewar wadanda ake kira yara "half-caste" a cikin lokacin tsakanin kimanin 1905 da 1967, [1] kodayake a wasu wurare ana ci gaba da ɗaukar yara masu launin fata a cikin shekarun 1970s. [2]

Kimanin hukuma na gwamnati shine cewa a wasu yankuna tsakanin daya cikin goma da daya cikin uku 'Yan asalin Australiya an tilasta su daga iyalansu da al'ummominsu tsakanin 1910 da 1970.

Rahoton Hukumar Sarauta ta Bringing Them Home (1997) ya bayyana manufofin Australiya na cire yara 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin kisan kare dangi.[3]

Fitowar manufofin cire yara

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Yawancin takardu na zamani na karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 sun nuna cewa manufofin cire 'ya'yan Aboriginal masu launin fata daga mahaifiyarsu da ke da alaƙa da zaton cewa mutanen Aboriginal suna mutuwa.[4] Ganin raguwar yawan jama'arsu bayan fararen hulɗa, [5] fararen sun ɗauka cewa yawan mutanen Aboriginal na kabilanci ba za su iya ci gaba da rayuwa ba, kuma an ƙaddara su ga halaka. Ra'ayin da A. O. Neville, Babban Mai Kare Aborigines na Yammacin Ostiraliya, da sauransu suka bayyana a ƙarshen 1930 shine cewa ana iya horar da yara masu launin fata don yin aiki a cikin fararen al'umma, kuma a cikin tsararraki za su auri fararen kuma a haɗa su cikin al'umma.[6][7]

Masarautar Victoria ita ce ta farko da ta zartar da ayyukan (1869 da 1886) wanda ya ba da izinin cire mutanen da suka haɗu da launin fata daga wuraren ajiyar Aboriginal. Dokar 1899 ta ba da izini don cire yara na Aboriginal daga iyalansu.[6]

Wasu 'yan Australia na Turai sun yi la'akari da duk wani yaduwar yara masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (wanda ake kira "rabi-kasar", "crossbreeds", "Quadroons", da "octoroons", kalmomin da yanzu ake la'akari dashi da raini ga' yan asalin Australiya) don zama barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na al'adun da ke da yawa, ko kuma ga "al'adun launin fata".[8][8] Babban Mai Tsaro na Aborigines na Arewa, Dokta Cecil Cook, ya yi jayayya cewa "duk abin da ya dace [ya kamata a yi] don canza rabin kabilanci zuwa fararen ɗan ƙasa".[9] Nazarin da aka dauka a matsayin kimiyya ya yi iƙirarin cewa halaye na Aborigines na Australiya ba su da ganuwa bayan sun haɗu da Turawa fiye da halaye na Afirka na kudu da Sahara, don haka Ostiraliya ba ta yi amfani da doka ɗaya ga Aborigines kamar yadda Amurka ta Kudu ta yi ga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka.[10]

Yankin Arewa

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A cikin Yankin Arewa, rarrabewar 'yan asalin Australiya na zuriya mai gauraye daga' yan asalin "cikakken jini" ya fara ne tare da gwamnati ta cire yara na zuriya masu gauraye daga al'ummominsu kuma ta sanya su a cikin ayyukan coci, sannan daga baya ta kirkiro wuraren ajiya da mahadi don riƙe dukkan' yan asalin Australiya. Wannan martani ne ga damuwar jama'a game da karuwar yawan yara masu tsayayya da cin zarafin mata 'yan asalin ƙasar da maza da ba 'yan asalin ba suka yi, da kuma tsoron da ke tsakanin mutanen da ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba na yawan mutanen da suka haɗu da su.[9]

A karkashin Dokar Aboriginal na Arewacin Yankin 1910, an nada Babban Mai Kare Aborigines a matsayin "mai kula da doka ga kowane Aboriginal da kowane yaro na rabin matsayi har zuwa shekaru 18", don haka samar da tushen doka don tilasta rarrabewa. Bayan da Commonwealth ta mallaki yankin, a karkashin Dokar Aboriginals ta 1918, an ba Babban Mai Karewa cikakken iko da dukkan matan 'yan asalin ƙasar ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsu ba, sai dai idan ya auri mutumin da "ya fito ne daga Turai", kuma ana buƙatar amincewarsa don duk wani auren mace 'yan asalin ƙasa da mutumin da ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba.[9]

Manufofin da ake yi

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Ci gaba da haifuwa daga "launi" a cikin yawan Aboriginal, an nuna shi a nan a cikin littafin "Australia's colored minority" na A. O. Neville

Dokar Kare Aboriginal ta 1869 (Vic) ta haɗa da dokar farko don ba da izinin cire yaro daga iyayen Aboriginal. Babban Kwamitin Kare Aborigines ya kasance yana ba da shawarar irin wannan iko tun 1860. Shigar da Dokar ta ba da mulkin mallaka na Victoria iko mai yawa a kan mutanen Aboriginal da "rabi-caste", gami da cire yara da karfi, musamman 'yan mata masu haɗari'. Ta hanyar ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, wasu jihohi da yankuna sun karɓi irin waɗannan manufofi da dokoki, kamar Dokar Karewa da Ƙuntata Sayar da Opium ta 1897 (Qld), Dokar Aboriginals ta 1918 (NT), Dokar Aborigines ta 1934 (SA), da Dokar Gudanar da 'yan asalin ƙasar ta 1936 (WA). [3]

A sakamakon irin wannan dokar, jihohi sun shirya yaduwar cire (da farko) yara masu launin fata daga mahaifiyarsu na Aboriginal. Bugu da kari, an nada Masu kare Aboriginal a kowace jiha waɗanda ke da iko mai yawa a kan mutanen Aboriginal har zuwa shekaru 16 ko 21, sau da yawa suna ƙayyade inda za su iya rayuwa ko aiki. 'Yan sanda ko wasu jami'an jihar (wasu da aka sanya su a matsayin "Ma'aikatan Kare Aboriginal") an ba su ikon ganowa da canja wurin jarirai da yara na zuriya mai gauraye daga mahaifiyarsu, iyalai, da al'ummomi zuwa cibiyoyin kula. A cikin waɗannan jihohin Australiya da yankuna, an kafa cibiyoyi (gwamnati da mishan) don yara masu rabin kabilanci a farkon shekarun karni na 20 don kula da kuma ilimantar da yara masu launin fata da aka karɓa daga iyalansu, tare da burin daidaitawa cikin al'ummar Anglo-Australian.[6][11][12] Misalan irin waɗannan cibiyoyin sun haɗa da Moore River Native Settlement a Yammacin Ostiraliya, Doomadgee Aboriginal Mission a Queensland, Ebenezer Mission a Victoria, da Wellington Valley Mission a New South Wales, da kuma ayyukan Katolika kamar Beagle Bay da Garden Point[13]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Indigenous Australia: Family Life". Australian Museum. 2004. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
  2. ↑ "4704.0 – The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010 (final)". abs.gov.au. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission: Bringing them Home: Appendices". 1997. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2016 – via AustLII. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "stolen62" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ Manne 2012.
  5. ↑ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population". www.abs.gov.au (in Turanci). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 January 2002. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 Cruickshank & McKinnon 2023.
  7. ↑ Haebich 2023.
  8. 1 2 Anderson 2003.
  9. 1 2 3 "The History: Northern Territory" (PDF). Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Northern Territory" defined multiple times with different content.
  10. ↑ Gates, R. Ruggles (1960). "The genetics of the Australian aborigines". Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae. 9: 7–50. doi:10.1017/S1120962300018424. PMID 13826841.
  11. ↑ "Tim Richardson on The Stolen Generations: Robert Manne". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  12. ↑ Haebich 1992.
  13. ↑ Franklin, James (2016). "Catholic missions to aboriginal Australia: an evaluation of their overall effect" (PDF). Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society. 37: 45–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
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